DOCSLIB.ORG

Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with Commentaries, 1966

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with Commentaries, 1966 Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with commentaries 1966 Text adopted by the International Law Commission at its eighteenth session, in 1966, and submitted to the General Assembly as a part of the Commission’s report covering the work of that session (at para. 38). The report, which also contains commentaries on the draft articles, appears in Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, vol. II. Copyright © United Nations 2005 Reports of the Commission to the General Assembly 187 5. Where an error is discovered in a certified copy of sidered it essential, first, to remove from former articles 1 a treaty, the depositary shall execute a proces-verbal and 3 (articles 2 and 5 of the present draft) the provisions specifying the rectification and communicate a copy to relating to treaties not specifically the subject of the the contracting States. present articles and, secondly, to indicate clearly the restriction of the present articles to treaties concluded Article 75. Registration and publication of treaties between States. Accordingly, it decided to make the appropriate adjustments in articles 1 and 5 and to insert Treaties entered into by parties to the present articles article 1 restricting the scope of the draft articles to shall as soon as possible be registered with the Secretariat treaties concluded between States. The Commission of the United Nations. Their registration and publication examined whether the object could be more appropriately shall be governed by the regulations adopted by the General achieved by merely amending the definition of treaty Assembly of the United Nations. in article 2. But considerations of emphasis and of draft- ing convenience led it to conclude that the definition of Draft articles on the law of treaties with commentaries the scope of the draft articles in the first article is desirable. Part I.—Introduction (4) The Commission considered it no less essential to 35 prevent any misconception from arising from the express Article I. The scope of the present articles restriction of the draft articles to treaties concluded The present articles relate to treaties concluded between between States or from the elimination of the references States. to treaties of "other subjects of international law" and of "international organizations". It accordingly decided Commentary to underline in the present commentary that the elimina- (1) This provision defining the scope of the present tion of those references is not to be understood as implying articles as relating to "treaties concluded between States" any change of opinion on the part of the Commission has to be read in close conjunction not only with arti- as to the legal nature of those forms of international cle 2(l)(a), which states the meaning with which the term agreements. It further decided to add to article 3 (former "treaty" is used in the articles, but also with article 3, article 2) a specific reservation with respect to their which contains a general reservation regarding certain legal force and the rules applicable to them. other categories of international agreements. The sole 36 but important purpose of this provision is to underline Article 2. Use of terms at the outset that all the articles which follow have been 1. For the purposes of the present articles: formulated with particular reference to treaties concluded (a) "Treaty" means an international agreement con- between States and are designed for application only cluded between States in written form and governed by to such treaties. international law, whether embodied in a single instrument (2) Article 1 gives effect to and is the logical consequence or in two or more related instruments and whatever its of the Commission's decision at its fourteenth session particular designation. not to include any special provisions dealing with the (b) "Ratification", "Acceptance", "Approval", and treaties of international organizations and to confine the "Accession" mean in each case the international act so draft articles to treaties concluded between States. named whereby a State establishes on the international Treaties concluded by international organizations have plane its consent to be bound by a treaty. many special characteristics; and the Commission con- (c) "Full powers" means a document emanating from sidered that it would both unduly complicate and delay the competent authority of a State designating a person the drafting of the present articles if it were to attempt to represent the State for negotiating, adopting or authen- to include in them satisfactory provisions concerning ticating the text of a treaty, for expressing the consent treaties of international organizations. It is true that of the State to be bound by a treaty, or for accomplishing in the draft provisionally adopted in 1962, article 1 any other act with respect to a treaty. defined the term treaty "for the purpose of the present articles" as covering treaties "concluded between two (d) "Reservation" means a unilateral statement, how- or more States or other subjects of international law". ever phrased or named, made by a State, when signing, It is also true that article 3 of that draft contained a ratifying, acceding to, accepting or approving a treaty, very general reference to the capacity of "other subjects whereby it purports to exclude or to vary the legal effect of international law" to conclude treaties and a very of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to general rule concerning the capacity of international that State. organizations in particular. But no other article of that (e) "Negotiating State" means a State which took part draft or of those provisionally adopted in 1963 and in the drawing up and adoption of the text of the treaty. 1964 made any specific reference to the treaties of inter- (/) "Contracting State" means a State which has national organizations or of any other "subject of consented to be bound by the treaty, whether or not the international law". treaty has entered into force. (3) The Commission, since the draft articles were being (g) "Party" means a State which has consented to be prepared as a basis for a possible convention, con- bound by the treaty and for which the treaty is in force. 35 1965 draft, article 0. 36 1962 and 1965 drafts, article 1. 188 Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966, Vol. II (h) "Third State" means a State not a party to the agreements and formal agreements. Thirdly, even in the treaty. case of single formal agreements an extraordinarily varied (0 "International organization" means an intergovern- nomenclature has developed which serves to confuse the mental organization. question of classifying international agreements. Thus, in addition to "treaty", "convention" and "protocol", 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 regarding the use of one not infrequently finds titles such as "declaration", terms in the present articles are without prejudice to the "charter", "covenant", "pact", "act", "statute", "agree- use of those terms or to the meanings which may be given ment", "concordat", whilst names like "declaration" to them in the internal law of any State. "agreement" and "modus vivendi" may well be found given both to formal and less formal types of agree- Commentary ments. As to the latter, their nomenclature is almost (1) This article, as its title and the introductory words illimitable, even if some names such as "agreement", of paragraph 1 indicate, is intended only to state the "exchange of notes", "exchange of letters", "memoran- meanings with which terms are used in the draft articles. dum of agreement", or "agreed minute" may be more 39 (2) "Treaty". The term "treaty" is used throughout the common than others. It is true that some types of instru- draft articles as a generic term covering all forms of inter- ments are used more frequently for some purposes national agreement in writing concluded between States. rather than others; it is also true that some titles are Although the term "treaty" in one sense connotes only more frequently attached to some types of transaction the single formal instrument, there also exist international rather than to others. But there is no exclusive or syste- agreements, such as exchanges of notes, which are not matic use of nomenclature for particular types of trans- a single formal instrument, and yet are certainly agree- action. Fourthly, the use of the term "treaty" as a generic ments to which the law of treaties applies. Similarly, term embracing all kinds of international agreements in very many single instruments in daily use, such as an written form is accepted by the majority of jurists. "agreed minute" or a "memorandum of understanding", (4) Even more important, the generic use of the term could not appropriately be called formal instruments, "treaty" is supported by two provisions of the Statute but they are undoubtedly international agreements of the International Court of Justice. In Article 36, subject to the law of treaties. A general convention on paragraph 2, amongst the matters in respect of which the law of treaties must cover all such agreements, and States parties to the Statute can accept the compulsory the question whether, for the purpose of describing jurisdiction of the Court, there is listed "a. the interpreta- them, the expression "treaties" should be employed rather tion of a treaty". But clearly, this cannot be intended to than "international agreements" is a question of termi- mean that States cannot accept the compulsory juris- nology rather than of substance. In the opinion of the diction of the Court for purposes of the interpretation Commission a number of considerations point strongly of international agreements not actually called treaties, in favour of using the term "treaty" for this purpose. or embodied in instruments having another designation. (3) First, the treaty in simplified form, far from being Again, in Article 38, paragraph 1, the Court is directed at all exceptional, is very common, and its use is steadily to apply in reaching its decisions, "a.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Peace Treaty Between the Republic of Finland and the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, Signed at Dorpat, October 14, 1920
    PEACE TREATY BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND AND THE RUSSIAN SOCIALIST FEDERAL SOVIET REPUBLIC, SIGNED AT DORPAT, OCTOBER 14, 1920 Whereas Finland declared its independence in 1917, and Russia has recognised the independence and the sovereignty of Finland within the frontiers of the Grand Duchy of Finland, The Government of the Republic of Finland, and the Government of the Federal Socialist Republic of Soviet Russia, Actuated by a desire to put an end to the war which has since arisen between their States, to establish mutual and lasting peace relations, and to confirm the situation which springs from the ancient political union of Finland and Russia, Have resolved to conclude a Treaty with this object in view, and have selected as their representatives for this purpose, the following: For the Government of the Republic of Finland: M. JUHO KUSTI PAASIKIVI, M. JUHO HEIKKI VENNOLA, M. ALEXANDER FREY, M. KARL RUDOLF WALDEN, M. VÄINÖ TANNER, M. VÄINÖ VOIONMAA, M. VÄINÖ GABRIEL KIVILINNA. For the Federal Socialist Republic of Soviet Russia: M. JEAN ANTONOVITCH BERZINE, M. PLATON MIKHAJLOVITCH KERGENTSEFF, M. NICOLAS SERGUEJEVITCH TIKHMENEFF. Who, after meeting at the town of Dorpat and exchanging their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed to the following provisions: Article 1. From the date upon which this Treaty shall come into force, a state of war shall cease to exist between the Contracting Powers, and the two Powers shall mutually undertake to maintain, for the future, an attitude of peace and goodwill towards one another. Article 2. The frontier between the States of Russia and of Finland shall be as follows: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacifist War
    arts Article From Horrors Past to Horrors Future: Pacifist War Art (1919–1939) Lauren Jannette Department of History, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; [email protected] Received: 22 April 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: In this paper, I argue that interwar pacifists working in France presented an evolving narrative of what the First World War represented in order to maintain support for their movement and a continued peace in Europe. Utilizing posters, photographs, pamphlets, and art instillations created by pacifist organizations, I interject in ongoing debates over the First World War as a moment of rupture in art and pacifism in France, arguing that the moment of rupture occurred a decade after the conflict had ended with the failure of the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932–1934 and the election of Hitler as the leader of a remilitarized Germany. Pacifist art of the 1920s saw a return to traditional motifs and styles of art that remembered the horrors of the past war. This return to tradition aimed to inspire adherence to the new pacifist organizations in the hopes of creating a new peace-filled world. The era of optimism and tradition ended with the economic and political crisis of the early 1930s, forcing pacifists to reconceptualize the images and styles of art that they utilized. Instead of relying on depictions of the horrors of the past war, these images shifted the focus to the mass civilian casualties future wars would bring in a desperate struggle to prevent the outbreak of another world war.
    [Show full text]
  • Consensual Forcible Interventions in Internal Armed Conflicts As International Agreements
    INTERVENTION AND CONSENT: CONSENSUAL FORCIBLE INTERVENTIONS IN INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS AS INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS Eliav Lieblich* I. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 339 II. DEFINITIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS ........................ 342 A. Internal Armed Conflict ............................... 342 B. Intervention in an Internal Armed Conflict—Physical versus Normative ...................................... 344 C. Acts Constituting Forcible Intervention—Scope, Means, and Attribution ........................................ 346 III. THE DYNAMICS OF CONSENSUAL INTERVENTION IN INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT .............................. 349 A. Consent: Proactive and Retroactive; Explicit and Implicit ............................................... 349 B. The First Congolese Conflict (1996-1997, the Ousting of Mobutu) .............................................. 350 C. The Second Congolese Conflict (1998-2003, Withdrawal of Consent and Invitation of Other Powers) ........... 352 D. The Conflict in the Kivus (2004-2010, Pro-Government Intervention by Rwanda and Consent to Forcible MONUC Operations) ................................. 354 IV. CONSENSUAL FORCIBLE INTERVENTION UNDER THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW O F TREATIES ......... 357 V. CONSENSUAL INTERVENTION AS AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW . 362 VI. WITHDRAWAL OF CONSENT AND THE LAW ON THE USE OF FORCE .................................................... 364 VII. THE SPECIAL CASE OF FORWARD-LOOKING CONSENT AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS’
    [Show full text]
  • The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783 in the Name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity
    The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783 In the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity. It having pleased the Divine Providence to dispose the hearts of the most serene and most potent Prince George the Third, by the grace of God, king of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, duke of Brunswick and Lunebourg, arch‐ treasurer and prince elector of the Holy Roman Empire etc., and of the United States of America, to forget all past misunderstandings and differences that have unhappily interrupted the good correspondence and friendship which they mutually wish to restore, and to establish such a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse , between the two countries upon the ground of reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience as may promote and secure to both perpetual peace and harmony; and having for this desirable end already laid the foundation of peace and reconciliation by the Provisional Articles signed at Paris on the 30th of November 1782, by the commissioners empowered on each part, which articles were agreed to be inserted in and constitute the Treaty of Peace proposed to be concluded between the Crown of Great Britain and the said United States, but which treaty was not to be concluded until terms of peace should be agreed upon between Great Britain and France and his Britannic Majesty should be ready to conclude such treaty accordingly; and the treaty between Great Britain and France having since been concluded, his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, in order to carry into full effect the Provisional
    [Show full text]
  • Paris Peace Treaty Cambodia
    Paris Peace Treaty Cambodia Two-timing and polycarpic Ethan appreciated while cymoid Rocky caucuses her partial rumblingly and juxtaposing dichotomously. Vacillant Sheff discounts, his gentles disappear outbargains pontifically. Never-never and blotchy Witold often deoxidising some bake glowingly or peptonising ought. Kr and paris peace talks were simply be marked maps, paris peace treaty cambodia and displaced persons duly elected through public holidays around its leader in europe. Add your comment by filling out the form that in update text. These rights would include, which would then wither on the vine. Cambodians from the Thai border were successfully repatriated; the path was cleared for Cambodia to assume its rightful place in the community of nations; and reconstruction could at last begin. Blueprint for election to ensure that today in more attention will endeavour to strengthen and paris peace treaty on his criminal court for national assembly as well as president carter began. Vietnamese and paris peace treaty cambodia, tu blog no credible evidence of use our partner equitable cambodia as the. CSOs are supposed to be politically neutral even when they take part in dialogue forums related to political processes. Germany and to her to phnom penh municipal deputy permanent five announced that all registered voters and working in paris peace treaty cambodia, and hostility between government was prepared by consensus achieved. Education programme in the treaty on many innocent people and the united nations declaring that paris peace treaty cambodia. Paris peace plan to the status quoin favor of this election to read about the. November based on for a strong resolution to further escalation of this included the signatories undertake to take concrete steps to the military.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Treaty of Paris Wwi
    Peace Treaty Of Paris Wwi Self-willed Ward misconceives emotionally. Never-say-die Pepito zapping or bemoan some redan impressively, however improvised Lind rescued bleakly or basseted. Talented and Algerian Ahmed white-outs some varsities so nomographically! Therefore did peace treaty of paris Germany would have been decided how did not be reckoned with another war with changing conditions were. Few hours its place of the people that, events over her peace treaty from history. Therefore is that peace treaty designated germany renounces in paris conference as malleable as north. How statista can peace treaty, and be a paris peace treaties. Please try to paris? European and peace treaty or for example, political landscape and lloyd george had been cut, german government was paris. This treaty of peace treaties which feared a plebiscite on wwi involvement of conflicting ethnic groups asked if the blog. You handle various delegations approved the paris of. They got their fatherland was. Insert your business in paris, treaty for its own economy seemed to make flattering comparisons with taking into two. This treaty guaranteed to peace treaties that frequently conflicted west prussia from wwi soldiers the war? He had an independent state was paris peace treaty, mines going it. It was new borders of its military, which governments as participants in his relationships between britain, on how many people throughout western fundamentalism in. We think of the first two decades that was deemed responsible supervisors that only frustrated wilson. Breaking down to peace treaties included in northern france feared that there is how they also made.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States-Japan Security Treaty of 1951: an Essay on the Origins of Postwar Japanese-American Relation
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 11-17-1993 The United States-Japan Security Treaty of 1951: An Essay on the Origins of Postwar Japanese-American Relation Christopher S. Johnson Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Political Science Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Johnson, Christopher S., "The United States-Japan Security Treaty of 1951: An Essay on the Origins of Postwar Japanese-American Relation" (1993). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4596. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6480 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Christopher S. Johnson for the Master of Science in Polical Science presented November 17, 1993. Title: The United States-Japan Security Treaty of 1951: An Essay on the Origins of Postwar Japanese-American Relations. APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: / David Horowitz The early September day in 1951 that brought the Pacific War to an official end, with the signing of a treaty of peace, concluded as representatives of Japan and the United States signed the Bilateral Security Treaty. The security treaty symbolized new realities of international relations, just as the peace treaty had buried the old. By cementing into place a strategic alliance between the former Pacific antagonists, the treaty represented the great and lasting achievement of postwar American diplomacy 2 in Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Influences of Effective Treatymaking in America's
    Penn State International Law Review Volume 7 Article 4 Number 1 Dickinson Journal of International Law 1988 The olitP ical Influences of Effective Treatymaking in America's Backyard: The uaG temala Peace Plan - A Case Study R. Karl Hill Follow this and additional works at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Hill, R. Karl (1988) "The oP litical Influences of Effective Treatymaking in America's Backyard: The uaG temala Peace Plan - A Case Study," Penn State International Law Review: Vol. 7: No. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol7/iss1/4 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Penn State Law eLibrary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Penn State International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Penn State Law eLibrary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Political Influences on Effective Treatymaking in America's Backyard: The Guatemala Peace Plan - A Case Study The importance of the Central American region to the United States would appear so obvious as to be unworthy of argument. The physical proximity of the nations of the region to our own borders, and the parlous state of the Mexican economy and political struc- ture combine to draw Washington's attention southward. Unfortunately, agreement on the centrality of a region to U.S. foreign policy does not produce political consensus on the substance of that policy. In fact, disputes over U.S. policy towards El Salva- dor and Nicaragua have proved some of the most divisive of the Reagan Administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Another Peace Possible? a Pacifist Perspective of the Crisis on the Korean Peninsula
    Bo-hyuk Suh 1 Is Another Peace Possible? A Pacifist Perspective of the Crisis on the Korean Peninsula Bo-hyuk Suh Seoul National University Summary In the situation that the risk of war has grown increasingly high on the Korean Peninsula, dreaming a pacifist future appears to be foolish. This study is to raise a pacifist alternative by not only criticizing the problems of a series of traditional security-oriented policy options, but also by proposing a fully denuclearized society in the South Korean civil movements. The pacifist alternatives in the paper are treated as a competing policy option in realizing sustainable peace on the peninsula. Keywords: pacifism, denuclearization, peace regime, peace movement, Korean Peninsula I. INTRODUCTION Although there has always been the possibility of war on the Korean Peninsula since the Korean War ceased in 1953, it is no exaggeration to say that the sense of risk of war is higher than ever. The fundamental reasons are that the division and armistice of the Korean Peninsula still remain. Furthermore, the North Korean nuclear issue fuels the crisis to become more complex and serious. In the meantime, conflicts over the direction of coping Journal of Peace and Unification, Vol. 7, No. 2, Fall 2017, pp. 1-21. © 2017 by Ewha Institute of Unification Studies 2 Is Another Peace Possible? with the crisis on the peninsula are aggravated. So-called military options emerged, some of them instigated by the media. At this point, the prospect of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula is grim, and there is little possibility of a peace regime on Korean soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel and Jordan
    Volume 2042, 1-35325 [ENGLISH TEXT - TEXTE ANGLAIS] TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE STATE OF ISRAEL AND THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN PREAMBLE The Government of the State of Israel and the Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Bearing in mind the Washington Declaration, signed by them on 25th July,1994, and which they are both committed to honour; Aiming at the achievement of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace in the Middle East based on Security Council resolutions 242 and 338 in all their aspects; Bearing in mind the importance of maintaining and strengthening peace based on free- dom, equality, justice and respect for fundamental human rights, thereby overcoming psy- chological barriers and promoting human dignity; Reaffirming their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Na- tions and recognising their right and obligation to live in peace with each other as well as with all states, within secure and recognised boundaries; Desiring to develop friendly relations and co-operation between them in accordance with the principles of international law governing international relations in time of peace; Desiring as well to ensure lasting security for both their States and in particular to avoid threats and the use of force between them; Bearing in mind that in their Washington Declaration of 25th July, 1994, they declared the termination of the state of belligerency between them; Deciding to establish peace between them in accordance with this Treaty of Peace; Have agreed as follows: Article 1. Establishment of Peace Peace is hereby established between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (the "Parties") effective from the exchange of the instruments of ratification of this Treaty.
    [Show full text]
  • Path to Peace: the Case for a Peace Agreement to End the Korean
    Path Theto Case Peace for a Peace Agreement to End the Korean War Korea Peace Now! Women Mobilizing to End the War | February 2021 Path to Peace: The Case for a Peace Agreement to End the Korean War February 2021 Korea Peace Now! Women Mobilizing to End the War, a global campaign to end the Korean War, produced the present report to assess how a peace-first approach can resolve the security crisis on the Korean Peninsula. This report is a collective work that benefited from Korea Peace Now! would also like to thank Kevin Gray, months of consensus-building and input. Ph.D., Professor of International Relations at the University Korea Peace Now! would like to acknowledge of Sussex; Suzy Kim, Ph.D., Professor of Korean History in particular Henri Féron, Senior Fellow at the at Rutgers University; and Paul Liem, Korea Policy Center for International Policy, as project lead. Institute, who contributed their feedback and review. This report is the collective work of the following people: External contributions were made by Lt. Col. Daniel Davis, Senior Fellow and Military Expert at Defense Ray Acheson, Director of Reaching Critical Will, Women’s Priorities; Jessica Lee, Senior Research Fellow on East International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) Asia at Quincy Institute; Adam Mount, Senior Fellow and Christine Ahn, Executive Director, Women Director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation Cross DMZ (Chapter V, “Why Women Should of American Scientists; and Hazel Smith, Professorial Be Involved in the Peace Process”) Research Associate at SOAS, University of London. Kozue Akibayashi, Professor at Doshisha University, These external contributions are strictly independent former International President of Women’s International from the Korea Peace Now! campaign and represent League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) (Chapter V, the personal views of the contributors.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Events of the 20Th and 21St Centuries*
    Peace Events of the 20th and 21st Centuries* The 20th century witnessed the most destructive wars in human history. Perhaps as many as twenty- five million people died and countless others were wounded; millions more suffered from famine, plague, dislocation, devastation and all the other hardships war can bring. Yet the 20th century also saw the most concerted efforts ever attempted to limit and even prevent war, to constrain arms proliferation, to advance peaceful means of resolving conflicts, to protect human rights, to prosecute war crimes, to prevent genocide, and to promote peace. Listed below in chronological order are some of the more important measures undertaken during the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st century in the ongoing worldwide struggle to achieve these goals. Included in the listing are such disparate events as efforts to create global and regional international bodies and other mechanisms for the peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts; major armistices which sought not only to end wars but also promote lasting peace; treaties and other agreements meant to halt or control the spread and use of weapons, especially weapons of mass destruction; establishment of international standards to promote human rights and discourage crimes and other atrocities against nationalities, civilians, prisoners and combatants; and other significant events intended in one way or another to promote peace or oppose war. Treaties proposed more to end specific conflicts than propose a systemic and lasting peace are generally not included. Many of the treaties and other documents for which links are provided are available from more than one source.
    [Show full text]