UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Leporids
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Leporids, Landscapes, and Social-Environmental Dynamics in Arid North America: Stable Isotope Analysis of Rabbit and Hare Bones from Modern and Archaeological Sites A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Andrew D. Somerville Committee in charge: Professor Margaret Schoeninger, Chair Professor Guillermo Algaze Professor Christopher Charles Professor Paul Goldstein Professor Carolyn Kurle Professor Ben Nelson 2015 Copyright Andrew D. Somerville, 2015 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Andrew D. Somerville is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2015 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE…………………………………..…………………………….. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………. iv LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………. vii LIST OF TABLES ……………………...…………………………………………... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………………………... x CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………………………….. xii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION……………………………….……...…… xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………… 1 CHAPTER 2: CLIMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS OF LEPORID BONES….…………………………... 6 Introduction…………………………………….……………………………. 6 Principles of Stable Isotope Analysis and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction….............................................................................................. 8 Leporidae Evolution and Ecology ………………………………….……….. 11 Materials and Methods……………………………….……………………… 13 Samples………………………………………………………………. 13 Laboratory Preparation..…………..……………………….……….. 15 Environmental Parameters….………..……………….…………….. 16 Statistical Analysis………………………………………………....... 17 Results……………………………….………………………….….………... 18 Geographic Variables….………….…………………..…………….. 18 Isotope Variables by Genus………………….…….………………… 21 Multiple Regression Analysis………………………………………... 25 Discussion……………………………………….…………………………... 27 Lepus vs Sylvilagus………………………………………………….. 27 Temperature……………...………………………………………….. 28 Aridity………………………………………………………………... 30 Geography….……………………………..….……………………… 32 iv Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… 33 CHAPTER 3: EXPLORING SOCIAL-ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPES IN DESERT ECOREGIONS: STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OF LEPORID BONES ALONG THE NORTHERN FRONTIER OF MESOAMERICA…………. 36 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 36 Macro-Regional Background: Epiclassic Period in Arid North America…… 39 Meso-Regional Background: Northwest Mexico……………………………. 45 Site-Specific Backgrounds: Pueblo Grande, La Ferrería, and La Quemada……………………………………………………………………... 47 Pueblo Grande……………………………………………………….. 48 La Ferrería…………………………………………………………... 49 La Quemada…………………………………………………………. 51 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………. 53 Leporid Bone Specimens…………………………………………….. 53 Laboratory Procedures……………………………………………… 55 Statistical Analyses…………………………………………………... 56 Results……………………………………………………………………….. 56 Discussion…………………………………………………………………… 57 Macro-Regional Scale: Inter-Site Comparisons……………….……. 57 Meso-Regional Scale: Landscapes of Northwest Mexico…………… 62 Local Scale: Landscape at La Ferrería…………………………....... 66 Summary and Conclusions…………………………………………………... 73 CHAPTER 4: STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE FOR RABBIT MANAGEMENT AT THE ANCIENT METROPOLIS OF TEOTIHUACAN, MEXICO….….……………………………………………………………………… 77 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 77 Isotope Ecology of Highland Mexico……………………………………….. 81 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………. 83 Leporid Bone Specimens and Contexts.……………...……………… 83 Laboratory Procedures……………….……………………………... 87 v Statistical Analyses………………….…….………………………... 88 Results and Discussion………………………………………………………. 88 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… 97 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION…....…………….…………….. 99 Future Studies…….………………………………………………………….. 101 Garden Hunting….…………………………………………….…….. 101 Lagomorph Index……………………………………………………. 104 Baseline Correlations………………………………………………... 104 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… 105 REFERENCES ………………………………………………….…………...……… 106 APPENDECIES ...………………………………………………….……………….. 127 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of locations of modern leporid specimens………………………….. 14 Figure 2. Climate variable distributions in the nine ecosystem types represented in the sample…………………………………………………....................... 18 Figure 3. Distribution of collagen and apatite isotope values within each genus……………….…………………………………………………….. 21 Figure 4. Univariate linear regression relationships between isotopes and temperature variables……….……………………………………………. 23 Figure 5. Univariate linear regression relationships between isotopes and moisture values…………….………………………………………………………. 24 Figure 6. Predicted isotope values for each genus………………………………..... 26 Figure 7. Stable nitrogen isotope ratios of 135 modern leporid bones plotted as a factor of the mean annual temperature of the regions in which they lived 30 Figure 8. Stable oxygen isotope ratios of 135 modern leporid bones plotted as a factor of mean annual precipitation of the regions in which they lived…. 32 Figure 9. Map indicating geographic locations of Pueblo Grande, La Ferrería, and La Quemada.……………………………………..………………………. 40 Figure 10. Scatterplot of stable nitrogen isotope values vs. stable oxygen isotope values……………………………….…………...………...……………. 58 Figure 11. Scatterplot of stable carbon isotope values from apatite vs. stable carbon isotope values from collagen………………………………….. 59 Figure 12. Temporal trends in stable isotope means from sites discussed in text….. 61 Figure 13. Map depicting archaeological sites of Northwest Mexico in relation to terrestrial ecosystems…………...…...……………………………..…… 63 Figure 14. Histograms of stable carbon isotope values from La Quemada and La Ferrería……………….…………………………………………………. 65 Figure 15. Map detailing the location of La Ferrería and its major structures relative to the Sierra Madre Pine-Oak Forest (Green) and the flatlands of the Chihuahuan Desert (Yellow)………….…………………………. 66 vii Figure 16. Box plots displaying the distribution of isotope values grouped by genus and time period…………….…………………………….………. 68 Figure 17. Box plots displaying the distribution of isotope values grouped by genus and time period…………………….………………………….…. 69 Figure 18. Map of Teotihuacan highlighting site locations mentioned in the text…. 79 Figure 19. Illustration of stone rabbit sculpture from the Oztoyahualco apartment compound………………..……………………………………………… 80 Figure 20. Scatterplot of stable carbon isotope values from bone apatite and collagen. ………………………………………………………………... 91 Figure 21. Box plots of stable carbon isotope values of bone apatite from each site location………………………………………………………………….. 92 Figure 22. Box plots of stable carbon isotope values of bone collagen from each site location………….…………………………………………….……. 92 Figure 23. Box plots of stable nitrogen isotope values from each site location……. 93 Figure 24. Scatterplot of archaeological and modern leporid stable carbon isotope values from bone apatite and collagen………………………………...... 104 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Correlations between geographical and climate variables…………………. 19 Table 2. Geographical and climate variable descriptive statistics by genus…….….. 20 Table 3. Final regression models………………………………………………….… 27 Table 4. Modern environmental characteristics of site locations…………………... 51 Table 5. Summary statistics of stable isotope values sorted by site location……….. 57 Table 6. Chronology of Teotihuacan with associated ceramic phases and site contexts………………….............................................................................. 87 Table 7. Descriptive statistics for isotope values grouped by genus and selected site locations………..……………………………………………………… 90 ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Completion of this dissertation was only possible through the help of an army of family, friends and collaborators. First, I thank my parents, Robert and Diane Somerville, for unwavering support. I am grateful to my advisor, Professor Margaret Schoeninger, for her guidance and for providing a balance between giving me freedom to explore my own interests and the direction to actually get them done. Additionally, her body of work on stable isotopes and paleoenvironmental reconstructions were the inspiration for the present study. I also thank my committee members Guillermo Algaze, Chris Charles, Paul Goldstein, Carolyn Kurle, and Ben Nelson for productive conversations and their insightful comments. Completing laboratory analyses would not have been possible without the motivated undergraduate and graduate volunteers of the Paleodiet Laboratory. I am especially grateful to Janell Bryant, Cheyenne Butcher, Wendy Casdorf, Amanda Edwards, Hayley Elsking, Adrienne Koh, Hollie Lappin, Sean Lee, Christi Menger, Tykie Paxton, Minki Quan, Kelsie Telson, Sandra Victorini, Jonathan Wong, Jason Kjolsing, Mikael Fauvelle, Sarah Baitzel, Matthew Sitek, and Misha Miller Sisson. Mass spectrometry of the rabbit bones was accomplished with the guidance and patience of Dr. Bruce Deck of Scripps Institute for Oceanography’s Analytical Facility. Bone specimens were acquired