Paris Peace Treaty Cambodia
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Peace Treaty Between the Republic of Finland and the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, Signed at Dorpat, October 14, 1920
PEACE TREATY BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND AND THE RUSSIAN SOCIALIST FEDERAL SOVIET REPUBLIC, SIGNED AT DORPAT, OCTOBER 14, 1920 Whereas Finland declared its independence in 1917, and Russia has recognised the independence and the sovereignty of Finland within the frontiers of the Grand Duchy of Finland, The Government of the Republic of Finland, and the Government of the Federal Socialist Republic of Soviet Russia, Actuated by a desire to put an end to the war which has since arisen between their States, to establish mutual and lasting peace relations, and to confirm the situation which springs from the ancient political union of Finland and Russia, Have resolved to conclude a Treaty with this object in view, and have selected as their representatives for this purpose, the following: For the Government of the Republic of Finland: M. JUHO KUSTI PAASIKIVI, M. JUHO HEIKKI VENNOLA, M. ALEXANDER FREY, M. KARL RUDOLF WALDEN, M. VÄINÖ TANNER, M. VÄINÖ VOIONMAA, M. VÄINÖ GABRIEL KIVILINNA. For the Federal Socialist Republic of Soviet Russia: M. JEAN ANTONOVITCH BERZINE, M. PLATON MIKHAJLOVITCH KERGENTSEFF, M. NICOLAS SERGUEJEVITCH TIKHMENEFF. Who, after meeting at the town of Dorpat and exchanging their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed to the following provisions: Article 1. From the date upon which this Treaty shall come into force, a state of war shall cease to exist between the Contracting Powers, and the two Powers shall mutually undertake to maintain, for the future, an attitude of peace and goodwill towards one another. Article 2. The frontier between the States of Russia and of Finland shall be as follows: 1. -
Pacifist War
arts Article From Horrors Past to Horrors Future: Pacifist War Art (1919–1939) Lauren Jannette Department of History, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; [email protected] Received: 22 April 2020; Accepted: 7 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: In this paper, I argue that interwar pacifists working in France presented an evolving narrative of what the First World War represented in order to maintain support for their movement and a continued peace in Europe. Utilizing posters, photographs, pamphlets, and art instillations created by pacifist organizations, I interject in ongoing debates over the First World War as a moment of rupture in art and pacifism in France, arguing that the moment of rupture occurred a decade after the conflict had ended with the failure of the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932–1934 and the election of Hitler as the leader of a remilitarized Germany. Pacifist art of the 1920s saw a return to traditional motifs and styles of art that remembered the horrors of the past war. This return to tradition aimed to inspire adherence to the new pacifist organizations in the hopes of creating a new peace-filled world. The era of optimism and tradition ended with the economic and political crisis of the early 1930s, forcing pacifists to reconceptualize the images and styles of art that they utilized. Instead of relying on depictions of the horrors of the past war, these images shifted the focus to the mass civilian casualties future wars would bring in a desperate struggle to prevent the outbreak of another world war. -
Consensual Forcible Interventions in Internal Armed Conflicts As International Agreements
INTERVENTION AND CONSENT: CONSENSUAL FORCIBLE INTERVENTIONS IN INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICTS AS INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS Eliav Lieblich* I. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 339 II. DEFINITIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS ........................ 342 A. Internal Armed Conflict ............................... 342 B. Intervention in an Internal Armed Conflict—Physical versus Normative ...................................... 344 C. Acts Constituting Forcible Intervention—Scope, Means, and Attribution ........................................ 346 III. THE DYNAMICS OF CONSENSUAL INTERVENTION IN INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT .............................. 349 A. Consent: Proactive and Retroactive; Explicit and Implicit ............................................... 349 B. The First Congolese Conflict (1996-1997, the Ousting of Mobutu) .............................................. 350 C. The Second Congolese Conflict (1998-2003, Withdrawal of Consent and Invitation of Other Powers) ........... 352 D. The Conflict in the Kivus (2004-2010, Pro-Government Intervention by Rwanda and Consent to Forcible MONUC Operations) ................................. 354 IV. CONSENSUAL FORCIBLE INTERVENTION UNDER THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW O F TREATIES ......... 357 V. CONSENSUAL INTERVENTION AS AN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW . 362 VI. WITHDRAWAL OF CONSENT AND THE LAW ON THE USE OF FORCE .................................................... 364 VII. THE SPECIAL CASE OF FORWARD-LOOKING CONSENT AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS’ -
The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783 in the Name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity
The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783 In the name of the most holy and undivided Trinity. It having pleased the Divine Providence to dispose the hearts of the most serene and most potent Prince George the Third, by the grace of God, king of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, duke of Brunswick and Lunebourg, arch‐ treasurer and prince elector of the Holy Roman Empire etc., and of the United States of America, to forget all past misunderstandings and differences that have unhappily interrupted the good correspondence and friendship which they mutually wish to restore, and to establish such a beneficial and satisfactory intercourse , between the two countries upon the ground of reciprocal advantages and mutual convenience as may promote and secure to both perpetual peace and harmony; and having for this desirable end already laid the foundation of peace and reconciliation by the Provisional Articles signed at Paris on the 30th of November 1782, by the commissioners empowered on each part, which articles were agreed to be inserted in and constitute the Treaty of Peace proposed to be concluded between the Crown of Great Britain and the said United States, but which treaty was not to be concluded until terms of peace should be agreed upon between Great Britain and France and his Britannic Majesty should be ready to conclude such treaty accordingly; and the treaty between Great Britain and France having since been concluded, his Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, in order to carry into full effect the Provisional -
Delegate Pack
Delegate Pack Against the unprecedented backdrop of a global pandemic, Liberal International has move its congress online. Recognising the enormous challenges - logistical, political, and financial - faced by the global federation in these times, the bureau has approved a proposal to be presented to the executive committee and then, if successful, to the congress requesting an extension of the LI statutory deadlines by twelve months, providing enough time to plan for a full congress, whether in-person, hybrid, or online. Together with the other essential business of the executive committee and congress, this virtual meeting on Tuesday 20th October will hear the results of the online voting and a report back from the president and secretariat. Yet while these administrative challenges have been planned for the bureau and secretariat didn’t want to stop there. From policy labs, online debates, to campaign launches, the LI secretariat has prepared a broad and appealing range of political activity especially for this online congress. You can read more about the panels, people and politics that make up this exciting programme of events in this guide. Offering fresh insights in to the most important political issues affecting liberalism today, from COVID-19 to the US elections, LI has brought together prominent parliamentarians, internationally acclaimed authors, business leaders, and journalists over the course of a three week congress period. Over 40 international guests spanning 15 events are set to engage our global membership. Our human rights and climate justice committees will hold dedicated events as will the LI fair trade working group. Every region of the world will be represented with at least one debate set to take place in French and Spanish. -
Peace Treaty of Paris Wwi
Peace Treaty Of Paris Wwi Self-willed Ward misconceives emotionally. Never-say-die Pepito zapping or bemoan some redan impressively, however improvised Lind rescued bleakly or basseted. Talented and Algerian Ahmed white-outs some varsities so nomographically! Therefore did peace treaty of paris Germany would have been decided how did not be reckoned with another war with changing conditions were. Few hours its place of the people that, events over her peace treaty from history. Therefore is that peace treaty designated germany renounces in paris conference as malleable as north. How statista can peace treaty, and be a paris peace treaties. Please try to paris? European and peace treaty or for example, political landscape and lloyd george had been cut, german government was paris. This treaty of peace treaties which feared a plebiscite on wwi involvement of conflicting ethnic groups asked if the blog. You handle various delegations approved the paris of. They got their fatherland was. Insert your business in paris, treaty for its own economy seemed to make flattering comparisons with taking into two. This treaty guaranteed to peace treaties that frequently conflicted west prussia from wwi soldiers the war? He had an independent state was paris peace treaty, mines going it. It was new borders of its military, which governments as participants in his relationships between britain, on how many people throughout western fundamentalism in. We think of the first two decades that was deemed responsible supervisors that only frustrated wilson. Breaking down to peace treaties included in northern france feared that there is how they also made. -
The United States-Japan Security Treaty of 1951: an Essay on the Origins of Postwar Japanese-American Relation
Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 11-17-1993 The United States-Japan Security Treaty of 1951: An Essay on the Origins of Postwar Japanese-American Relation Christopher S. Johnson Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Political Science Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Johnson, Christopher S., "The United States-Japan Security Treaty of 1951: An Essay on the Origins of Postwar Japanese-American Relation" (1993). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4596. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.6480 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Christopher S. Johnson for the Master of Science in Polical Science presented November 17, 1993. Title: The United States-Japan Security Treaty of 1951: An Essay on the Origins of Postwar Japanese-American Relations. APPROVED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: / David Horowitz The early September day in 1951 that brought the Pacific War to an official end, with the signing of a treaty of peace, concluded as representatives of Japan and the United States signed the Bilateral Security Treaty. The security treaty symbolized new realities of international relations, just as the peace treaty had buried the old. By cementing into place a strategic alliance between the former Pacific antagonists, the treaty represented the great and lasting achievement of postwar American diplomacy 2 in Asia. -
Armed Conflicts Report - Cambodia
Armed Conflicts Report - Cambodia Armed Conflicts Report Cambodia (1978 - first combat deaths) Almost a decade after the 1991 Paris Peace Accords mapped out a peace process for Cambodia, the country has been removed from the list of armed conflicts because both years 2000 and 1999 saw fewer than 25 deaths arising from political conflict. The recent disbandment of the Khmer Rouge and a beginning to demobilization of government troops reinforced the relative peace. Summary Type of Conflict Parties to the Conflict Status of the Fighting Number of Deaths Political Developments Background Arms Sources Summary: 1999 After final defections to the government, the Khmer Rouge ceased to be a military threat. Extrajudicial killings by the police and military continued, but there were no reports of politically- motivated killings. 1998 Following a February ceasefire between forces loyal to Prince Ranariddh and the government, armed clashes largely arose from government pursuit of the remnants of Khmer Rouge troops in northern Cambodia. Several villagers died in Khmer Rouge attacks, but most of the more than 70 civilian deaths in 1998 were attributed to political killings by government forces, and to violence before and after July elections. 1997 After months of escalating political tension and violence, government forces loyal to Asecond@ Prime Minister Hun Sen staged a July coup that ousted Afirst@ Prime Minister Norodom Ranariddh and executed leaders of his royalist troops. Despite mass defections and internal divisions that resulted in the execution of a former defence minister and the reported imprisonment of leader Pol Pot, Khmer Rouge guerrillas continued extrajudicial killings and, after July, cooperated with royalists in fighting government troops. -
The Political Influences of Effective Treatymaking in America's
Penn State International Law Review Volume 7 Article 4 Number 1 Dickinson Journal of International Law 1988 The olitP ical Influences of Effective Treatymaking in America's Backyard: The uaG temala Peace Plan - A Case Study R. Karl Hill Follow this and additional works at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Hill, R. Karl (1988) "The oP litical Influences of Effective Treatymaking in America's Backyard: The uaG temala Peace Plan - A Case Study," Penn State International Law Review: Vol. 7: No. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol7/iss1/4 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Penn State Law eLibrary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Penn State International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Penn State Law eLibrary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Political Influences on Effective Treatymaking in America's Backyard: The Guatemala Peace Plan - A Case Study The importance of the Central American region to the United States would appear so obvious as to be unworthy of argument. The physical proximity of the nations of the region to our own borders, and the parlous state of the Mexican economy and political struc- ture combine to draw Washington's attention southward. Unfortunately, agreement on the centrality of a region to U.S. foreign policy does not produce political consensus on the substance of that policy. In fact, disputes over U.S. policy towards El Salva- dor and Nicaragua have proved some of the most divisive of the Reagan Administration. -
Cambodia's Dirty Dozen
HUMAN RIGHTS CAMBODIA’S DIRTY DOZEN A Long History of Rights Abuses by Hun Sen’s Generals WATCH Cambodia’s Dirty Dozen A Long History of Rights Abuses by Hun Sen’s Generals Copyright © 2018 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-36222 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JUNE 2018 ISBN: 978-1-6231-36222 Cambodia’s Dirty Dozen A Long History of Rights Abuses by Hun Sen’s Generals Map of Cambodia ............................................................................................................... 7 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Khmer Rouge-era Abuses ......................................................................................................... -
Is Another Peace Possible? a Pacifist Perspective of the Crisis on the Korean Peninsula
Bo-hyuk Suh 1 Is Another Peace Possible? A Pacifist Perspective of the Crisis on the Korean Peninsula Bo-hyuk Suh Seoul National University Summary In the situation that the risk of war has grown increasingly high on the Korean Peninsula, dreaming a pacifist future appears to be foolish. This study is to raise a pacifist alternative by not only criticizing the problems of a series of traditional security-oriented policy options, but also by proposing a fully denuclearized society in the South Korean civil movements. The pacifist alternatives in the paper are treated as a competing policy option in realizing sustainable peace on the peninsula. Keywords: pacifism, denuclearization, peace regime, peace movement, Korean Peninsula I. INTRODUCTION Although there has always been the possibility of war on the Korean Peninsula since the Korean War ceased in 1953, it is no exaggeration to say that the sense of risk of war is higher than ever. The fundamental reasons are that the division and armistice of the Korean Peninsula still remain. Furthermore, the North Korean nuclear issue fuels the crisis to become more complex and serious. In the meantime, conflicts over the direction of coping Journal of Peace and Unification, Vol. 7, No. 2, Fall 2017, pp. 1-21. © 2017 by Ewha Institute of Unification Studies 2 Is Another Peace Possible? with the crisis on the peninsula are aggravated. So-called military options emerged, some of them instigated by the media. At this point, the prospect of denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula is grim, and there is little possibility of a peace regime on Korean soil. -
Cambodia: Rule of Law Ignored As Cambodia Prepares for Polls
News Service 142/98 AI INDEX: ASA 23/19/98 EMBARGOED FOR 0001 GMT FRIDAY 24 JULY 1998 Cambodia: Rule of law ignored as Cambodia prepares for polls PHNOM PENH -- On the last day of campaigning before the 26 July elections in Cambodia, Amnesty International representatives in the country today condemned the ongoing violence and intimidation. Operating in a climate of institutionalized impunity, members of the security forces controlled by the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) are able to commit human rights violations without fear of being brought to justice. Lack of concrete action by the state is compounded by near silence from the international community on cases of concern, thus perpetuating the cycle of violence, the representatives said. “The human rights situation in Cambodia has become so twisted that victims are blamed for their suffering, and investigators are condemned for their efforts to protect the victims,” an Amnesty International spokesperson said. “Much of the international community plays down the level of violence, sanitises the trauma of victims and ignores the impact of human rights violations on freedom of association and expression.” “Activists have been intimidated, politicians have been threatened, party agents have been shot and killed, and prisoners have been illegally arrested and badly beaten by policemen while held in detention.” The majority of the victims are associated with the two major opposition parties, FUNCINPEC and the Sam Rainsy Party. On 22 July, Amnesty International delegates located Danh Teav, a FUNCINPEC Ministry of Interior employee who had been arrested without a warrant in the evening of 20 July and held in incommunicado detention by the Phnom Penh Criminal Police.