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The Current Status and Development of Japanese Studies in Taiwan: from a Folklore-Centred Perspective

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The Current Status and Development of Japanese Studies in Taiwan: from a Folklore-Centred Perspective JRCA Vol. 20, No. 2 (2019), pp.145-161 145 The Current Status and Development of Japanese Studies in Taiwan: From a Folklore-Centred Perspective Cheng Wei Lin Taipei National University of Arts Introduction ‘Japanese studies’ has quite a history of development in Taiwanese academia. While it has accumulated a number of results, it still has not been recognized as an academic discipline. It stands only as a subfield of Asia-Pacific studies with an expertise on Japan. Primary developments in Japanese studies focus on Japanese language and literature; it is not yet fully prepared to form active connections with other contemporary academic disciplines for academic integration. Taking the current author’s areas of interest, folklore and cultural history, as examples, research related to ‘Japanese studies’ can be roughly divided into the following aspects: 1) investigations of Japanese culture, art, and political economy from past to present, such as Zhu Shun Shui and the Spread of East Asian Culture by Shyu Shing-Ching, Japan’s Political Transformation and Diplomatic Policies by Huang Sung-Hsien, and Flower of Faith: The Guide of Japanese Festival by the current author; and 2) studies that focus on ‘Japanese’ elements introduced to Taiwan during the colonial rule before the war, including elements about political economy, society, religion, and customs. This type of research can be further divided based on aspects of Japanese, Han Chinese, and aborigine, or discussed from the perspective of the ruler and the ruled. Some representative works 146 The Current Status and Development of Japanese Studies in Taiwan Cheng Wei Lin 147 include The Different Intentions behind the Semblance of ‘Douka’: The Research on Shinto Heritage from the Japanese Colonial Language Policy, Modernization and Identity in Taiwan During the Period Japan-Ruling Period by Chen Pei-Feng, The Colonial and Post-Colonial Study of Buddhism in Taiwan by Kan Cheng-Tsung, and Shinto religion and shrines in Taiwan before the war The Empires on Taiwan: Time, Space, Knowledge, and Sentiment of Japanese religious objects such as shrines, torii (bird abode), and Colonial Taiwan edited by Li Cheng-Chi and Lee Yu-Lin; and 3) komainu (lion dogs) remain scattered all over Taiwan to this present Studies on Japanese in Taiwan before the war. This type of research is day. Whether they became cultural assets, literature and history lacking in both quality and quantity. In addition to being limited by enthusiasts’ collectibles, or rebuilt and damaged remains, these insufficient basic research information, issues such as previous worldly existences are records of the presence of Shinto in Taiwan’s political ideology, and time and space barriers are also contributing history. Taiwan was Japan’s first overseas colony in modern history. factors. Some representative works include Folk Customs in Taiwan Over the period of the half a century of Japanese colonial rule, and the Japanese by Chen Yan-Hong, Unfinished Colonization: Japanese culture affected Taiwan at full scale through jurisdiction Japanese Immigrant Villages in Taiwan by Chang Su-Bing, and implementation, population flow, business exchange, and spread of Religious Styles and Cultural Heritage: The Folk Religion of Japanese in religion. Among the Japanese religions, Shinto was introduced to Taiwan during the Japanese Colonial Period by the current author. The Taiwan on a large scale while under Japanese rule. The successive types of research approaches described above respectively reflect the introduction of Jinsha Shinto, State Shinto, Sect Shinto, and folk diverse and abundant aspects of Japanese studies in Taiwan. However, religions made Shinto the most influential foreign religion in Taiwan parallel links between these three types of research are currently before the mid-20th century. According to statistics by the missing. By effectively integrating these three study approaches based Association of Shinto Shrines, there were over 200 shrines in Taiwan on Taiwan as a standpoint respective to the history of Japan, and by then. That number could exceed 400 if other smaller Shinto-related inspecting the Japanese elements in Taiwan before Japanese facilities are taken into consideration. For example, there were over colonization and after the war, the current author has the confidence 50 shrines that worshipped the deity Inari. to break through existing frameworks on ‘Japanese studies’ and During the Japanese colonial period, not only were Shinto shrines deepen the level of understanding about the overall culture. This built all over Taiwan, but Shinto-related cultural traditions such as article will use studies on folk Shinto (the way of the Gods), folk sacrificial offerings to a deity as well as religious practice and festivals Buddhism, and costume culture as examples for exploring new were also introduced. The ways of disseminating and developing directions for ‘Japanese studies’ under multiple aspects. Shinto in Taiwan could be divided into the creation of shrines under State Shinto and the non-political, education-oriented folk Shinto, which were mostly established by Japanese immigrants in Taiwan. The former approach could be represented by the Taiwan Grand 146 Cheng Wei Lin 147 Research on Shinto Heritage from the Japanese Colonial Period Shinto religion and shrines in Taiwan before the war Japanese religious objects such as shrines, torii (bird abode), and komainu (lion dogs) remain scattered all over Taiwan to this present day. Whether they became cultural assets, literature and history enthusiasts’ collectibles, or rebuilt and damaged remains, these worldly existences are records of the presence of Shinto in Taiwan’s history. Taiwan was Japan’s first overseas colony in modern history. Over the period of the half a century of Japanese colonial rule, Japanese culture affected Taiwan at full scale through jurisdiction implementation, population flow, business exchange, and spread of religion. Among the Japanese religions, Shinto was introduced to Taiwan on a large scale while under Japanese rule. The successive introduction of Jinsha Shinto, State Shinto, Sect Shinto, and folk religions made Shinto the most influential foreign religion in Taiwan before the mid-20th century. According to statistics by the Association of Shinto Shrines, there were over 200 shrines in Taiwan then. That number could exceed 400 if other smaller Shinto-related facilities are taken into consideration. For example, there were over 50 shrines that worshipped the deity Inari. During the Japanese colonial period, not only were Shinto shrines built all over Taiwan, but Shinto-related cultural traditions such as sacrificial offerings to a deity as well as religious practice and festivals were also introduced. The ways of disseminating and developing Shinto in Taiwan could be divided into the creation of shrines under State Shinto and the non-political, education-oriented folk Shinto, which were mostly established by Japanese immigrants in Taiwan. The former approach could be represented by the Taiwan Grand 148 The Current Status and Development of Japanese Studies in Taiwan Cheng Wei Lin 149 Shrine, completed in 1901, as an example. Around 1935, State demolished or rebuilt because the government at the time considered Shinto launched the strategy of setting ‘a shrine a street’ under the them as the remains of the Japanese empire’s colonial invasion. It was Office of the Taiwan Governor-General’s policies such as remaking not until recent years that a new awareness emerged to view former folk customs and the Kominka movement. Over the course of a few historical remains from a historical, cultural, and artistic perspective. years, shrines were built all over Taiwan as they became the locations This led to the protection of religious heritage and cultural assets, as for Kominka and spiritual education. As an example the municipal well as a gradual increase in the reuse of the remaining shrines. For historic site of Taoyuan Shinto Shrine, which was a product of State example, the New Taipei City Government Gold Museum in Shinto during this time, was the most well-preserved Shinto Jinguashi studied, displayed, and published the harmonious history architecture outside Japan. An example of a shrine established by the of coexistence between Shinto and local religions such as Guan Gong general public for their religion is the Jinguashi Shrine built in 1898; and Mazu at Jinguashi Mine in the past century. By reproducing the it was the first shrine ever founded in northern Taiwan and has mine’s Mountain God Festival and hosting special shrine exhibitions become a municipal historic site. at the city monument of Jinguashi Shrine, the lost glory of Jinguashi Mine was brought back to life. Historical shrines and restored Shinto architecture Located at a Japanese immigrants’ village in eastern Taiwan, the After the war, shrines that were established for different purposes at Luye Shrine managed to give rebirth to the long barren historical site different times during the Japanese colonial period gradually lost their with a budget infusion from the East Rift Valley National Scenic Area original religious functions as the regime changed and believers left. and local government. Under the name of building tourist attractions, On one hand, the promulgation of regulations such as ‘The a revitalization project is underway to rebuild the shrine. In southern Administrative Order for Municipal Governments to Demolish Taiwan, there is also a shrine inside Yanshui Elementary
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