INFORMATION ISSUED by the Assooaim of Jthflsir Hm^S U GOAT Utltau

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INFORMATION ISSUED by the Assooaim of Jthflsir Hm^S U GOAT Utltau Volume XXXVI No. 2 February 1981 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOOAim OF JTHflSir Hm^S U GOAT UtlTAU Jack Barnett Reform Historical (or Conservative) and Neo- Orthodox Judaism; the academic study of Judaism (Wissenschaft des Judentums): political Zionism." A QUESTION OF mENTITY The most universal Jewish experience of mod­ ernity was anti-semitism. And it was in these same Only a few years ago it would have been severely, and, tragically, they have borne the lands, also, that it received a unique stamp. Again difficult to imagine the New Statesman, Britain's brunt of the most demonic enemies of mod­ Germany provided its most intense and voluble premier intellectual weekly of the left, feeling ernity, the anti-Semites, who, eventually, lead­ ing an apocalyptic war to dismantle the modern expression; and the Holocaust. itself compelled to publish a major feature article world—or at least what in their eyes were its It is perhaps lexical that the book's first docu­ condemning anti-semitism in the country's uni­ most egregious features, democracy and Jewish ment is Menasseh ben Israel's appeal to Oliver versities. On 20 June, 1980, it did precisely that emancipation—unleashed a Holocaust that de­ Cromwell, as Lord Protector of the Common­ in a report by one of its principal feature-writers, voured a third of the Jewish people. This wealth to re-admit the Jews to England. He Christopher Hichens, using for his title, "The trauma, in consonance with the contradictory presented his address personally in 1655 and Socialism of fools," a term borrowed from the rhythms of Modern Jewish history, was quickly "although his mission was ostensibly unsuccessful, German Socialist leader, August Bebel, who in­ followed by the rebirth of the State of Israel it did prepare the way for the resettlement of the terpreted anti-semitism as a method of conscript­ and a renewal of Jewish pride and sense of community." Jews in England," from which they were expelled ing the politics of envy for racial purposes. in 1290. Besides providing Cromwell with a potted Hichens gives a number of examples of the The editors contrast two main conceptions of modern Jewish history; that of Simon Dubnov, history of his people's dispersion, Menasseh gave harassments suffered by the Union of Jewish strong emphasis to the value of Jewish traders to Students (UJS) on the Campuses; but seems to who argued that the era of Jewish political emancipation (and the anti-Semitic reaction to it) the economies of the countries where they were offer in some mitigation that "the current outrage permitted to reside, This was often the limited over Begin's colonial policy has led, disgracefully, was ushered in by the French Revolution of 1789; and that of Ben Zion Dinur whose starting point basis of the tolerance that they received. Service to a certain shoddiness in the vocabulary of some to the imperial courts often afforded individual campaigners." is 1700, when Rabbi Judah Hasid led a band of some thousand pious Jews on a march to settle Jews special privileges, grudgingly granted. The The Jewish students suffer from a lack of in the Holy Land. Most of his followers failed to document on the Appointment of Samson finance and more seriously, insufficient numbers complete the difficult journey, but for Dinur their Wertheimer as Imperial Court Factor to Emperor to combat their tormentors effectively, and the effort at "organised immigration" to the ancestral Leopold I, aptly illustrates this: "We, . with National Union of Students, where it has not homeland signified the beginnings of the revolt this letter proclaim publicly that we have openly supported their opponents, has lacked the against Jewry's millennial Exile, ineluctably cul­ graciously looked upon the industrious, indefatig­ authority to protect them. The UJS is only able minating in the reestablishment of the State of able, efficacious, loyal and selfless services that to attract to its ranks a minority of the Jewish Israel in 1948. have been rendered to the Holy Roman Empire students attending British universities. These are and to our, the Imperial House of Austria ... by mainly those who arrive with a strong Jewish or Conceptions of .Jewish Modernity the Court Factor Samson Wertheimer, chief rabbi Zionist commitment. Most of their fellows do not The editors of this book further argue that of the Jews in our countries, throughout the last possess the additional strength of purpose that is many conceptions of Jewish modernity share in seventeen years." required to maintain their place in the academic common the "conviction that the last two hun­ In 1740, the Plantation Act of the English rat-race, pursue their general political or social dred years or so have witnessed a radical trans­ Parliament removed the requirement of the Chris­ "iterests and meet the calls of Jewish, religious formation of Jewish life." The pattern, however, tian oath to Jewish residents of Britain's Ameri­ or communal duty. They face the classic di- has been uneven; "the Jews of the Orient have can colonies. Native English Jews had to wait jemma of the Jew in the Modern World, which for the most part just begun to enjoy the another 13 years for a Jewish Naturalisation Act 's the generic title of a new book co-edited by an ambiguous fortunes of modernization with their to be enacted by Parliament, only to see it re­ Israeli academic, Paul R. Mendes-Flohr, and an settlement in the twentieth-century State of pealed within a year in "face of the energetic Arnerican Professor, Jehuda Reinharz,* and which, Israel." They have arranged the documents opposition by Christian Merchants of London." 'f it may not give Jewish students much comfort, according to themes that illustrate the various Cynics of today may see some comparison with could provide them with an understanding that dimensions of Jewish modernity—political, social, recent events inside the "square mile", thinking their dilemma has been shared by many dis­ intellectual—that are significant, but have "em­ it no coincidence that persons recently refused tinguished Jews of earlier generations. phasised those aspects that point to a break with, confirmation to elected office there, have been of „ The publishers wrongly describe this book as a or at least a weakening of, traditional values, Jewish origin. It is of course to the City of Lon­ 'Documentary History." This is an exaggeration, institutions and socio-economic patterns of Jewish don's credit that it was their repeated retum of probably forced upon the authors for commercial life." This "eclipse of tradition, both in its specific Lionel de Rothschild to be their MP, despite his reasons. It is an excellent "anthology" of histori­ religious and broad cultural sense . roughly being denied the right to take his seat in the cal sources, which does not need this kind of coincides with what are generally considered to House of Commons because of his refusal to artificial boost. The grounds for the claim are be the temporal delimitations of the modern make the Christian Oath, that led to the removal probably based on the mainly excellent notes period in Europe. This implies that . of that major impediment to Jewish emancipation which accompany each document, placing them Jewish modernity derives its primary energy and in England. The striving, however, took another •n the context of their time and problems with legitimation from sources other than the sacred 100 years, the Jewish Relief Act finally being authority of Jewish tradition." conciseness and erudition. The reader already approved on 23 July, 1858. "nds this quality in the Preface where they sum- tnarise the general approach that governed the This occurred first in any comprehensive way Jewish emancipation in continental Europe pro­ selection of their material. Take this example: among the Jews of the German-speaking countries ceeded at a somewhat faster pace. The influence The modern, secular world has granted the in a particularly intense manner: of Moses Mendelssohn is evidenced in many docu­ Jews equality and has opened before them "Hence the dynamic of Jewish modernization— ments, either directly initiated by him, or pub­ undreamt of opportunities for intellectual and with all its passion, ambiguity, promise and lished under his influence in Germany. It was at personal development. Yet this same new contradictions-—is viewed in an especially his behest that the leading German scholar in era has been for many Jews a veritable pur- clarion fashion in Germany and Central constitutional law, statistics and modem history. Satory: in the Jews' passage through modernity Eurof)e. Moreover, the Jewry of these regions— Christian Wilhelm von Dohm, wrote his famous their religion, culture and identity have suffered the so-called deutscher Kulturbereich—estab• essay: "Conceming the Amelioration and Civil lished many of the intellectual and institutional Status of the Jews" in 1781. Its appearance coin- forms that were paradigmatic for Jewish mod­ Continued at column 1 page 2 Orford University Press 1980, S56pp. 8.95 (Paperback) ernity in general. We may mention, at random. Page 2 AJR INFORMATION February 1981 A QUESTION OF roENTITY democratic mood required the revolution of 1848 Holocaust period. They pinpoint with accuracy to see its rekindling. "The process of legal eman­ Hitler's personal responsibility for instigating the Continued from page 1 cipation of the Jews in Central Europe was Final Solution, popular profit-seeking modern his­ completed only with the unification of Germany torians
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