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Cowpens National Battlefield ® COWPENS NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD COWPENS A R esource Assessment June 2010 ® Center for State of the Parks ® More than a century ago, Congress established Yellowstone as the CONTENTS world’s first national park. That single act was the beginning of a remarkable and ongoing effort to protect this nation’s natural, historical, and cultural heritage. Today, Americans are learning that national park designation INTRODUCTION 1 alone cannot provide full resource protection. Many parks are AT A GLANCE 3 compromised by development of adjacent lands, air and water pollu- tion, invasive plants and animals, and rapid increases in motorized PARK STATISTICS 3 recreation. Park officials often lack adequate information on the status of and trends in conditions of critical resources. RATINGS 4 The National Parks Conservation Association initiated the State of the Parks program in 2000 to assess the condition of natural and RESOURCE MANAGEMENT cultural resources in the parks, and determine how well equipped the HIGHLIGHTS 5 National Park Service is to protect the parks—its stewardship capac- KEY FINDINGS 6 ity. The goal is to provide information that will help policymakers, the public, and the National Park Service improve conditions in THE COWPENS NATIONAL national parks, celebrate successes as models for other parks, and BATTLEFIELD ASSESSMENT ensure a lasting legacy for future generations. For more information about the methodology and research used CULTURAL RESOURCES 8 in preparing this report and to learn more about the Center for State Pivotal Revolutionary War Battle of the Parks, visit www.npca.org/stateoftheparks or contact: NPCA, Interpreted Center for State of the Parks, P.O. Box 737, Fort Collins, CO 80522; phone: 970.493.2545; email: [email protected]. NATURAL RESOURCES 15 Park Habitats Support a Variety Since 1919, the National Parks Conservation Association has been of Plants and Animals the leading voice of the American people in protecting and enhanc- STEWARDSHIP CAPACITY 20 ing our National Park System. NPCA, its members, and partners work together to protect the park system and preserve our nation’s natural, APPENDIX: METHODOLOGY 24 historical, and cultural heritage for generations to come. * More than 325,000 members * Twenty-three regional and field offices * More than 120,000 activists A special note of appreciation goes to those whose generous grants and donations made this report possible: G.D.S. Legacy Foundation, Ray Bingham, Ben and Ruth Hammett, Lee and Marty Talbot, and anonymous donors. Cover photo: The historic Green River Road at Cowpens National Battlefield. Photo courtesy of James Wellman. INTRODUCTION MARK CLIFTON 1 wpens National Battlefield Co The American Revolution officially began on attention to the southern colonies. The British In 1980 the Park April 19, 1775, when shots were fired at were very successful in this campaign, and by Service restored the Robert Scruggs Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. The summer 1780 they had captured Charleston, House to resemble fighting reached the southern colonies by South Carolina, after virtually decimating the its 1850s appearance. November 19, 1775, when 1,900 Loyalists southern Continental Army. Additional restora- attacked about 600 Patriot militiamen gath- The Battle of Cowpens was a pivotal victory tion work is now ered at Ninety Six, South Carolina. After for the Patriots and proved to be a major needed to address the wear and tear on several days of fighting the two sides agreed to turning point in the Revolutionary War. The the structure since a truce. By 1778, the British had fought to a battle was fought on January 17, 1781, at a that time. stalemate in the north and again turned their strategic crossroads in the remote backcountry of northwestern South Carolina, where the Patriot forces. Morgan led his men to a region’s two best roads—Green River Road and resounding victory, employing the double Island Ford Road—intersected. The Patriot envelopment strategy, which involves victory reinvigorated the Patriot army and surrounding the enemy on all sides. When the militia and solidified local residents’ support fighting was over, more than 110 British for the cause. It was followed just ten months soldiers were dead, 200 were injured, and later by British surrender at Yorktown in another 512 were captured by Morgan. The October 1781. Patriots suffered about 125 casualties. At the Battle of Cowpens, Brigadier General Efforts to commemorate the Patriot victory Daniel Morgan led about 2,000 Continental at the Battle of Cowpens began in 1856, when Army soldiers and militia against about 1,100 a local Daughters of the American Revolution 2 British soldiers under the command of chapter and members of the Washington Light Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton. Using Infantry (a militia unit formed in 1807 in the landscape to his advantage, Morgan drew Charleston, South Carolina) erected the the British into a broad open area used for live- Washington Light Infantry Monument to stock grazing—a cowpens—where the commemorate the Patriot victory at the Battle surrounding ridge and ravine protected the of Cowpens and other Revolutionary War wpens National Battlefield Co NATIONAL PARK SERVICE MATT KANIA battles fought in South Carolina. In 1880, COWPENS NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD AT A Congress provided funding for a bronze statue GLANCE of Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, which was placed in Spartanburg, South Carolina (14 • Cultural resources: Cowpens National Battle contains a miles southwest of the battlefield), due to the portion of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, remoteness of the Cowpens battlefield and which runs from South Carolina to Virginia; several 19th-century prior vandalism to the Washington Light historic structures; a well-cataloged and well-maintained Infantry Monument. Two separate pieces of museum collection and archives; a cultural landscape that legislation to establish a national military protects the Revolutionary War battlefield; a comprehensive park—proposed in 1898 and 1899—failed in interpretation program; and two commemorative markers, the Congress. Several groups continued to work to Washington Light Infantry Monument and the U.S. Monument. establish a park at Cowpens throughout the 3 • Natural resources: Varied ecosystems and habitats within early 20th century. Ultimately, Cowpens the park support native wildlife and plants. Some of the most National Battlefield Site was established by an important native species are the rare plants, including one of act of Congress in 1929 to commemorate the the largest concentrations of the federally listed threatened victory of Continental soldiers and militia over dwarf-flowered heartleaf, and two South Carolina species of the British. Originally the battlefield site concern—joe-pye weed and black huckleberry. Several of the consisted of the U.S. Monument and one acre park’s waters are considered to be in pristine condition and of land. Cowpens National Battlefield was offi- support aquatic species such as rosyside dace. cially redesignated as a national battlefield in wpens National Battlefield 1972 and was authorized to expand by more • Recreational activities: Many visitors experience the park by Co than 800 acres. This expansion necessitated walking the battlefield trail—a 1.25-mile footpath where visi- relocating two major highways (South tors can view the battlefield, wayside exhibits, the Carolina Highways 11 and 110) outside of the Washington Light Infantry Monument, and the U.S. new park, purchasing and removing approxi- Monument. The park also has a two-mile nature trail where mately 50 homes and structures, and horseback riding is permitted, and visitors can walk along two constructing a three-mile park loop road and miles of the historic Green River Road, which is also a section visitor center. of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail. The In addition to the battlefield and resources park’s three-mile auto loop provides another opportunity for associated with the battle, Cowpens contains visitors to explore the perimeter of the battlefield, visit 19th-century homestead resources, commem- wayside exhibits, and access trails to the Green River Road, orative monuments, and a historic road trace. Robert Scruggs House, and a picnic area. The park also has important natural resources, including one of the world’s largest populations of the federally listed threatened Cowpens National Battlefield dwarf-flowered heartleaf, as well as several other rare plants. Park habitats and ecosystems Park location Northwestern South Carolina also support a variety of animals. In addition, the majority of its water resources are consid- Park size (acres) 842 acres ered to be pristine. Park staff are working to restore the natural resources within the battle- Park 1929; expanded and redesignated field and to re-create the historic landscape by establishment in 1972 taking actions such as removing invasive non- native species and reseeding areas with native Recreational 224,394 plants. visits (2009) RATINGS appearance of the park’s only cultural land- In recognition of the important historical and scape—the battlefield, and human-induced natural resources protected within Cowpens and natural changes to the battlefield (e.g., National Battlefield, the National Parks logging that followed the battle and the over- Conservation Association’s Center for State of growth of brush and understory plant species). the Parks conducted an assessment to deter- Park successes include battlefield
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  • Vol. 3 No. 1.1 ______January 2006
    Vol. 3 No. 1.1 _____ ________________________________ _ __ January 2006 th Return to the Cow Pens! 225 Backyard Archaeology – ARCHH Up! The Archaeological Reconnaissance and Computerization of Hobkirk’s Hill (ARCHH) project has begun initial field operations on this built-over, urban battlefield in Camden, South Carolina. We are using the professional-amateur cooperative archaeology model, loosely based upon the successful BRAVO organization of New Jersey. We have identified an initial survey area and will only test properties within this initial survey area until we demonstrate artifact recoveries to any boundary. Metal detectorist director John Allison believes that this is at least two years' work. Since the battlefield is in well-landscaped yards and there are dozens of homeowners, we are only surveying areas with landowner permission and we will not be able to cover 100% of the land in the survey area. We have a neighborhood meeting planned to explain the archaeological survey project to the landowners. SCAR will provide project handouts and offer a walking battlefield tour for William T. Ranney’s masterpiece, painted in 1845, showing Hobkirk Hill neighbors and anyone else who wants to attend on the final cavalry hand-to-hand combat at Cowpens, hangs Sunday, January 29, 2006 at 3 pm. [Continued on p. 17.] in the South Carolina State House lobby. Most modern living historians believe that Ranney depicted the uniforms quite inaccurately. Lt. Col. Banastre Tarleton’s British Legion cavalry is thought to have been clothed in green tunics and Lt. Col. William Washington’s cavalry in white. The story of Washington’s trumpeter or waiter [Ball, Collin, Collins] shooting a legionnaire just in time as Washington’s sword broke is also not well substantiated or that he was a black youth as depicted.
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