ArchAeology Without Borders vi Jon C. Lohse and Nancy Gonlin This page intentionally left blank ArchAeology Without Borders Contact, Commerce, and Change in the U.S. Southwest and Northwestern Mexico edited by laurie D. Webster and Maxine e. McBrinn with Mexican editor eduardo gamboa carrera INAh ceNtre, chIhuAhuA U N iverS ity PreSS of Colorado © 2008 by the University Press of Colorado Published by the University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of the Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State College, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Mesa State College, Metro- politan State College of Denver, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, and Western State College of Colorado. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Archaeology without borders : contact, commerce, and change in the U.S. Southwest and northwestern Mexico / edited by Laurie D. Webster and Maxine E. McBrinn ; with Mexican editor, Eduardo Gamboa Carrera. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-87081-889-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Indians of North America—Commerce— Southwest, New. 2. Indians of Mexico—Commerce—Mexico, North. 3. Indians of North America—Southwest, New—Migrations. 4. Indians of Mexico—Mexico, North—Migrations. 5. Indians of North America—Southwest, New—History. 6. Indians of Mexico—Mexico, North— History. I. Webster, Laurie D., 1952– II. McBrinn, Maxine E. E78.S7.A73 2008 979.004’97—dc22 2007039389 Design by Daniel Pratt 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Support for the translation of papers in part three was provided by INAH. Contents List of Figures ix 1. Creating an Archaeology without Borders 1 Maxine E. McBrinn and Laurie D. Webster Part i: early agricultural adaPtations in the u.s. southWest and northWestern Mexico 2. The Transition to Agriculture in the Desert Borderlands: An Introduction 25 Gayle J. Fritz 3. The Setting of Early Agriculture in Southern Chihuahua 35 A. C. MacWilliams, Robert J. Hard, John R. Roney, Karen R. Adams, and William L. Merrill 4. Modeling the Early Agricultural Frontier in the Desert Borderlands 55 Jonathan B. Mabry and William E. Doolittle 5. Early Agriculture on the Southeastern Periphery of the Colorado Plateau: Diversity in Tactics 71 Bradley J. Vierra 6. A Method for Anticipating Patterns in Archaeological Sequences: Projecting the Duration of the Transition to Agriculture in Mexico—A Test Case 89 Amber L. Johnson v Contents 7. The Case for an Early Farmer Migration into the Greater American Southwest 107 Steven A. LeBlanc Part ii: converging identities: exPloring social identity through MultiPle data classes 8. Exploring Social Identities through Archaeological Data from the Southwest: An Introduction 145 Linda S. Cordell 9. Archaeological Models of Early Uto-Aztecan Prehistory in the Arizona-Sonora Borderlands 155 Jonathan B. Mabry, John P. Carpenter, and Guadalupe Sanchez 10. Interaction, Enculturation, Social Distance, and Ancient Ethnic Identities 185 Patrick D. Lyons and Jeffery J. Clark 11. Networking the Old-Fashioned Way: Social and Economic Networks among Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in Southern New Mexico 209 Maxine E. McBrinn 12. Architectural Metaphor and Chacoan Influence in the Northern San Juan 227 Scott G. Ortman 13. Life’s Pathways: Geographic Metaphors in Ancestral Puebloan Material Culture 257 Kelley Hays-Gilpin 14. The Dynamic Nature of Cultural Identity during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries in Central New Mexico 271 Suzanne L. Eckert Part iii: neW research froM northern Mexico: Borders, contacts, landscaPes, and history 15. Avances del Norte de México (New Research from Northern Mexico) 285 Eduardo Gamboa Carrera 16. Imaginary Border, Profound Border: Terminological and Conceptual Construction of the Archaeology of Northern Mexico 291 Francisco Mendiola Galván vi Contents 17. Epic of the Toltec Chichimec and the Purépecha in the Ancient Southwest 301 Patricia Carot and Marie-Areti Hers 18. Mesoamerican Influences in the Imagery of Northern Mexico 335 Arturo Guevara Sánchez 19. Turquoise: Formal Economic Interrelationships between Mesoamerica and the North American Southwest 343 Phil C. Weigand 20. The Cultural Landscape of Cliff Houses in the Sierra Madre Occidental, Chihuahua 355 Eduardo Gamboa Carrera and Federico J. Mancera-Valencia 21. All Routes, All Directions: The Prehistoric Landscape of Nuevo León 365 Moisés Valadez Moreno 22. Contributions of Walter W. Taylor to the Archaeology of Coahuila, 1937–1947 373 Leticia González Arratia 23. Archaeology and Physical Anthropology: A Reflection on Warfare in the Archaeological Vision 385 M. Nicolás Caretta 24. Pacification of the Chichimeca Region 393 Martha Monzón Flores List of Contributors 405 Index 409 vii vi Jon C. Lohse and Nancy Gonlin This page intentionally left blank Figures Figure 3.1. Map of Mexico and the southwestern United States. 38 Figure 3.2. Map of Chihuahua. 39 Figure 3.3. Map of southwestern Chihuahua, showing location of sites discussed in the text. 43 Figure 3.4. View of site A33-02, facing southeast. 47 Figure 3.5. Excavation profile of site A33-02. 48 Figure 5.1. Regional study areas: western San Juan Basin, northern San Juan Basin, and northern Rio Grande Valley. 73 Figure 5.2. Period 2 plant ubiquity in the western San Juan Basin. 74 Figure 5.3. Periods 1–3 plant ubiquity in the northern San Juan Basin. 75 Figure 5.4. Periods 1–3 plant ubiquity in the northern Rio Grande Valley. 76 ix Figures Figure 5.5. Maize ubiquity by time period and region. 79 Figure 6.1. Global comparison of archaeological sequence durations by system state. 96 Figure 6.2. Map of projected duration of transition to agriculture for Mexico. 100 Figure 6.3. Projected sequence comparison for a few locations in Mexico. 101 Figure 11.1. Nested relationships between mobile hunters and gatherers. 211 Figure 11.2. Primary sandal elements. 212 Figure 11.3. Expected distribution of stylistic characteristics within the nested social organization of mobile hunters and gatherers. 213 Figure 11.4. Locations of sites cited in the text. 214 Figure 11.5. Cordage attributes. 215 Figure 11.6. Type 5 points. 216 Figure 11.7. Length versus proximal shoulder angle from Bat Cave (BC), Tularosa Cave (TC), Cordova Cave (CC), and Fresnal Shelter (FS). 217 Figure 11.8. Two-warp plain-weave sandal from Tularosa Cave. 218 Figure 11.9. Four-warp plain-weave sandal from Fresnal Shelter. 219 Figure 11.10. Four-warp scuffer-toe sandal from Fresnal Shelter. 220 Figure 11.11. Two-warp plain-weave sandal with fishtail heel from Fresnal Shelter. 221 Figure 12.1. The Northern San Juan region. 231 Figure 12.2. Pottery-band murals in kivas. 232 Figure 12.3. Pottery-band murals on storage rooms, and murals that blend landscape and container imagery. 233 Figure 12.4. Decorated kiva from site 42SA9310, southeastern Utah. 244 Figure 13.1. Four unfinished burden baskets with deliberate breaks in the banding line, Canyon del Muerto. 259 Figure 13.2. Homolovi Polychrome bowl with interior and exterior (in mirror) broken banding lines. 260 Figure 13.3. Pathways in petroglyphs. 262 Figure 13.4. Early painted pottery with design based on coiled basket. 264 Figure 13.5. Banding line on Jeddito Black-on-yellow bowl from Homol’ovi I with post-firing line break scratched in. 265 Figure 13.6. Close-up of triple line break at the rim of a bowl from Santo Domingo, probably early twentieth century. 266 Figure 14.1. Map of the Pueblo Southwest showing the location of Hum- mingbird Pueblo and Pottery Mound in the Lower Rio Puerco study area. 272 Figure 14.2. Map of Pottery Mound. 273 Figure 14.3. Map of Hummingbird Pueblo. 274 Figure 14.4. Interiors of four Pottery Mound Polychrome bowls and one bowl fragment from Pottery Mound showing examples of icons found on fourteenth- and fifteenth-century pottery in the study area. 276 x Figures Figure 17.1. Region referred to in the text as the Northwest, consisting of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. 303 Figure 17.2. Cultures and chronological stages discussed in the text. 304 Figure 17.3. Partial view of the Loma Alta altar showing some of the sculptures. 305 Figure 17.4. The two sculptural traditions of the Loma Alta phase of Purépecha Culture and the Alta Vista–Vesuvio phase of the Chal- chihuites Culture. 306 Figure 17.5. Fragment of a ritual vessel from Loma Alta decorated with post-firing painting in the stripped investment technique. 308 Figure 17.6. The Bird-Serpent, Loma Alta phase, site of Loma Alta. 311 Figure 17.7. Human-serpent composite figures from Loma Alta and the Chalchihuites area. 313 Figure 17.8. Figures with bows and arrows on ceramics and rock art. 319 Figure 18.1. (a) Engraving associated with the Ehécatl, the wind spirit in central Mexico, from San Quintín Canyon, Durango; (b) cruciform figure from a site in the Sierra Madre of Durango; (c) figure of Kokopelli from Piedra de Amolar; (d) butterfly-style hairdo found at Tepehuanes; (e) jar from La Ferrería, Durango, depicting a figure with only one leg. 336 Figure 18.2. (a) Dancers with braids and leather anklets similar to those worn by some groups in the southwestern United States; (b) polychrome sherd from the coastal cultures, found at La Ferrería, Durango; (c) hafted knife from Candelaria Cave; (d) spear guard from Candelaria Cave.