213 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. C. Reboreda Et Al

Home , Dromococcyx, Pavonine cuckoo, Pheasant cuckoo, Shiny cowbird

Index

A Arms race Acoustic adaptation hypothesis (AAH), 162 counter-defenses, 103 Acoustic communication plumage coloration, 122 birds, 156 Asynchronous hatching, 97 harmonics, 157 Avian brood parasitism, 104 medial tympaniform membrane, 157 Avian communication oscine syrinx, 157 birds, 155 passeriformes, 157 chemical signaling, 156 supra-syringeal tract, 157 sender and receiver, 155 tracheal syrinx, 156 signaling pathways, 155 tracheo-bronchial syrinx, 156, 157 visual and acoustic, 156 tracheophones, 157 vocal diversity, 157 Adaptive specialization hypothesis, 207 B Adaptive value, 97, 98 Barro Colorado Nature Monument in central Adoption hypothesis, 89 Panama (BCNM), 43 Adults Begging behavior, 97 casque, 118 Bird coloration, 174 conspecifics and disperse, 112, 116 Bird migration in South America obligate brood parasites, 105–106 annual cycle, fork-tailed flycatchers, 148 shiny cowbird breeding, 147 bookkeeping mechanism, 108 breeding period (see Breeding period) laying behavior, 107 continental features, 135, 136 laying synchronization, 108 description, 133 laying visits, 107 fork-tailed flycatcher, 137–140 multiple parasitism, 107 individual birds, 135, 148 noisy searching, 108 intra-tropical migration, 133, 134 parasitic events, 107, 108 long-term, imaginative research, 148, 149 polygynous/promiscuous mating migratory behavior (see Migratory system, 107 behavior) puncturing behavior, 109 nearctic–neotropical migration, 133 tailing behavior, 108 neotropical austral bird migration, American striped cuckoo (Tapera naevia) 134, 135 characteristics, 120 patterns, 134 host-parasite interaction, 120–121 reproduction and molt, 136, 137 Area parahippocampalis (APH), 208 wintering periods, 135

Black-headed duck (Heteronetta atricapilla) neotropical birds characteristics, 123 Blue-Footed Booby (Sula nebouxii), 91 host-parasite interaction, 123–124 characterizations, 91 Blue-black grassquit, 64, 68, 70, 71, 73, 78, Green-Rumped Parrotlet (Forpus 80, 81 passerinus), 93 acrobatic vertical flights, 65 Nazca Booby (Sula granti), 92 adult male and female, 65 nest monitoring protocol body condition, parasitism and immune asymmetrical brood, 95 status, 69, 70 breeding cycle, 95 brownish plumage, 64 chick-rearing period, 95 CEMAVE/ICMBio, 67 intra-clutch egg-size variation, 95 GPS, 67 parameters and frequency, 95 iridescent nuptial plumage, 64 sibling asymmetries, 95 leap display, 66 symmetrical broods, 95 parentage determination, 70, 71 offspring facilitation hypothesis, 89 research, 64 parental infanticide, 88 social and genetic mating system, 66 phenotypic handicaps South America, 64 asynchronous hatching, 90 territory boundaries, 67 brood sex composition, 91 Breeding cycle, 95 brood-survival strategy, 90 Breeding period egg composition, 90 migratory bird, 140 egg size, 90 reproduction, fork-tailed flycatcher, 141 marginal offspring, 90 sexual selection and migration, 143 maternal sex ratio, 91 spring migration, 140 offspring phenotype, 89 tradeoff, 141, 142 progeny choice hypothesis, 88 Breeding seasons, 6 resource-tracking hypothesis, 88 Breeding strategy, 93 sibling rivalry, 87 Breeding synchrony surplus offspring, 88 and EPP, 29, 30 Brood-reduction strategy, 90 Bronzed cowbird (Molothrus aeneus) Brood-survival strategy, 90 characteristics, 118, 119 Brownian motion model, 165 host-parasite interaction, 119–120 Bushtits, 41 Brood parasites, 53–55 Brood reduction systems adaptive value, 98 C adoption hypothesis, 89 Campo flickers, 42 asynchronous hatching, 87 Clusters, 78, 81 breeding behavior, 89 Clutch sizes, 7, 10 breeding strategy, 93 Coevolution classifications and mechanisms, arms race, 103 87–88 obligate brood parasites, 103 ecological conditions and selective Cognitive abilities pressures, 98 adaptive specialization hypothesis, facultative and obligate systems, 88 207, 208 hormonal levels, 98 buffer, 199 icebox hypothesis, 89 description, 199 Imperial Shags (see Imperial Shags environmental heterogeneity, 200, 209 (Phalacrocorax atriceps)) environmental perturbations, 207 insurance egg hypothesis, 88 experimental psychology, 200 life history strategies, 98 foraging resources, 200 marginal offspring, 87–89 free-living birds, 200 multi-hypothesis approach, 89 hummingbird species, 209 narrow sense, 87 nectar characteristics, 205 Index 215

olfactory capability, 201 neotropics, 35 sexual dimorphism, 207 non-standard applications, software Communal breeding programs, 36 and intraspecific brood-parasitic north-temperate biased behaviors, 56 perspective, 27 in temperate-zone cuckoo, 57 parental care, 22 Cooperative breeding southern hemisphere species, 34 in birds, 41 Tachycineta, 31–33 evolution, 56 trade-off, 22, 35 neotropical birds, 41 variation, 21, 22 neotropical taxa, 41 white-rumped swallow, 32 Cowbirds bronzed (see Bronzed cowbird (Molothrus aeneus)) F categories, 104 Female choice, 75–77 giant (see Giant cowbird (Molothrus Foraging oryzivorus)) abilities, 192 nestling, 110 and cognitive performance nutritional independence, 116 environmental variation, 207 screaming (see Screaming cowbird mobilization, 207 (Molothrus rufoaxillaris)) unpredictable perturbation, 206 shiny (see Shiny cowbird (Molothrus data, 188 bonariensis)) flexibility, 188 Crotophagine, 42, 43, 45, 56 and gut processing, 194 Levins’ index, 188 maneuvers, 187 E resources, 200 Eggs Forbidden interactions, 186 shiny cowbird Fork-tailed flycatcher appearance, 110 annual cycle, 137 brood-parasitic lifestyle, 109 in Argentina migrate, 144 damaging, 109 conspicuous species, 137 ejection, 109, 110 fall migration and molt, 144 Environmental heterogeneity fall migration patterns, 148 abiotic factors, 200 fatty acid profiles, 146 diversity, 209 food resources, 144 hummingbirds inhabit, 201 long-distance migratory, 142 taxonomic groups, 201 males, 138 unpredictable perturbation, 206 migratory populations, 147 Española mockingbirds, 42 molt-migration, 145 Extrapair copulations (EPC), 62, 74, 80 reproduction, 141 Extrapair fertilization (EPF), secondary sexual traits, 143 62, 74 spring migration, 146 Extra-pair paternity (EPP), 76, 77, 81 Free-living birds, 200 breeding densities, 22 Frugivory breeding synchrony, 29, 30, 34 biological aspect, 187 Chilean swallow, 32, 36 degree of, 194 DNA molecular techniques, 21 euphonias (Fringillidae), 193 genetic monogamy, 21 flexibility, 187, 190 GLMM, 33 Levins’ index, 188 hypotheses, 30, 31 Fruit choice insufficient sampling, 23–27 feeding abilities, 194 life-history traits, 28, 29, 34, 35 functional traits, 194 mate-guarding behavior, 22 interaction, 185 216 Index

Fruit-handling behaviors Geographic variation, 27, 31, 32 dataset, 187, 191 Giant cowbird (Molothrus oryzivorus) empirical observations/experimental characteristics, 117 studies, 185 host-parasite interaction, 117–118 frugivory, 186 Grayish baywings, 42 fruit choice, 185 Greater Anis in Panama functional categories, 187 and Amazon basin, 43 imperfect correlation, 193 in Costa Rica, 43 Levins’s Index, 191, 192 egg ejection and infanticide, 47–51 Mediterranean network, 186 and groove-billed, 42 morphological traits, 187 Guárico River in Venezuela, 52 phylogenetic signal, 188, 192 and guira cuckoos, 42 phylogeny, 190 island and peninsulas, 44 positive correlation, 187 joint nesting, 42 subtleties and costs, 186 juxtaposition, 42 tanagers, 193 microsatellite analyses, 47 Fruit-taking behaviors non-breeding season, 46 Brazilian literature, 186 open savannah and scrubby dataset, 189, 190, 193 pastureland, 43 empirical observations/experimental smooth-billed and groove-billed, 54 studies, 185 temperate-zone counterparts, 56 energetic costs, 186 euphonias (Fringillidae), 193 flexibility, 193 H functional categories, 187 Hamilton–Zuk parasite hypothesis, 71–73 functional traits, 194 Host antiparasitic defenses Levins’s Index, 192 screaming cowbird Mediterranean network, 186 laying period, 114–115 morphological traits, 187 nestlings, 115–116 passerine/non-passerine clades, 190 shiny cowbird phylogenetic signal, 188, 190 adults, 107–109 positive relationships, 187 eggs, 109–110 proportions, 190 nestlings, 110–112 Host-parasite interaction American striped cuckoo G brood parasitism, 121 General field procedures egg laying, 120 breeding biology, 7 egg rejection, 120 parental care patterns post-fledging, 121 feeding nestlings, 7 reflectance spectrometry, 121 House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), 7 visual mimicry, 121 nestling ages, 8 black-headed duck Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis), 8 incubation and protection, 123 social mating system rosy billed pochards, 124 breeding season, 7 bronzed cowbird feeding nestlings, 7 egg-laying, 119 House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), 7 egg-puncturing, 119 Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis), 7 egg rejection, 119 social polygyny rates, 7 hatching, 120 General linear models (GLMs), 8, 9 multiparasitism, 119 Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), giant cowbird 8, 9 colonies, 117 Genetic mating systems, 14 nestlings, 118 Index 217

obligate brood-reducer, 118 L parasitism, 118 Laying period pavonine cuckoo screaming cowbird nestlings, 122 baywing nests, 114 parasitism, 122 digital radio-tracking technology, 115 House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), egg puncturing, 115 3, 4, 13 host-specialist, 115 feeding nestlings, 10, 11 multiparasitism, 115 insectivorous passerine, 5 synchronizing parasitism, 114 life history traits, 11 tight sitting behavior, 115 location of study, 3 shiny cowbird migratory, 5 parasitism events, 108 parental care, 10 synchronizing parasitism, 108 social polygyny rates, 5, 9 Levins’ index, 188 study populations, 6–7 Life-history strategies, 16, 93 study species, 4 Life-history traits, 23, 28, 29 Hummingbird cognition cognitive abilities, 199 cognitive ecology, 201 M cognitive performance, 206–207 Male courtship display, 68, 69 environmental heterogeneity, 200 Marginal offspring, 87–89, 92, 96, 98 nectar availability, 204 Mating systems, 21–23, 27–29, 34, 35 neotropics, 200–201 Mebendazole, 67 recall time/location, 204 Migratory behavior seasonal cognitive, 199 fall migration, 143, 144 sexual dimorphism, 207–209 molting, fall migration, 144, 145 spatial memory, 201–204 spring migration, 145–147 variability, 204 timing migration, 147 visual cues/observational learning/ Mimicking gape markings, 103 competition, 205–206 Molt fall migration, 144, 145 life history traits, 136, 137 I tradeoff, 141, 142 Icebox hypothesis, 89 Mortality rates, 87 Imperial Shags (Phalacrocorax atriceps) Multi-hypothesis approach, 89, 92 body mass, 96 Multiparasitism, 115 breeding season, 93, 94 Multiphylo data, 188 brood reduction asynchronous hatching, 96–97 egg breeding, 95, 96 N intra-clutch egg size variation, 97 Nearctic–neotropical migration, 133 parental food allocation, 97 Nectar feeder, 202, 205, 208 sibling asymmetries, 97–98 Neotropical austral bird migration, 134, 135 chick-rearing period, 94 Neotropical birds, 98 DNA microsatellites, 93 Neotropical passerine, 2, 64 foot-propelled diving, 93 Neotropics Insurance egg hypothesis, 88 AAH, 167 Intra-tropical migration, 133, 134 allometric relationship, 164 blue cardinalids, 164, 166 Brownian motion model, 165 J datasets, 164 Joint nesting, 42 dialects, 168 218 Index

Neotropics (cont.) P geographical boundaries, 168 Parasite mediated sexual selection, 64 habitats, 168 Parental infanticide, 88 non-deleterious mutations, 169 Parsimonious method, 188 north-eastern coastal Buenos Aires Pavonine cuckoo (Dromococcyx pavoninus) Province, 168 characteristics, 121, 122 passerines and non-passerines, 165 host-parasite interaction, 122 PGLS, 165 Pheasant cuckoo (Dromococcyx phasianellus), phylogeographic structure, 169 122, 123 Rufous-Collared Sparrow, 167 Phylogenetic generalized minimum squares sharp geographic boundaries, 167 (PGLS), 165, 166, 173 song frequencies and temporal Phylogeny, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193 structure, 164 Plumage coloration, 68 spectral parameters, 165 Polygyny rate, 6, 8–10 trade-off, 169 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 146 trilled songs, 165 Pre-laying and clutch rejection strategies, 114 vocal variation, 164 Progeny choice hypothesis, 88 White-Crowned Sparrow, 167 Nest monitoring, 68 Nestling and fledging R screaming cowbird Reactive oxygen species (ROSs), 146 adaptations, 115 Reproduction cross-fostering experiments, 116 fork-tailed flycatchers, 141 natal dispersal and socialization, 116 life history traits, 136, 137 nutritional independence, 116 tradeoff, 141, 142 parasitic juveniles, 116 shiny cowbird allometric regressions, 111 S begging behavior, 111 Screaming cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) begging calls, 111 characteristics, 112, 113 conspecifics and disperse, 112 host use exaggerated behavior, 111 furnariid species, 113 firewood-gatherer, 112 nestlings, 114 parasitic juveniles, 112 non-random association, 113 sharing, 110, 111 recognition errors, 113 survival and growth dynamics, 110 types, 113 New World cuckoos parasitic behaviors American striped (see American striped laying period, 114–115 cuckoo (Tapera naevia)) nestling and fledging, 115–116 pavonine (see Pavonine cuckoo Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis), 3, 4, 13 (Dromococcyx pavoninus)) breeding range, 5 pheasant (see Pheasant cuckoo feeding nestlings, 10, 11 (Dromococcyx phasianellus)) insectivorous passerine, 5 Non-vocal sounds, 176 life history traits, 11 location of study, 3 migratory, 5 O parental care, 10 Obligate brood parasites social polygyny rates, 9 Anatidae, 123–124 study populations, 6 characteristics, 104–106 study species, 4 Cuculidae, 120–123 Sexual dichromatism, 112, 170, 171, 173 description, 103 Sexual dimorphism Icteridae, 104–120 adaptive specialization hypothesis, 207 Offspring facilitation hypothesis, 89 morphological and behavioral traits, 207 Index 219

nectar characteristics, 208 breeding seasons, 14 territorial males, 207 breeding strategies, 3 Sexual ornamentation, 78–80 breeding synchrony, 14, 15 Sexual selection clutch sizes, 2, 3, 12 animal diversity, 63 ecological factors, 2 animal mating systems, 62 feeding nestlings, 3, 12, 13, 15 blue-black grassquit nests, 81 genetic mating systems, 14 characters, 172 geographic variation, 13 conceptual frameworks, 64 geographical differences, 15 environmental factors, 63 life history traits, 14 EPF and EPC, 62, 63, 80 clutch sizes, 16 extravagant ornaments, 61 nestlings and fledglings, 16 female choice, 80 social polygyny rates, 16 mating systems, 63, 64 weather conditions, 16 monogamy, 62 life-history strategies, 2, 12, 16 neotropical bird, 80 methods neotropical passerine, 64 general field procedures (see General The Origin of Species, 61 field procedures) ornamentation and courtship displays, 80 House Wren (see House Wren parasites, 71–73 (Troglodytes aedon)) polygamous species, 61 Sedge Wren (see Sedge Wren polygynous systems, 63 (Cistothorus platensis)) Ptilonorhynchidae family, 172 migratory behavior, 14, 16 reproductive skew, 62 nearctic and palearctic passerines, 2 sexual dimorphism, 61, 63 neotropical wrens, 13 sexual traits, 63 non-breeding season, 14 theoretical framework, 63 northern and southern wrens, 13 theory of, 172 parental care patterns, 1–3, 12, 16 trade-off, 172 biparental care, 15 UV based plumage, 80 feeding nestlings, 15 Shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) geographic variation, 15 behaviors and adaptations Northern wrens, 15 adults, 107–109 social monogamy, 15 eggs, 109–110 polygyny rates, 14 nestlings and fledglings, 110–112 reproduction manipulation and characteristics, 104–106 control, 14 Sibling asymmetries, 95 social information, 14 Sibling competition and damaging, 108 social interactions and parental care Sibling rivalry, 87 strategies, 2 Signal diversification social monogamy, 1 AAH, 162 social polygyny rates, 3, 12–15 acoustic and visual, 161, 162 social stability/status, 14 diverse environments, 162 socio-spatial relationship, 1 intrasexual competition, 161 statistical analyses long distance communication, 162 clutch sizes, 9 morphological constraints, 163, 164 feeding nestlings, 8 research, 161 GLMM and GLM analyses, vocalizations, 162 8, 9 Skutch’s seminal observations, 41 House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), 8 Social and sexual mating system, 73–75 polygyny rates, 8 Social learning, 206 social polygyny rates, 8 Social mating system theory of avian mating systems, 16 abiotic and biotic features, 2 Social monogamy, 1, 2, 15, 73, 76 220 Index

Social polygyny rates, 7, 9, 11, 14 U Sonograms, 66 Unidirectional/omni-directional microphones, 69 Spatial memory agonistic interactions, 203 experiments, 204 V long-billed hermits, 202, 203 Vermifuge, 67 phases, 202 Visual communication protocol, 201 absorbance spectra, 159 territory ownership, 203 avian visual models, 158, 159 Spectrofluorometry, 160 intensity and wavelengths, 158 Spring migration, 145–147 iridescence, 160 Surplus offspring, 88 lighting scenarios, 158 Synchronizing parasitism, 114 melanins, 160 melanosomes, 160, 161 neotropical blue-winged parrotlet, 160 T neotropical species, 159, 160 Tachycineta species non-iridescent colors/plumage, 160 breeding synchrony and EPP, photoreceptors, 158 29, 30 plumage coloration, 160 Tanagers (Thraupidae) purity of color, 158 frugivores, 192 sexual dichromatism, 161 mashers, 186 turacoverdin, 160 swallowing whole, 192 UV photoreceptor, 159 Taxidermic models, 107 Visual cues Territorial status, 206 conspecifics/heterospecifics, 206 Theory of avian mating systems, 16 foraging ecology, 205 Tight sitting behavior, 115 migratories, 206 Tracheo-bronchial syrinx, 157 nectar availability schedule, 206 Tracheophones, 157 nectar harvesting, 205 Trade-off opportunistic foragers, 207 migratory and sedentary Visual signals individuals, 136 evolution, 170–172 migratory birds, 136 migratory strategy, 138 reproduction and growth, 136 W reproduction and molt, 141, 142 White-faced capuchins, 52 sexual selection and migration, 143 White-throated magpie-jays, 42 Tyrant flycatchers flexible family, 190 insectivorous, 194 Y Tyrannida parvorder, 190 Yellow-headed caracaras, 52