El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro As Revealed Through the Written Record: A Guide to Sources of Information for One of the Great Trails of North America Prepared for: The New Mexico Spaceport Authority (NMSA) Las Cruces and Truth or Consequences, New Mexico The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Commercial Space Transportation Compiled by: Jemez Mountains Research Center, LLC Santa Fe, New Mexico Contributors: Kristen Reynolds, Elizabeth A. Oster, Michael L. Elliott, David Reynolds, Maby Medrano Enríquez, and José Luis Punzo Díaz December, 2020 El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro As Revealed Through the Written Record: A Guide to Sources of Information for One of the Great Trails of North America Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Statement of Purpose .................................................................................................. 1 • Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 • Scope and Organization ....................................................................................................................... 2 • El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro: Terminology and Nomenclature ............................... 4 2. History of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro; National Historic Trail Status........................... 6 3. A Guide to Sources of Information for El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro .............................. 16 • 3.1. Archives and Repositories ........................................................................................................ 16 • 3.2.a. Published Works: Books and Articles in Edited Volumes ......................................... 37 b. Published Works: Articles in Periodicals ........................................................................ 89 • 3.3 Cultural Resources Management and Historic Preservation Documents ............ 100 • 3.4. Sources for Maps and Illustrations; Online Resources ............................................... 116 • 3.5. Additional Published Sources of Information about the Peoples and Places of the Lands Traversed by El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro ................................ 127 4. Summary and Conclusions; Productive Avenues for Future Research .................................. 130 List of Figures Figure 2.1. Map illustrating the entire route of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, beginning in Mexico City and ending at Ohkay Owingeh/San Juan Pueblo in the United States .................................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 3.1. Enrico Martinez map of New Mexico, ca. 1602 .............................................................. 122 Figure 3.2. Detail of 1767 Lafora/Urrutia map of northern New Mexico .................................. 123 Figure 3.3. Miera y Pacheco 1777 map of New Mexico ..................................................................... 124 Figure 3.4. Detail of 1810 map by Zebulon Pike showing the Jornada del Muerto section of ELCA ............................................................................................................................................... 125 Figure 3.5 Map showing the 1848 Battle of Brazito site (sometimes spelled “Bracito”) of the Mexican War. ELCA is the “Road from Santa Fe to El Paso del Norte.” ................ 126 List of Photographs Photograph No. 1. The Palacio de Lecumberri, in Mexico City ......................................................... 27 Photograph No. 2. Entrance to the Archivo General de Indias, Seville, Spain ............................. 35 List of Tables Table 2.1. Historical phases of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, northern portion (American Southwest) ............................................................................................................... 8 Table 3.1. National and State Register listings for ELCA segments in New Mexico ............... 114 Table 3.2. Indian Pueblos nominated to the State and National Registers on the basis of their association with ELCA .................................................................................................................................... 115 1. Introduction and Statement of Purpose Introduction Archival research has been a fundamental element of the identification, preservation, and study of the historic traveler’s route now referred to as El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (“the Royal Road of the Interior Lands”) for nearly a century1. The addition of the route to the National Trails System in October of 2000—in recognition of its significance as the primary transportation corridor between the colonial Spanish capitals of Mexico City and la villa real now known as Santa Fe, New Mexico, represents an accomplishment that can be attributed in large part to the careful work of generations of scholars, particularly historians and archival researchers. The fruits of their investigations include a diverse array of scholarly publications based on a variety of sources, including: journals and diaries kept by travelers; records of commerce as well as military and religious activity along the trail; maps of the route and settlements established/encountered along the way; and anecdotal information. This work, in turn, has inspired study by investigators pursuing additional lines of inquiry. Some aspects of life along the historic trail have thus been well-explored, while others (including actual locations of trail traces and associated resources, such as campsites, ramps, and springs) have only begun to be investigated in the past few decades. Documentation of these efforts, along with the results of historic preservation projects and activities dedicated to studying and repairing/rehabilitating historic buildings along the route, comprise “gray literature” that has not been cohesively integrated into the main stream of scholarship associated with El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. This shortfall can exercise a dampening effect on trail-related research, as various investigators pursuing traditional avenues of inquiry may not have the opportunity to reap the benefit of the results of studies that have not been published, or which have taken place outside of their disciplines. As one of the measures proposed to mitigate adverse effects to assessed to the Physical and Setting (“visual”) Areas of Potential Effects (APEs)identified for the Spaceport America undertaking, the New Mexico Spaceport Authority (NMSA) proposed to combine and summarize sources of information selected for relevance to trail-related archival research under the aegis of an annotated bibliography that would highlight the published research products as well as additional sources for information about El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro that have been investigated to date, particularly the portions of route that traverse the Jornada del Muerto2. This work was perceived as a key component of an interdisciplinary research program focused on various aspects of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. Companion studies have included a paleohydrological assessment of water resources in the central Jornada del Muerto, field archaeological survey and documentation 1 As discussed in more detail below, the contemporary title “El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro” has been applied to the trail relatively recently; it would not have been the historic designation. 2 Mitigation Measure B in the approved Mitigation Plan for El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, Spaceport America (FAA and NMSA). 1 of physical manifestations of the historic trail and associated cultural resources in the Physical and Setting APEs, and development of a management plan for the state lands that it crosses in New Mexico. All of these mitigation measures have been completed, and have benefitted from the ongoing, interdisciplinary research into traditional as well as non- traditional sources of written information, as summarized and presented in this document. Scope and Organization As presented in the plan developed to guide this research effort, the major tasks to be accomplished in the course of compiling the annotated bibliography were to include the endeavors detailed below: • To organize information about the current status of knowledge regarding El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro—accessing both primary and secondary known sources as well as “gray literature” in English and Spanish—in order to create an annotated bibliography that will assist researchers at a variety of levels as an informal “finding aid;” • To identify useful source documents that should be made available to the general public as well as subject-matter experts; and, • To make the information derived from the proposed research available publicly. Also included would be a synthetic interpretive report that identifies gaps in our knowledge about El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro and points to potentially productive strategies and locations for future research. From the outset it was recognized that the results of archival research could be of great benefit to other categories of trail-related investigations: “Of particular interest is the identification of documentary sources that reveal locations (specific as well as general) where the activities of the people who used the Camino took place, including establishment or re-use of campsites, access to water resources, etc. Archival sources that can specify the range of activities that took place at various points along the Camino—as well