® COWPENS BATTLEFIELD NATIONAL A R esource Assessment

June 2010

®

Center for State of the Parks ®

More than a century ago, Congress established Yellowstone as the CONTENTS world’s first national park. That single act was the beginning of a remarkable and ongoing effort to protect this nation’s natural, historical, and cultural heritage. Today, Americans are learning that national park designation INTRODUCTION 1 alone cannot provide full resource protection. Many parks are AT A GLANCE 3 compromised by development of adjacent lands, air and water pollu- tion, invasive plants and animals, and rapid increases in motorized PARK STATISTICS 3 recreation. Park officials often lack adequate information on the status of and trends in conditions of critical resources. RATINGS 4 The National Parks Conservation Association initiated the State of the Parks program in 2000 to assess the condition of natural and RESOURCE MANAGEMENT cultural resources in the parks, and determine how well equipped the HIGHLIGHTS 5 National Park Service is to protect the parks—its stewardship capac- KEY FINDINGS 6 ity. The goal is to provide information that will help policymakers, the public, and the National Park Service improve conditions in THE COWPENS NATIONAL national parks, celebrate successes as models for other parks, and BATTLEFIELD ASSESSMENT ensure a lasting legacy for future generations. For more information about the methodology and research used CULTURAL RESOURCES 8 in preparing this report and to learn more about the Center for State Pivotal Revolutionary War Battle of the Parks, visit www.npca.org/stateoftheparks or contact: NPCA, Interpreted Center for State of the Parks, P.O. Box 737, Fort Collins, CO 80522; phone: 970.493.2545; email: [email protected]. NATURAL RESOURCES 15 Park Habitats Support a Variety Since 1919, the National Parks Conservation Association has been of Plants and Animals the leading voice of the American people in protecting and enhanc- STEWARDSHIP CAPACITY 20 ing our National Park System. NPCA, its members, and partners work together to protect the park system and preserve our nation’s natural, APPENDIX: METHODOLOGY 24 historical, and cultural heritage for generations to come.

* More than 325,000 members * Twenty-three regional and field offices * More than 120,000 activists

A special note of appreciation goes to those whose generous grants and donations made this report possible: G.D.S. Legacy Foundation, Ray Bingham, Ben and Ruth Hammett, Lee and Marty Talbot, and anonymous donors. Cover photo: The historic Green River Road at Cowpens National Battlefield. Photo courtesy of James Wellman. INTRODUCTION MARK CLIFTON

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The American Revolution officially began on attention to the southern colonies. The British In 1980 the Park April 19, 1775, when shots were fired at were very successful in this campaign, and by Service restored the Robert Scruggs Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts. The summer 1780 they had captured Charleston, House to resemble fighting reached the southern colonies by South Carolina, after virtually decimating the its 1850s appearance. November 19, 1775, when 1,900 Loyalists southern Continental Army. Additional restora- attacked about 600 Patriot militiamen gath- The Battle of Cowpens was a pivotal victory tion work is now ered at Ninety Six, South Carolina. After for the Patriots and proved to be a major needed to address the wear and tear on several days of fighting the two sides agreed to turning point in the Revolutionary War. The the structure since a truce. By 1778, the British had fought to a battle was fought on January 17, 1781, at a that time. stalemate in the north and again turned their strategic crossroads in the remote backcountry of northwestern South Carolina, where the Patriot forces. Morgan led his men to a region’s two best roads—Green River Road and resounding victory, employing the double Island Ford Road—intersected. The Patriot envelopment strategy, which involves victory reinvigorated the Patriot army and surrounding the enemy on all sides. When the militia and solidified local residents’ support fighting was over, more than 110 British for the cause. It was followed just ten months soldiers were dead, 200 were injured, and later by British surrender at Yorktown in another 512 were captured by Morgan. The October 1781. Patriots suffered about 125 casualties. At the Battle of Cowpens, Brigadier General Efforts to commemorate the Patriot victory Daniel Morgan led about 2,000 Continental at the Battle of Cowpens began in 1856, when Army soldiers and militia against about 1,100 a local Daughters of the American Revolution 2 British soldiers under the command of chapter and members of the Washington Light Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton. Using Infantry (a militia unit formed in 1807 in the landscape to his advantage, Morgan drew Charleston, South Carolina) erected the the British into a broad open area used for live- Washington Light Infantry Monument to stock grazing—a cowpens—where the commemorate the Patriot victory at the Battle surrounding ridge and ravine protected the of Cowpens and other Revolutionary War wpens National Battlefield Co NATIONAL PARK SERVICE MATT KANIA battles fought in South Carolina. In 1880, COWPENS NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD AT A Congress provided funding for a bronze statue GLANCE of Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, which was placed in Spartanburg, South Carolina (14 • Cultural resources: Cowpens National Battle contains a miles southwest of the battlefield), due to the portion of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, remoteness of the Cowpens battlefield and which runs from South Carolina to Virginia; several 19th-century prior vandalism to the Washington Light historic structures; a well-cataloged and well-maintained Infantry Monument. Two separate pieces of museum collection and archives; a cultural landscape that legislation to establish a national military protects the Revolutionary War battlefield; a comprehensive park—proposed in 1898 and 1899—failed in interpretation program; and two commemorative markers, the Congress. Several groups continued to work to Washington Light Infantry Monument and the U.S. Monument. establish a park at Cowpens throughout the 3 • Natural resources: Varied ecosystems and habitats within early 20th century. Ultimately, Cowpens the park support native wildlife and plants. Some of the most National Battlefield Site was established by an important native species are the rare plants, including one of act of Congress in 1929 to commemorate the the largest concentrations of the federally listed threatened victory of Continental soldiers and militia over dwarf-flowered heartleaf, and two South Carolina species of the British. Originally the battlefield site concern—joe-pye weed and black huckleberry. Several of the consisted of the U.S. Monument and one acre park’s waters are considered to be in pristine condition and of land. Cowpens National Battlefield was offi- support aquatic species such as rosyside dace. cially redesignated as a national battlefield in wpens National Battlefield 1972 and was authorized to expand by more • Recreational activities: Many visitors experience the park by Co than 800 acres. This expansion necessitated walking the battlefield trail—a 1.25-mile footpath where visi- relocating two major highways (South tors can view the battlefield, wayside exhibits, the Carolina Highways 11 and 110) outside of the Washington Light Infantry Monument, and the U.S. new park, purchasing and removing approxi- Monument. The park also has a two-mile nature trail where mately 50 homes and structures, and horseback riding is permitted, and visitors can walk along two constructing a three-mile park loop road and miles of the historic Green River Road, which is also a section visitor center. of the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail. The In addition to the battlefield and resources park’s three-mile auto loop provides another opportunity for associated with the battle, Cowpens contains visitors to explore the perimeter of the battlefield, visit 19th-century homestead resources, commem- wayside exhibits, and access trails to the Green River Road, orative monuments, and a historic road trace. Robert Scruggs House, and a picnic area. The park also has important natural resources, including one of the world’s largest populations of the federally listed threatened Cowpens National Battlefield dwarf-flowered heartleaf, as well as several other rare plants. Park habitats and ecosystems Park location Northwestern South Carolina also support a variety of animals. In addition, the majority of its water resources are consid- Park size (acres) 842 acres ered to be pristine. Park staff are working to restore the natural resources within the battle- Park 1929; expanded and redesignated field and to re-create the historic landscape by establishment in 1972 taking actions such as removing invasive non- native species and reseeding areas with native Recreational 224,394 plants. visits (2009)

RATINGS appearance of the park’s only cultural land- In recognition of the important historical and scape—the battlefield, and human-induced natural resources protected within Cowpens and natural changes to the battlefield (e.g., National Battlefield, the National Parks logging that followed the battle and the over- Conservation Association’s Center for State of growth of brush and understory plant species). the Parks conducted an assessment to deter- Park successes include battlefield restoration mine current conditions of the park’s efforts, historic structure restoration, high- resources. Based on this assessment, overall quality interpretive materials, and museum conditions of the park’s known cultural storage upgrades. resources rated a “fair” score of 76 out of 100. This assessment did not rate the overall The scores for cultural resources are based on conditions of the park’s natural resources 4 the results of indicator questions that reflect because only 46 percent of the information the National Park Service’s own Cultural required by Center for State of the Parks assess- Resource Management Guideline and other poli- ment methodology was available. Based on cies related to cultural and historical resources. what is known, challenges to the park’s natural Ethnography was not rated because the park resources include landscape changes that have does not have an ethnography program, and resulted from agriculture and logging that took ethnography is not included in any of the place before the establishment of the park, as park’s planning documents. well as from years of fire suppression; the Challenges facing the park’s cultural entrenchment of invasive non-native species wpens National Battlefield resources include invasive non-native species within park ecosystems; and degraded air Co that have altered the Revolutionary War-era quality due to high levels of ozone.

When interpreting the scores for resource conditions, sometimes critical information upon which the ratings are based is not available. This can limit data interpretation. However, for Cowpens National Battlefield, 100 percent of the cultural resources information required by the methodology was available for the categories that were rated.

RESOURCE CATEGORY CURRENT

CULTURAL RESOURCES

Overall conditions 76 FAIR Archaeology 67 Cultural Landscapes 74 Ethnography (Peoples and Cultures) N/A Historic Structures 80 History 87 Museum Collection and Archives 82

RATINGS SCALE 0–35 36–60 61–80 81–90 91–100

CRITICAL POOR FAIR GOOD EXCELLENT

The findings in this report do not necessarily reflect past or current park management. Many factors that affect resource conditions are a result of both human and natural influences over long periods of times, in many cases pre-dating the park’s creation. In addition, some park resources can be affected by factors that are outside the park and beyond the National Park Service’s control. The intent of the Center for State of the Parks is not to evaluate National Park Service staff performance, but to document the present status of park resources and critical ongoing efforts to protect them.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HIGHLIGHTS

• Battlefield restoration under way. National Military Park, Cherokee County, Restoring the battlefield to its and others to establish a multiuse trail Revolutionary War appearance, which from Cowpens to Kings Mountain. In requires integrated cultural and natural addition, along with Kings Mountain resource management, is a priority at National Military Park, Cowpens is testing Cowpens National Battlefield. This a program to encourage children to hike includes the use of prescribed burns and the Overmountain Victory National mechanical reduction of overgrown vege- Historic Trail by awarding them medals tation and invasive non-native species after they complete hikes of the sections that were not present during the battle. of the trail that pass through Cowpens 5 To help with ecosystem restoration and and Kings Mountain. This is currently a the prescribed burn program, the park temporary program, but the park hopes has partnered with the Palmetto to continue it with the support of the U.S. Conservation Foundation, a nonprofit Department of Health and Human organization dedicated to protecting and Services. promoting South Carolina’s natural and • Museum facilities improved. Cowpens cultural resources, and a fire use module recently updated museum exhibits and crew stationed at Cumberland Gap collection storage facilities according to wpens National Battlefield National Historical Park in Middlesboro, recommendations from the 2005 museum Co Kentucky. With the support of these part- collection management plan. Upgrades ners, the park has burned more than 350 included new exhibit cases, air filters, acres since 2002. Not only will this return ultraviolet light monitoring, a fire suppres- the landscape to something similar to sion system, and a climate-control system. what soldiers saw in 1781, but these Additionally, museum objects are no efforts will also reduce fuel loads—reduc- longer exposed to natural light that could ing the threat of catastrophic fire—and damage them, and the park has assist in the control of invasive plant completed an integrated pest manage- species and promote and stimulate ment plan for the museum collections and native plant species. In 2009, stems of facilities. native cane were transplanted to two sections of the battlefield area to reestab- • External groups provide support. In lish cane breaks that were a historical addition to helping the park with battle- component of the battle. Other native field restoration, the Palmetto cane areas of the park have been Conservation Foundation is also working “released” through the removal of over- to raise funds to expand the park’s visitor story growth and by ending the annual center. The visitor center was built in 1981 mowing of the section of the battlefield and is not suited to serve large groups, where the cane still exists. such as school groups or large crowds during special events. Cowpens also has a • Park working to expand trail and get friends group, the Friends of Cowpens, children outdoors. The park is collaborat- which raises money for the park’s annual ing with the Overmountain Victory 4th of July fireworks display and promotes National Historic Trail, Kings Mountain the park throughout the region. KEY FINDINGS museum technician who will be shared with Ninety Six National Historic Site, • Key staff needed to complete various which is located about two hours south plans and research projects. Cowpens of Cowpens. National Battlefield has a very small but • Additional historical research will knowledgeable staff who receive assis- enhance interpretation. While the tance from the Cultural Resources history of the battle is well documented, Division of the Southeast Regional there are several gaps in research. Park Office and archaeologists from the staff have received funding to conduct National Park Service’s Southeast additional historical research on the Archeological Center in Tallahassee, roles of African Americans, American 6 Florida. Cultural resource managers also Indians, and women during the Battle of have access to several historians, includ- Cowpens. Information gained through ing a former chief ranger who continues this research would enhance interpreta- to lend his expertise to Cowpens, and tion of the battle and its historical Lawrence E. Babits, professor at East setting. Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina, who has done research on • Updated interpretation plan needed. pension records and wrote A Devil of a Although the park offers excellent inter- Whipping: The Battle of Cowpens pretive materials to visitors, the park’s wpens National Battlefield

Co (1998). Despite this expertise, the park statement for interpretation was written needs at the very least a permanent law in 1993 and does not reflect current enforcement position for stewardship research findings. A new plan for inter- and resource protection, a historian, a pretation is needed to help park staff project-specific or regional archaeolo- continue to update interpretive materi- gist, a project-specific archivist to als and present new research on the complete the needed work outlined in park’s cultural resources. the following bullets, and a full-time

Interpretive waysides teach visitors about historical events as well as the park’s natural and cultural resources. JAMES D. NATIONS/NPCA • Museum collection condition survey preservation of archaeological sites, and and on-staff technician needed. The to identify gaps in archaeological National Park Service’s Southeast research. Regional Office inventoried the park’s • Historic structure preservation proj- entire museum collection and archives in ects completed but additional work 2005. Inventorying is the first step needed. Park staff recognize the neces- toward preservation. Because of the lack sity of preserving, protecting, and restor- of specialized in-house staff such as a ing the park’s historic structures, and curator or archivist, the park does not they have completed a number of proj- undertake an annual inventory but has ects over the years. In the 1980s, the Park requested funding to conduct a collec- Service restored the 19th-century Robert 7 tion condition survey. Funds have also Scruggs House to resemble its 1850s been requested to catalog the remain- appearance. The chimney of Richard der of the archival collection, which will Scruggs’ (Robert’s father) 19th-century make information about this resource house, which itself is no longer standing, available to staff and researchers. In was restored by a National Park Service addition, park staff have noted the need historical restoration team in 2008. Park for a museum technician. staff have requested funding to do addi- • Additional archaeological research tional preservation work on these

awaiting funding. Several archaeologi- historic structures as well as funding for a wpens National Battlefield cal surveys have been completed, but study of the potential damage to park Co additional archaeological research would monuments from acidic precipitation. enhance interpretation. Park staff are The park is also in need of a new currently waiting on funding to complete management plan for historic structures the necessary surveys to locate the inter- to guide future projects. section of the Green River Road and • Plan needed to address non-native Island Ford Road, as well as the wolf pits plant species that threaten the land- (holes dug by humans to trap wolves) scape. Of the 536 plant species docu- that were purportedly used to bury fallen mented within Cowpens National soldiers. In addition, a recent survey Battlefield, 151 species (28 percent) are conducted by the Applied Research not native. At least 34 species are Division of the South Carolina Institute of considered to be highly aggressive or Archaeology and Anthropology at the pose a significant danger to native University of South Carolina located 14 species. A specific integrated pest previously unidentified sites, including management plan would help park staff eight sites that represent domestic or manage these species. Cowpens also agricultural life and six sites that contain needs a natural resource management prehistoric artifacts. Further work is specialist to oversee natural resource needed to identify, evaluate, and record and fire management. The park has them in the Park Service’s Archeological successfully controlled kudzu near the Sites Management Information System. park boundary using both mechanical Cowpens would also benefit from an and chemical treatments; mimosa has archaeological overview and assessment also been controlled within the park. to guide management, treatment, and THE COWPENS NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD ASSESSMENT JAMES D. NATIONS/NPCA

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The park features new CULTURAL RESOURCES— cultural resources are in “fair” condition. interpretive waysides PIVOTAL REVOLUTIONARY WAR Issues that affected the ratings include the and large iron cutouts BATTLE INTERPRETED entrenchment of invasive non-native plant of Revolutionary War soldiers with remov- species within the battlefield, a lack of certain able wooden replicas In this assessment, Cowpens National planning documents, and changes to the histor- of firearms, which visi- Battlefield scored an overall 76 out of 100 for ical appearance of the battlefield due to activi- tors can shoulder to the condition of cultural resources, including ties such as agriculture and logging. get a feel for what the history, historic structures, cultural landscapes, soldiers experienced during the battle. archaeology, and museum collection and archives. A score of 76 indicates that the park’s HISTORY—PIVOTAL REVOLUTIONARY field land following the war and throughout the WAR BATTLE INTERPRETED 19th century. See “Resource Education” on page Cowpens National Battlefield’s enabling legisla- 22 to learn more about the variety of interpre- tion focuses on the Revolutionary War battle tive materials the park provides to educate visi- and the events surrounding the fighting tors about the battle and its other historical between Patriot and British troops on January themes. 17, 1781. Accordingly, the park’s interpretation The park received funding to research the centers on the battle and includes South sociocultural history of settlement of the battle- Carolina’s role in the American Revolution, the field area and the role of African Americans, double-envelopment strategy that Brigadier American Indians, and women in the Battle of General Daniel Morgan successfully deployed, Cowpens, as well as to conduct further archaeo- the lives of the British and colonial forces logical surveys of the battlefield and locate the 9 during the American Revolution, and the wolf pits that were possibly used as burial sites commemorative features installed after the during the battle. Information gained through battle. The lives of South Carolina backcountry these projects will be used to enhance interpre- residents in the 19th century are also inter- tation at the park. Updating the park’s state- preted at Cowpens, as the park has several ment for interpretation, which was last updated historic structures from this period that are in 1993, or writing a comprehensive interpreta- considered locally significant, including home- tion plan would also enhance the park’s inter- steads of the two families that owned the battle- pretation program. wpens National Battlefield Co

The park’s replica three-pound cannon, known as a "grasshopper" WILLIAM N. SMITH III because the gun skipped after being fired, is fired during special events to demonstrate the weaponry and tactics used during the Revolutionary War. CULTURAL LANDSCAPES— and canebrakes—dense thickets of giant cane BATTLEFIELD RESTORATION EFFORTS (Arundinaria gigantea)—have disappeared with UNDER WAY changes in the fire and grazing regimes. These Cultural landscapes illustrate how people have changes make it difficult for visitors to imagine shaped and been shaped by their surroundings the troop placements and movements during over time. Cowpens National Battlefield the battle and make interpretation of the events includes one identified cultural landscape: the more difficult. For example, the canebrakes that battlefield where Patriot and British forces were present during the battle prevented the squared off on January 17, 1781. This landscape British forces from flanking Morgan’s troops. helps visitors visualize the tactics and move- These natural barriers are no longer there. ments of the “double envelopment” strategy. Park staff are in the process of restoring the 10 The battlefield is further divided into three battlefield to better resemble its 1781 appear- sections—the battlefield itself, the 19th-century ance—open fields with native vegetation and a homestead resources (i.e., the Robert Scruggs healthy hardwood forest with an open under- House, the Richard Scruggs Chimney, and the story. Restoring the battlefield is largely done Byars-Ezell Cemetery), and the park’s commem- through management of the area’s natural orative features (i.e., the U.S. Monument and resources. Mowing and thinning vegetation, the Washington Light Infantry Monument). removing invasive species, seeding native The appearance of the Cowpens battlefield plants, reestablishing canebrakes along the has changed since the Revolutionary War. boundaries of the battlefield, and treating areas wpens National Battlefield Invasive non-native plant species have replaced with prescribed burns in order to reduce the risk Co some of the native plants and altered the species of catastrophic fires and control invasive non- composition as well as the lines of sight; fire native plant species are important components suppression has led to denser understory of cultural landscape restoration. growth; historic logging removed hardwood Restoration began in 1972 with the removal trees resulting in forests with more pine trees; of nonhistoric buildings (e.g., private dwellings,

The park’s cultural landscape encom- passes the

Revolutionary War RICHARD CUSTER battlefield, which visi- tors can explore by walking along a 1.25- mile trail. JAMES D. NATIONS/NPCA

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a service station, and a garage), which were not non-native species removal crew, park staff, In 2009 Cowpens contributing to the park’s interpretive messages, seasonal youth crews, and volunteers treat hired a Student Conservation and continued in the mid-1980s with the thin- approximately two acres annually. Additional Association crew ning of pine tree stands that were injured from restoration plans include rehabilitating the using funding from an an infestation of pine bark beetle and created an battlefield’s drainage patterns and water courses, American Recovery extreme wildfire hazard. The park continues to which have been altered over time by 200 years and Reinvestment Act remove debris and garbage sites associated with of agriculture and the construction of Highway project to remove debris left throughout the nonhistoric structures that were left buried 11. A landscape restoration plan produced in the park after many on site. In 2009, an America Recovery and 2004 guides activities. nonhistoric houses Reinvestment Act project funded a Student Cowpens National Battlefield works cooper- and outbuildings were Conservation Association crew that removed atively with the Palmetto Conservation removed during the over 60 tons of debris from the park. Foundation and the Park Service’s Cultural establishment of the park in the 1970s. The prescribed burns have taken place in Resources Division of the Southeast Regional several phases; the first phase took place in 2003 Office on restoration issues, and receives an and treated 52 acres. Since then the park has intern from the Student Conservation burned more than 300 acres. The park continues Association to assist with battlefield restoration. to remove targeted invasive species—a regional The park’s historic structures include the ruins of a cabin built

by Richard Scruggs in BRUCE JOHNSON 1811. A National Park Service historical restoration team restored and stabi- lized the cabin’s chimney in 2008. Additional funds are now needed to prepare a preserva- 12 tion guide for the chimney. wpens National Battlefield Co

HISTORIC STRUCTURES—PARK South Carolina, erected the Washington Light PRESERVES COMMEMORATIVE Infantry Monument to commemorate the MONUMENTS AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS Patriots at the Battle of Cowpens shortly after Cowpens’ historic structures consist of the 75th anniversary celebration of the battle in commemorative monuments (i.e., the 1856. The U.S. Monument was installed in Washington Light Infantry Monument and the 1932 following the park’s official designation as U.S. Monument), structures associated with a national battlefield site. This 32-foot-tall 19th-century South Carolina backcountry life obelisk is constructed of granite and displays (i.e., the Richard Scruggs House ruins and the list of American forces (i.e., Continental and Chimney from 1811, the Robert Scruggs House militia troops) that fought at the battle on one from 1828, and the Byars-Ezell Cemetery), and side and the list of British forces on another. the Green River Road, which is the park’s only Richard Scruggs purchased 200 acres of the historic structure that dates from the battlefield in 1803, and he built a modest cabin Revolutionary War battle. Five of these struc- on his plot in 1811. Today this structure is in tures are listed on the Park Service’s list of clas- ruins but the cabin’s chimney still stands. The sified structures as being in “good” condition. Scruggs House, a one-room structure, was built The Byars-Ezell Cemetery is not listed as is not by Richard’s son, Robert Scruggs, sometime considered a contributing element to the park, around 1828. The structure was originally and is not interpreted. designed as a cabin, which reflected frontier life A local chapter of the Daughters of the in the area, but was later renovated and American Revolution and members of the modernized by Robert Scruggs to accommodate Washington Light Infantry from Charleston, his growing family. The Park Service restored the

Robert Scruggs House in 1980 to resemble its stewardship, as the park lacks funds to employ 1850s appearance; additional work is now its own archaeology staff. needed to repair wear and tear that has occurred The Applied Research Division of the South since then. Carolina Institute of Archaeology and The Green River Road was originally a Anthropology at the University of South wagon and market trail leading from the Carolina completed an intensive archaeological Pacolet River in South Carolina to the Green survey of Cowpens in 2004. The purpose of the River in western North Carolina. It was used by survey was to locate, delineate, identify, and American Indians and settlers. Today the road assess archaeological sites in areas not previ- serves as the footpath for a portion of the ously surveyed or where preservation efforts did Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail. not already exist. The survey revealed 14 previ- This 330-mile trail stretches from Abingdon, ously unknown archaeological sites at 13 Virginia, to Kings Mountain National Military Cowpens—eight sites that represent domestic Park in Blacksburg, South Carolina, retracing or agricultural life and six sites that contain the route of Patriot militia as they pursued the prehistoric artifacts. These sites have not yet British to a climactic victory at Kings Mountain been recorded or evaluated in the Archeological in October 1780. Sites Management Information System. To better understand, interpret, and preserve Archaeological surveys allow the park to vali- the park’s historic structures, park managers date the written record and help staff to inter- have requested funds to prepare preservation pret troop placement and movement, which is wpens National Battlefield guides for the Robert Scruggs House and the relayed to visitors via wayside interpretive mate- Co Richard Scruggs Chimney; complete work on rials and ranger-led programs. Two additional the Robert Scruggs House, including repairing archaeological surveys are planned at Cowpens or replacing deteriorated logs and the roof; and in the near future—one survey of the battlefield prepare a study of the potential damage to park to identify the intersection of the Green River monuments from acid rain. Road and Island Ford Road and another survey The Park Service’s Southeast Regional Office to locate the wolf pits that had purportedly been and Williamsport Preservation Training Center used to bury fallen soldiers following the battle. assist the park with monument preservation; The park would also like to survey an area near Moretti Construction, Inc., of Charlotte, North the Richard Scruggs Chimney where slave quar- Carolina, has provided preservation assistance ters may have been located. These surveys for the Robert Scruggs House. would enhance understanding and interpreta- tion of the battle, the participants involved in ARCHAEOLOGY—ADDITIONAL and affected by the fighting, and 19th-century RESEARCH WOULD HELP STAFF life in the area after the battle. Once completed, INTERPRET BATTLE the information could be used to create a main- Cowpens National Battlefield has several tenance plan to address the needs of all of the archaeological sites, including the battlefield, park’s cultural resources, including archaeologi- the Green River Road, and sites related to 19th- cal ones. century life. Each site is listed in the Park Threats to the park’s archaeological resources Service’s Archeological Sites Management include erosion, artifact hunters, and adjacent Information System database as being in development. Occasional heavy rains and “good” condition. Staff from the Park Service’s decades of historic agricultural use of park lands Southeast Archeological Center assist the park have altered drainage patterns and created deep with archaeological research, planning, and site erosion channels. These channels continue to erode and expose park lands that potentially ties are considered adequate at this time, the contain archaeological artifacts. Park staff incor- museum collections management plan recom- porate resource stewardship themes into educa- mends that the park install more storage space tional programs in an effort to deter illegal to allow the collection to grow without risking collection of artifacts. Development near the damage from overcrowding. Cowpens’ archiv- park puts buried resources that are associated ing backlog is 28 percent and park staff have with the battle, but not located within the park’s requested funds to support work to catalog the boundaries, at risk. To help mitigate this threat, remainder of the archives. the park works to keep South Carolina The park completed several exhibit and Highways 11 and 110 as State Scenic Highways storage area upgrades that were recommended in order to manage development and maintain in the museum collections management plan, 14 open space along park boundaries. including the installation of new exhibit cases, air filters, ultraviolet light monitoring, a fire MUSEUM COLLECTION AND suppression system, and improved climate ARCHIVES—PARK’S COLLECTION WELL controls; the removal of museum objects from CATALOGED direct natural light; and the creation of an inte- Cowpens’ museum collection and archives total grated pest management plan. 3,217 items. Collection highlights include a reproduction three-pounder cannon, rifles, ETHNOGRAPHY—PARK ETHNOGRAPHY musket balls, and uniforms, which are all exhib- PROGRAM A POSSIBILITY IN THE wpens National Battlefield ited within the park’s visitor center. While some FUTURE Co The visitor center at Cowpens National other items are also on display, the majority of Ethnography is the area of anthropology that Battlefield has been the museum collection and archives is housed focuses on the study of individual human outfitted with exhibits at the Park Service’s Southeast Archeological cultures. Cowpens National Battlefield does not featuring historic and Center in Tallahassee, Florida. The park’s chief currently have an ethnography program, and replica artifacts, inter- pretive banners and ranger and another ranger are responsible for ethnography is not addressed in any of the panels, and interactive caring for items displayed and stored at the park’s planning documents. However, park staff displays. It is too small park. Adding a museum technician to the park’s have started to explore several ethnographic to accommodate staff would allow the rangers to allocate more themes—the socio-cultural history of the settle- large groups (e.g., time to their other duties. This would be a full- ment of the battlefield area and the roles of school outings), and the park is seeking time position shared with Ninety Six National African Americans, American Indians, and funding to expand the Historic Site. Currently park staff devote about 5 women in the Battle of Cowpens. Once this structure. percent of their time to this work. research is completed it could be combined Cowpens National Battlefield’s archives with what is known about Thomas Tyack, an include documents relating to park resources American Indian who fought with the British in and management and materials pertaining to the battle, and the information already gathered the USS Cowpens (a U.S. Navy ship named after on the possible slave quarters near the Richard the 1781 Battle of Cowpens). The park’s Scruggs House ruins (staff would like to

JAMES D. NATIONS/NPCA archives were inventoried and assessed during conduct further investigations into possible the writing of the 2005 museum collections slave quarters in the park). Together, this infor- management plan and were found to be in mation could form the foundation of a future “good” condition. Archival materials are stored ethnography program at the park. primarily in fire-resistant filing cabinets in the basement of the visitor center and in offices throughout the park. While these storage facili- KAT BYERLY

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NATURAL RESOURCES— Inventory and Monitoring Program. Through Deciduous trees PARK HABITATS SUPPORT A VARIETY the network, the park now has completed provide autumn color at Cowpens National OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS species inventories of vascular plants, mammals Battlefield. (including bats), fish, reptiles, amphibians, and The assessment did not rate the overall condi- birds. Water quality is also monitored through tion of natural resources at Cowpens National the network, and air quality is monitored by Battlefield because there was not enough infor- South Carolina’s permanent air-quality moni- mation available to satisfy the requirements of toring station located in the park. The NPCA’s Center for State of the Parks methodol- University of Georgia completed a two-year ogy. However, this does not mean that the park natural resource assessment project in 2010, lacks important natural resources or that they which provides staff a snapshot view of the are completely unknown. For example, known condition of most of the park’s natural Cowpens is a part of the Cumberland Piedmont resources. These efforts are contributing impor- Network of the National Park Service’s tant information to the park’s natural resource Park staff remove some trees by hand and with machines to help restore the battlefield to its Revolutionary War JAMES D. NATIONS/NPCA appearance.

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knowledge base, but additional information— cowpen. Following the battle, the area was including details about the impacts of habitat settled by farmers who established small-scale fragmentation, restoration, non-natives, and farms. Cattle raising was the dominant agricul- ozone, as well as any data on soils—is still tural activity during the colonial period but was needed to form a comprehensive understanding later replaced by growing cotton, which was of the park’s natural resources. supplanted by peach orchards in the 1920s. Several ironworks were established in the area LAND USE HISTORY—AREA USED FOR in the first half of the 19th century. The A NUMBER OF PURPOSES surrounding forests were logged to supply the THROUGHOUT HISTORY timber to make the charcoal that the ironworks Historically, several natural springs flowed in needed. These activities altered the natural habi- what is now park land, which kept the area tats and ecosystems that were present during the open and meadowlike compared to the battle, and have led to the entrenchment of primeval forest that predominately surrounded non-native plant species and unnatural tree it. Regular fires set by American Indians helped species composition. to perpetuate this landscape that soldiers saw Today park staff are using prescribed burns during the 1781 Battle of Cowpens. The fires and mechanical reduction (i.e., removing trees kept fields open, making it easier to plant crops and brush by hand or with machines) to restore (e.g., corn and squash) while providing new the battlefield to its historic appearance. These growth that attracted deer and elk. At the time of burns will reduce undergrowth, which lessens the battle, the area was largely undeveloped and the opportunity for catastrophic fire and will used as a common cattle grazing area, or help control the spread of invasive non-native

plant species. A fire-use module crew from 50 years old) and contains prime habitat for the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park federally listed threatened dwarf-flowered assists park staff with these burns. heartleaf (Hexastylis naniflora). From 1982 until 2008, the Park Service Floodplain canebrake communities were leased about 80 acres of park land to a local common at Cowpens during the American farmer for hay production, as a means of Revolution battle, but are now rare within the approximating the historical landscape. Today park. Today there are no pure stands of cane left; park staff mow the battlefield to maintain its the remaining areas are a mixture of native openness. The Park Service has considered (Arundinaria spp.) and non-native (Phylostachys allowing cattle grazing on the battlefield, mini- spp.) cane species. The canebrakes were once mizing the mowing that needs to take place, maintained by regular fires and grazing, activi- while achieving a more historically accurate ties that have both been eliminated. Cowpens 17 landscape. At the time of the battle, cattle established two areas of native cane in 2009 by grazing had created a distinctive browse line transplanting native cane from other areas of that provided clear lines of sight for the soldiers. the park. These areas will be monitored for While this option has been discussed, there are survival rates and expansion in the future. currently no plans to reintroduce cattle to Another area of the battlefield will not be Cowpens National Battlefield. mowed to allow the native cane that exists there Adjacent development has had a large to grow and expand. Continued canebrake impact on the park’s viewshed and the ability to restoration will require prescribed burning, wpens National Battlefield interpret the battle for visitors. In an effort to seeding, and replanting native cane from adja- Co provide historically accurate interpretation of cent land. the park’s cultural landscape the park planted Cowpens harbors just over 13 acres of pine trees along most of the park boundary in wetlands, which commonly contain species order to shield the viewshed from adjacent resi- such as sedges (Carex spp.) and royal fern dential development. (Osmunda regalis), but are also infested with invasive non-native plant species such as PARK HABITATS—VARIOUS Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). ECOSYSTEMS FOUND WITHIN THE PARK PLANT COMMUNITIES—RARE SPECIES Cowpens National Battlefield contains a FORCED TO COMPETE WITH NON- number of habitats and ecosystems, ranging NATIVE ONES from natural systems that have been relatively Cowpens National Battlefield contains a wide undisturbed by activities such as agriculture to variety of both native and non-native plant areas that have been altered by farming and species. A 2004 vascular plant inventory at logging. One of the park’s highest priority vege- Cowpens National Battlefield identified 536 tation communities is formally called the species, including 151 that are not native to the Southern Piedmont Mesic Subacid area. Despite the presence of non-native species, Oak–Hickory Forest. It is characterized by native Cowpens represents a refuge for native flora in species such as white oak (Quercus alba), sweet- an agricultural area that is experiencing gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tuliptree increased residential development. Among (Liriodendron tulipifera), black oak (Q. velutina), these native species is the dwarf-flowered sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and iron- heartleaf, a long-lived perennial that grows in wood (Carpinus caroliniana). This habitat type is deciduous forests. A contracted survey of the one of the oldest in the park (i.e., greater than park in 2006–2008 identified many popula-

tions of this species in riparian zones. These native loblolly pines (Pinus taeda), and the populations are much more extensive than was damage to these trees has allowed non-native previously known, and constitute one of the plant species (e.g., Chinese lespedeza and largest known groupings of the plant in the Japanese honeysuckle) to thrive. United States. The dwarf-flowered heartleaf Park staff have been successful in controlling populations are threatened by a variety of kudzu near the park boundary using mechani- factors: small size; location on steep, highly cal and chemical treatments. Staff have also had erodible slopes; competition from non-native success in managing mimosa, but they have not plant species; and logging near the park, which been able to make headway with Japanese can promote non-native plant species encroach- honeysuckle and multiflora rose as these species ment. The park also contains joe-pye weed are more difficult to eliminate. A regional non- 18 (Eupatorium fistulosum) and black huckleberry native species removal crew targets certain (Gaylussacia baccata), both of which are South populations at the park periodically. Cowpens Carolina species of concern. National Battlefield needs a specific integrated Most of the park’s 151 documented non- pest management plan to guide staff in control- native plant species are not known to greatly ling of the spread of invasive non-native plants. affect native species and ecosystems; however, at least 34 species are considered invasive and can PARK WILDLIFE—PARK SUPPORTS significantly alter ecosystems and harm native SPECIES OF CONSERVATION CONCERN species, making them a concern for park A 2007 survey of terrestrial mammals found wpens National Battlefield managers. Some of the most prevalent invasive seven species, including white-tailed deer Co non-native species within Cowpens National (Odocoileus virginianus), white-footed mouse Battlefield include kudzu (Pueraria montana var. (Peromysus leucopus), opossum (Didelphis virgini- lobata), Japanese honeysuckle, Johnsongrass ana), and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). (Sorghum halepense), Chinese silvergrass White-tailed deer populations have increased (Miscathus sinensis), mimosa (Albizia julibrissin), over the past 50 years as habitat improved, food tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Japanese availability increased, and hunting in the area stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), multiflora waned. White-tailed deer are not considered to rose (Rosa multiflora), oriental ladysthumb be overpopulated at this time, but park staff are (Polygonum caespitosum var. longisetum), privet looking for signs of overpopulation—browse (Ligustrum spp.), golden bamboo (Phyllostachys lines and increased human/deer incidents—as a aurea), and silverberry (Elaeagnus umbellata). large population of white-tailed deer could Past land use and current adjacent development hinder the park’s battlefield restoration efforts. are two factors that have resulted in the presence The park also provides habitat that supports at of these non-native plant species; past agricul- least 96 bird species, including 23 species of ture fields often become entrenched with non- conservation concern, as well as seven fish, four natives, and adjacent land can serve as a contin- bat, and 33 reptile and amphibian species. uing source of non-native plants. Additionally, invasive non-native plants are often some of the AIR AND WATER QUALITY—AIR first plants to return and colonize areas after QUALITY A CONCERN; WATER QUALITY fuel reduction and tree thinning takes place. CONSIDERED GOOD Efforts to replant native plants and grasses after According to data collected by the South the removal of trees and underbrush are needed Carolina Department of Health and to combat invasive species. Environmental Control, ozone levels at Pine beetles have taken a toll on the park’s Cowpens National Battlefield are cause for MARK CLIFTON

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concern. The agency installed air-quality moni- effects on human health include decreased lung The park has been toring equipment in the park in 1990. In 1998, function and increased severity of asthma. working to restore the historic battlefield scene Cowpens had the eighth highest average levels Water resources at the park include four to its 1780s appearance of ozone among 35 national parks throughout creeks whose headwaters are within the park, in part to better under- the United States, as documented in the park’s which ultimately drain into the Broad River; stand the dynamics of resource management plan. (These 35 parks there is no recreational access to water resources the battle strategy. This were chosen because of their historic air-quality at Cowpens. Water quality (e.g., temperature, picture of the restored forest represents the records and permanent air-quality monitoring specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, E. open understory of the stations, and provide a cross section of national coli, and acid neutralizing capacity) is moni- mature hardwoods at the parks throughout the United States.) The plan tored within the four creeks. Measurements are time of the battle, which also indicates that the levels of ozone within the taken four times a year, every other year. Based would have allowed the park had exceeded federal health and human on the data collected, overall water quality at cavalry to ride through it. safety standards on several occasions during the park is considered to be good. Three of the previous years. Sources of this ozone include park’s bodies of water—the Suck Creek tributar- automobile and truck traffic from the Interstate ies and Little Buck Creek—are considered to be 85 corridor and a coal-burning power plant pristine; the long branch of Island Creek is located seven miles from the park. High levels potentially degraded because it drains the of ozone have been linked to foliar injury, nature trail and picnic grounds areas. which can damage plants and trees. Ozone NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

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Park Superintendent STEWARDSHIP CAPACITY comprised of six full-time employees and two Tim Stone works to half-time employees who are shared with engage and train FUNDING AND STAFFING—ADDITIONS Ninety Six National Historic Site—the superin- volunteers for Ninety NEEDED TO SUPPLEMENT SMALL Six National Historic tendent and the administrative officer. This Site during events like STAFF small but knowledgeable staff receives assis- the National Parks tance from the Cultural Resources Division of American Tour. For fiscal year 2010, Cowpens National the Southeast Regional Office and archaeolo- Battlefield’s operational budget is $864,000. gists from the National Park Service’s Southeast While this funding allows the park to maintain Archeological Center in Tallahassee, Florida. A a certain level of protection, it does not support former chief ranger from the park continues to a law enforcement presence, which puts the share his knowledge with current staff, as does protection of the park’s cultural and natural Lawrence E. Babits, a professor at East Carolina resources at risk. University in Greenville, North Carolina. To Cowpens National Battlefield has a staff further boost the park’s ability to fully research, protect, and interpret resources, several key staff PLANNING—SEVERAL PLANS AWAITING positions are needed. These include a perma- FUNDING nent law enforcement position for stewardship Park staff rely on numerous planning docu- and resource protection; a historian to complete ments to guide resource management and inter- new research on topics such as the roles of pretation. Some of the most recently completed African Americans, American Indians, and plans used to guide park activities include a women during the Battle of Cowpens; a project- 2003 cultural landscape report, a 2004 land- specific or regional archaeologist to complete scape restoration plan, and a 2005 museum an archaeological overview and assessment, collections management plan. The park needs locate the wolf pits, and prepare a maintenance several additional plans, such as a historic struc- plan; and a project-specific archivist to process tures plan to guide future projects, a mainte- the relatively small archival backlog. None of nance plan to address the needs of all of the 21 this work can be completed until funds are park’s cultural resources, and a plan to address obtained and appropriate staff are in place. treatment of non-native plants. In addition, a The current visitor center lacks the space to new plan for interpretation is needed to help accommodate large school groups or present park staff continue to update interpretive mate- special programs. A project to expand the rials and present new research on the park’s visitor center with an auditorium has been cultural resources. The most recent statement entered into National Park Service databases for for interpretation was written in 1993 and does funding. not reflect current research findings. wpens National Battlefield Co

Cowpens National Battlefield’s auto- loop tour meanders MARK CLIFTON four miles around the perimeter of the battlefield, providing access to short walking trails, cultural resources such as the U.S. Monument and Robert Scruggs House, and a picnic area. RESOURCE EDUCATION— fiber-optic display that depicts the double PARK OFFERS MANY WAYS TO LEARN envelopment strategy employed by Brigadier ABOUT HISTORY General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, as well as The park offers numerous interpretive hands-on exhibits for children such as the inter- exhibits, educational materials, and presenta- active battlefield map with cutout figures that tions to teach visitors about the Battle of children can move along the lines of the battle. Cowpens and related park themes. The 1.25- A revised Junior Ranger booklet has proved very mile battlefield trail features recently installed successful in bringing children and parents to interpretive waysides such as large iron the park to gain a Junior Ranger badge. cutouts describing the positions and roles of Cowpens also hosts several reenactments, participants on both sides of the battle as well living-history programs, firing demonstra- 22 as information about women and African tions, and guided history tours. Past living- Americans in the battle; other waysides history events at the Robert Scruggs house have present information on the park’s prescribed included storytelling about life in the Carolina burning treatments and how they are being backcountry, writing with quills, making used to restore the historical appearance of sachets, needlework, and making corn husk the landscape to help visitors better visualize dolls. the battle. The auto-loop tour features new Cowpens National Battlefield presents two interpretive waysides as well and takes visitors large programs every year—the Cowpens Battle around the perimeter of the battlefield and anniversary in January and period authors wpens National Battlefield past the historic Green River Road. discussing the history of the American Co The park’s new interpretive movie, Cowpens: Revolution in the south. The Cowpens Battle A Battle Remembered, tells the story of the battle anniversary is a two-day event that draws over from the viewpoint of one Patriot militiaman 5,000 visitors and includes living-history and who fought under General Morgan and is Revolutionary War demonstrations, guided shown at the visitor center. The film won a 2008 ranger walks, and special children’s programs. special jury award at the Houston International The park also has an Independence Day Film Festival. The visitor center also contains program, which features a day of living-history new interactive displays that allow visitors to and military demonstrations, ranger guided flip through different information panels, a walks, and other programs for families. The

Park staff and volun- teers dressed in replica period cloth-

ing give a demonstra- WILLIAM MACLEOD tion of historic weapons. event culminates in a large fireworks display, which is enjoyed by about 10,000 people. KAT BYERLY Together these interpretive resources make the park’s cultural resources and history accessi- ble to visitors. The park lacks the staff to adequately and routinely present off-site programs to area schools and groups. This limits the park’s ability to reach the large populations of Spartanburg and Greenville, South Carolina.

EXTERNAL SUPPORT—GROUPS PROVIDE VALUABLE ASSISTANCE 23 Assistance from outside organizations is critical in helping park staff protect and interpret resources. The Palmetto Conservation Foundation, an organization with a stated mission to “conserve South Carolina’s natural and cultural resources, preserve historic land- marks, and promote outdoor recreation through trails and greenways,” assists the park wpens National Battlefield with restoring battlefield vegetation to its Co Revolutionary War-era appearance. The group is also working to raise funds to expand the park’s visitor center, which was built in 1981 and is not suited to serve large groups. The park has a part- Cowpens National Battlefield relies on dedicated volunteers and partner organizations to assist staff with many projects and duties, including nership with the Student Conservation providing assistance to park patrons at the visitor center. Association (SCA), a national nonprofit organi- zation that provides training and internships to young people. In 2009 SCA interns at Cowpens WHAT YOU CAN DO TO HELP: performed habitat restoration, including repair- ing two miles of trail, rebuilding bridges, and • Support or become a member of a group helping to protect removing roots and hazard trees. Cowpens also the park, such as the Friends of Cowpens National Battlefield, offers summer jobs to teenagers through their c/o Cowpens National Battlefield, the Palmetto Conservation Youth Conservation Corps (YCC) program. Foundation (www.palmettoconservation.org), or NPCA Previous YCC projects have included removing (www.npca.org/support_npca). debris from nonhistoric home sites and busi- • Volunteer. Many parks are looking for dedicated people who nesses, building bridges and split rail fences, can lend a helping hand. To learn about opportunities at pruning trees, removing non-native plant Cowpens National Battlefield, contact the park at species, helping to prepare for the park’s fire- 864.461.2828. works program, and providing environmental education to visitors. • Become an NPCA activist and learn about legislative initia- Cowpens also has a friends group, the Friends tives affecting parks. When you join our activist network, you of Cowpens, which raises money for the park’s will receive Park Lines, a monthly electronic newsletter with the annual 4th of July fireworks display and works latest park news and ways you can help. Join by visiting to promote the park throughout the region. www.npca.org/takeaction. APPENDIX: METHODOLOGY

24 To determine the condition of known cultural and natural resources at Cowpens National JIM BURKE Battlefield and other national parks, the National Parks Conservation Association developed a resource assessment and ratings process. The assessment methodology can be found online at NPCA’s Center for State of the Parks website: www.npca.org/stateoftheparks. Researchers gather available information

wpens National Battlefield from a variety of research, monitoring, and

Co background sources in a number of critical categories. For natural resources, more than 120 discrete elements associated with environ- mental quality, biotic health, and ecosystem integrity are assessed. Environmental quality and biotic health measures address air, water, soil, and climatic change conditions, as well as their influences and human-related influences on plants and animals. Ecosystems measures The U.S. Monument was erected in 1932 to address the extent, species composition, and commemorate the soldiers who fought at the Battle of Cowpens. The park is seeking interrelationships of organisms with each funding to study of the potential damage to other and the physical environment. For this and other monuments from normal wear Cowpens National Battlefield, only 46 percent and acid rain. of the information required by the methodol- ogy was available, so natural resource condi- summarized the results. The technical docu- tions were not rated. ments were used to construct this report, The scores for cultural resources are deter- which underwent peer review and was also mined based on the results of indicator ques- reviewed by staff at Cowpens National tions that reflect the National Park Service’s Battlefield prior to publication. own Cultural Resource Management Guideline NPCA’s Center for State of the Parks repre- and other Park Service resource management sents the first time that such assessments have policies. been undertaken for units of the National Park For this report, researchers collected data System. Comments on the program’s methods and prepared technical documents that are welcome.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

For more information about the NPCA thanks the staff at Cowpens National Center for State of the Parks® Battlefield who reviewed the factual accuracy of and this and other program reports, contact: information used in this report. We also thank peer reviewers for their valuable comments and National Parks Conservation Association suggestions. Center for State of the Parks® PO Box 737 CENTER FOR STATE OF THE PARKS® Fort Collins, CO 80522 ADVISORY COUNCIL Phone: 970.493.2545 E-mail: [email protected] Carol F. Aten Or visit us at www.npca.org/stateoftheparks/ Washington, DC Ray Bingham National Parks Conservation Association General Atlantic Partners Southeast Regional Office Don Barger, Senior Director Keith Buckingham Phone: 865.329.2424 Design Engineer Email: [email protected] Dr. Dorothy Canter Dorothy Canter Consulting, LLC Cultural Resources Researcher: Rachel Kline, Masters Candidate, Colorado State University Dr. Francisco Dallmeier Smithsonian Institution Natural Resources Researcher: Megan Lowery, National Parks Conservation Association Dr. Elizabeth A. Hadly Stanford University Writer: Dan Saxton Editor: Elizabeth Meyers Bruce D. Judd Copy Editor: Kelly Senser Architectural Resources Group Design/Layout: Paul Caputo Karl Komatsu Komatsu Architecture Center for State of the Parks Staff: Dr. James Nations, Vice President Dr. Thomas Lovejoy Dr. Gail Dethloff, Director H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics, Dr. Guy DiDonato, Natural Resources Program Manager and the Environment Catherine Moore, Cultural Resources Program Manager Dr. Kenton Miller Elizabeth Meyers, Publications Manager World Resources Institute, World Commission on Daniel Saxton, Publications Coordinator Protected Areas Alec Rhodes Austin, Texas Dr. Roger Sayre United States Geological Survey Dr. Douglas Schwartz School for Advanced Research Martha “Marty” Hayne Talbot McLean, Virginia Dr. Lee Talbot George Mason University de Teel Patterson Tiller National Park Service (retired)

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