Kodama Pada Ajaran Shinto Sebagai Kearifan Lokal

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Kodama Pada Ajaran Shinto Sebagai Kearifan Lokal KODAMA PADA AJARAN SHINTO SEBAGAI KEARIFAN LOKAL TERHADAP KELESTARIAN HUTAN DI JEPANG NIHON NO MORI NO HOZEN NI TAISURU CHIHOU NO CHIE TO SHITE SHINTO NO KODAMA SKRIPSI Skripsi Ini Diajukan Kepada Panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Untuk Melengkapi Salah Satu Syarat Ujian Sarjana Dalam Bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Oleh: DEWINTA 140708095 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Allah SWT karena atas berkat, rahmat anugrah dan perlindungannya-Nya lah penulis dapat menyelesaikan penulisan skripsi ini. Penulisan skripsi yang berjudul “KODAMA PADA AJARAN SHINTO SEBAGAI KEARIFAN LOKAL TERHADAP KELESTARIAN HUTAN DI JEPANG” ini diajukan untuk memenuhi persyaratan untuk meraih gelar Sarjana Sastra pada Program Studi Sastra Jepang, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Selama proses penelitian dan penulisan skripsi ini, penulis banyak menerima bantuan baik moril, materi dan ide dari berbagai pihak. Oleh sebab itu pada kesempatan kali ini, penulis ingin mengucapkan terimakasih, penghargaan dan penghormatan kepada : 1. Bapak Dr.Budi Agustono, M.S., selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Bapak Prof. Drs. Hamzon Situmorang, Ms.,Ph.D., selaku Ketua Program Sudi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 3. Bapak Drs. Amin Sihombing, selaku Pembimbing , yang selalu memberikan waktu dan pemikirannya dalam membimbing, mengarahkan serta memberikan saran – saran kepada penulis dalam penyusunan skripsi ini hingga selesai. 4. Dosen Penguji Ujian Skripsi yang telah menyediakan waktu untuk membaca dan menguji skripsi ini. Tak lupa pula penulis sampaikan kepada seluruh dosen serta staf Universitas Sumatera Utara ii pegawai di Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA yang dengan penuh kesabaran telah memberikan ilmu yang berguna bagi penulis serta dukungan dalam menyelesaian skripsi ini. 5. Kak Putri selaku staf administrasi Program Studi Sastra Jepang yang selalu mengingatkan penulis dan membantu menyelesaikan berbagai surat menyurat dan berkas-berkas penulis. 6. Terima kasih yang tidak terhingga kepada ayahanda Supianto dan ibunda Saniah serta kakanda Winda dan kedua adik yang selalu memberikan semangat, motivasi serta dukungan baik moril maupun materil dan selalu mendoakan sampai penulis dapat menyelesaikan studinya dan dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 7. Seluruh teman-teman dekat Makde, Bilbod, Puto, Aren, Mamad, Wawan, Ntan, Prol, Yudit, Aristo sebagai teman diskusi dan lainnya, serta teman seperjuangan Yuki, Amrul, Acid, bang Jaya, Deli serta teman-teman Sastra Jepang 2014 lainnya yang tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu persatu, seluruh teman-teman KKN Tematik Tanjung Balai kelompok 4 tahun 2017, begitu juga dengan kak Amy, kak Helga, kak Irma serta bang Ivan yang selalu mendukung dan senantiasa memberikan dorongan dan semangat kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 8. Serta kepada semua pihak yang tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu – persatu, yang telah memberikan bantuan sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan. Hanya Tuhan yang dapat membalas kebaikan anda semua. UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa skripsi ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan, baik dari isi maupun uraiannya. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan masukan kritik dan saran yang membangun. Akhir kata, semoga skripsi ini nantinya dapat berguna dan bermanfaat bagi penulis, pembacakhususnya mahasiswa/ mahasiswi Jurusan Sastra Jepang Universitas Sumatera lainnya. Medan, 21 Agustus 2018 Penulis, Dewinta UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. iii DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ iv BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ..................................................................... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................. 6 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan .............................................................. 7 1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka dan Kerangka Teori ............................................... 8 1.4.1 Tinjauan Pustaka ...................................................................... 8 1.4.2 Kerangka Teori ...................................................................... 10 1.5 Tujuan dan Manfaat .......................................................................... 12 1.5.1 Tujuan .................................................................................... 12 1.5.2 Manfaat .................................................................................. 12 1.6 Metode Penelitian ............................................................................. 13 BAB II SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN MASYARAKAT JEPANG DAN KODAMA 2.1 Sejarah Sistem Kepercayaan Masyarakat Jepang ......................... 15 2.2 Prilaku Beragama Masyarakat Jepang ......................................... 21 2.3 Ajaran Shinto Sebagai Agama Asli Masyarakat Jepang .............. 25 2.3.1 Kami pada Ajaran Shinto ................................................. 27 2.3.2 Ritual Ajaran Shinto ......................................................... 31 2.4 Kodama Sebagai Youkai Penjaga Pohon ....................................... 33 2.4.1 Sejarah Kodama ............................................................... 35 2.4.2 Pandangan Tentang Bentuk Kodama ................................ 38 2.4.3 Hukuman Kodama Kepada Penebang Pohon Liar ........... 39 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB III KODAMA SEBAGAI KEARIFAN LOKAL 3.1 Kearifan Lokal dalam Kodama yang Berhubungan dengan Manusia . 42 3.2 Kearifan Lokal dalam Kodama yang Berhubungan dengan Alam ..... 48 3.3 Kearifan Lokal dalam Kodama yang Berhubungan dengan Roh ....... 50 BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 4.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 53 4.2 Saran .............................................................................................. 55 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN GAMBAR ABSTRAK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Sistem kepercayaan adalah suatu sistem yang membuat seseorang meyakini sesuatu hingga mempengaruhi pola pikir dan tingkah lakunya sehari- hari. Sistem kepercayaan tersebut, pada umumnya dipegang teguh dalam menjalani kehidupan dan dianggap sebagai pedoman hidup. Jika berbicara mengenai sistem kepercayaan, maka kita membicarakan pula tentang keyakinan ataupun apa yang disebut sebagai agama (Religi). Ada berbagai macam sistem kepercayaan/keyakinan yang dianut di dunia. Mulai dari sistem kepercayaan terhadap roh (Animisme), terhadap benda-benda (Dinamisme) yang seyogianya sudah lahir sejak jaman purba, kepercayaan terhadap dewa, serta sistem kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan. Ketika religi berhubungan dengan pengabdinya/individu yang menganut religi tersebut, maka lahirlah apa yang disebut dengan religiusitas. Menurut Prof. Driyarkara (1987:29) Religiusitas berasal kata dari bahasa latin religio, yang berakar dari kata religare yang berarti mengikat. Secara instansial religius menunjuk pada sesuatu yang dirasakan sangat dalam yang bersentuhan dengan keinginan seseorang, yang butuh ketaatan dan memberikan imbalan sehingga mengikat seseorang dalam suatu masyarakat (Ahmad, 1995:34). Sehingga yang dimaksud dengan Religiusitas merupakan sifat religi yang melekat pada diri seseorang. 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Lima aspek atau dimensi religiusitas Menurut Glock (Rahmat, 2003:43-46) yaitu : 1. Dimensi Ideologi atau keyakinan, yaitu dimensi dari keberagamaan yang berkaitan dengan apa yang harus dipercayai, misalnya kepercayaan adanya Tuhan, malaikat, surga, dsb. Kepercayaan atau doktrin agama adalah dimensi yang paling mendasar. 2. Dimensi Peribadatan, yaitu dimensi keberagaman yang berkaitan dengan sejumlah perilaku, dimana perilaku tersebut sudah ditetapkan oleh agama, seperti tata cara ibadah, pembaptisan, pengakuan dosa, berpuasa, shalat atau menjalankan ritual- ritual khusus pada hari-hari suci. 3. Dimensi Penghayatan, yaitu dimensi yang berkaitan dengan perasaan keagamaan yang dialami oleh penganut agama atau seberapa jauh seseorang dapat menghayati pengalaman dalam ritual agama yang dilakukannya. 4. Dimensi Pengetahuan, yaitu berkaitan dengan pemahaman dan pengetahuan seseorang terhadap ajaran-ajaran agama yang dianutnya. 5. Dimensi Pengamalan, yaitu berkaitan dengan akibat dari ajaran- ajaran agama/sistem kepercayaan yang dianutnya yang diaplikasikan melalui sikap dan perilaku dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Berdasarkan aspek/dimensi menurut Glock diatas, agama/sistem kepercayaan sudah termasuk ke dalam bagian keseharian bagi setiap individu yang menganutnya. Sistem kepercayaan itu juga ikut mempengaruhi sikap, perilaku kesehariannya serta bagaimana kehidupan sosial penganut tersebut. Sehingga sistem kepercayaan melahirkan adanya kearifan lokal. 2 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Sistem kepercayaan yang melahirkan kearifan lokal juga merupakan bagian dari pembentukan budaya. Kearifan lokal mengacu pada berbagai kekayaan budaya yang tumbuh dan berkembang dalam sebuah masyarakat yang dikenal, dipercayai, dan diakui sebagai elemen-elemen penting yang mampu mempertebal kohesi sosial di antara warga masyarakat (Haba,
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