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PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is an author's version which may differ from the publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140229 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-05 and may be subject to change. An introduction to Duna grammar Lila San Roque A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University September 2008 This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. Abstract This thesis is an introduction to Duna, a language spoken by approximately 25,000 people living in Southern Highlands Province in Papua New Guinea. Duna (also known as Yuna) is classified as a member of the Duna-Bogaya subgroup of the Trans New Guinea family. This study is primarily based on work with Duna speakers of the Lake Kopiago region. The thesis provides a basic treatment of phonology, describes the structure of simple sentences, and examines in detail the expression of epistemic assessment (the treatment of a proposition as representing knowledge), a semantic domain that is richly encoded by bound morphemes in the language. Chapter 1 gives background information concerning the Duna lands, people, and language situation. It also describes previous work that has been done on the language, and the nature and sources of the data used in this study. Chapter 2 includes an overview of Duna segmental phonology and gives an account of citation tone contrasts in monomorphemic words. Chapter 3 outlines Duna word classes, including large open lexical classes such as nouns, and smaller closed grammatical classes such as demonstratives. Chapter 4 deals with the structure of the basic clause, describing the different clause types and outlining dominant and pragmatically marked word orders. Nouns and NP structure are treated in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 details NP marking that encodes epistemic positioning, specificity, pairhood, grouphood, semantic role, grammatical relation, and discourse or pragmatic prominence. Chapter 7 analyses complex predicates, for example, those that are composed of a verb and a verb adjunct, or of several verbs in series. The remainder of the thesis focusses on bound morphemes that are added to the predicate of a final clause. Chapter 8 treats markers which specify features of the denoted situation in terms of time or event modality. Chapters 9 and 10 describe evidential markers, information status markers, and epistemic particles, morphemes which attach to a final predicate to express an epistemic assessment of the proposition. Chapter 11 describes the formal and functional features of Duna sentence types and discusses typical implications that certain predicate markers have concerning a speaker’s or addressee’s relationship to the denoted situation. i Acknowledgements Many Duna people in the Lake Kopiago area and in Mount Hagen (Western High- lands Province) have contributed language material and discussion to this work. I thank them wholeheartedly for their essential part in this study, as well as their ex- cellent company. Kenny Kendoli, Petros Kilapa, Kipu Piero and Richard Alo in particular translated and discussed their language with humour, patience, tenacity, thoughtfulness, and insight. Richard, you were taken from us too soon, and I con- tinue to honour your great courage, intelligence, and compassion. Whilst at Lake Kopiago I was very lucky to be able to record texts from the late Sane Noma and Raki Patako, and from Pastor Hagini Yami, three senior Duna men of extraordinary wisdom and spirit. Special thanks also to Kipu, Metai Heri, Haya Suku, Monica Kenny and Metina Kali for the hard work they put into conversing with a learner of their language. In the field I was based at an ANU research house in Rewapi (Hirane parish), next door to Kenny and Kipu and their family members. Many thanks to them for putting up with the extra disruption and responsibilities that this entailed, and to other members of the Rewapi/Hirane and wider Lake Kopiago community who were so welcoming and kind. I hope to find some way to repay you. In writing this thesis I have been privileged to be under the tutelage of my su- pervisors Andrew Pawley and Alan Rumsey of the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Andy whipped the bulk of my early chapter drafts into shape, and de- voted much time and effort to his careful reading of a near-final draft of the thesis. His stringent and perspicuous advice has been of immense value to me at every stage of the writing process. Alan Rumsey has conscientiously read even my most off-the-rail writings, and consistently offered wise and sensitive feedback. He has helped me to battle with some difficult organisational problems, and been encour- aging and engaged throughout. My advisor Malcolm Ross contributed significantly to a reworking of Chapters 1-7 with his thoughtful, precise, and clear-sighted comments. Nicholas Evans got stuck into Chapters 8-11 with enthusiasm and incisiveness. I enjoyed our discus- sions and arguments very much, and they were very important in helping me revise the thesis. I began my studies at the ANU in 2003 as a member of an interdisciplinary project ‘Chanted Tales from Highland New Guinea’ (funded by the Australian Re- search Council), of which Alan Rumsey was the lead Chief Investigator. Being a member of this project provided me with some additional funds for fieldwork and translation, and gave me the opportunity to take part in some very stimulat- ing workshops and collaborations. Thanks to Alan and also to Don Niles (Partner iii iv Acknowledgements Investigator on the project) for all their hard work in this regard. The anthropologist Nicole Haley has been working with Duna people since 1994, and was a postdoctoral fellow on the Chanted Tales project. She was in- strumental in making this language study happen, and I have benefited greatly from her experience and hard work. Nicole organised the establishment of the ANU re- search base at Rewapi, introduced me to the people who were pivotal to my study of Duna, and facilitated Kenny Kendoli and Richard Alo’s trips from PNG to Can- berra. I was able to use some recordings that Nicole made in 2003 as part of my data set, and am grateful for this important contribution to my work. The ethnomusicologist Kirsty Gillespie also joined the Chanted Tales project in 2003, and was awarded her doctorate this year for her research into creativity and change in Duna song. She has been an inspiring colleague and a warm and supportive friend. Kirsty made a number of excellent recordings of spoken Duna texts in 2005 (listed in Appendix 1) and made these available for my use. These have greatly added to the richness and quality of data I had available for analysis, and include some of my favourite stories. There are also several language structures and subtleties that I would have missed entirely were it not for Kirsty’s study of song texts while we were in the field. It was great to work together and I look forward to doing so again. I am grateful to my fellow students in the linguistics department at RSPAS, in particular Carol Priestley and Antoinette Schapper, for their reading recommenda- tions, problem-solving suggestions, thought-provoking discussions, and comrade- ship. I only hope I can be half as enlivening and encouraging in Antoinette’s final thesis months as she has been in mine. Extra thanks also to Bevan Barrett for always answering my sudden random questions with poise and acuity, and to Susan Love and Doug Marmion for their technical help. Many other scholars contributed to my research through their advice, discussion, and encouragement at various times during my candidature. I am indebted to Alex- andra Aikhenvald, Avery Andrews, Chris Ballard, Tom Ernst, Glenda Giles, Rachel Hendery, Darja Hoenigman, Pascale Jacq, Gabriel Lomas, Elizabeth Minchin, Nick Modjeska, Don Niles, Stephen Pattemore, Hans Reithofer, Bambi Schieffelin and Dan Seeland. Discussing issues of evidentiality with Robyn Loughnane was es- pecially stimulating and helpful for me, and I thank her for her insights and sug- gestions. The attendees at the Monday morning Research Roundtable meetings at ANU helped to get me through some dark thesis days. I am indebted to Kevin Murphy, Esther Fasnacht, and Esther’s late husband Pierre, for their kindness and openheartedness in looking after me while I was in Mt. Hagen, sending treats to the field, and taking care of my family members who were able to visit. Kevin’s generosity in sharing his home made it possible for me to stay and work in Hagen for an extended period when access to Lake Kopiago was difficult, and I don’t know what I would have done without him. Pierre gave so much in his life, and I am lucky to have known him and his family. Thanks also to the other pilots, ground crew and office staff of the Missionary Aviation Fellowship, and the staff at the Mt Hagen Missionary Home. These dedicated and hard-working people solved a lot of problems for me, not to mention keeping me cheerful. Like so many other PNG researchers, I also thank Jim Robins of the National Research Institute in Port Moresby. v My interest in New Guinea languages was sparked and developed by two caring, energetic, and inspiring teachers, Bill Foley and Mark Donohue.
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