126KOREAN Seung JOURNAL Woon YunOF ICHTHYOLOGYand Jong Young, ParkVol. 33, No. 2, 126-141, June 2021 Received: March 13, 2021 ISSN: 1225-8598 (Print), 2288-3371 (Online). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35399/ISK.33.2.9 Revised: May 14, 2021 Accepted: June 4, 2021 Fish Fauna and Community Structure in the Deogyusan National Park, Korea By Seung Woon Yun and Jong Young Park* Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Biodiversity Research, College of Natural Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Fauna of freshwater fish and community structure were investigated at 13 sites in the Deogyusan National Park, Korea from 2014 to 2018. During the period, a total of 8 families, 21 species, and 8,716 individuals of fishes were collected. The number of fish collected over the past five years from 2014 to 2018, were 17 species and 2,280 individuals, 17 species and 1,579 individuals, 17 species 1,905 individuals, 17 species and 1,384 individuals, and 15 species and 1,568 individuals, respectively. There were 13 Korean endemic species including Iksookimia koreensis and Coreoleuciscus splendi- dus, etc. Only in Wondangcheon Stream, two endangered species were identified, and Hemibarbus mylodon was collected continuously except in 2015, and Pseudopungtungia nigra was observed every year. And two exotic species such as Oncorhynchus masou masou and Oncorhynchus mykiss occurred in Gucheongdongcheon Stream sites. The dominant species was Rhynchocypris oxycephalus and the sub-dominant species was Zacco koreanus and there was no difference by year. The fish community structure of Deogyusan National Park was varied depending on the sites and the year. Most of the survey sites located upper stream where the river structure is Aa river type showed poor community analysis results. On the other hand, the upper-mid stream sites including the Bb type showed better results. As a result, the Wondangcheon Stream sites had the most diverse and stable community structure. Similarity dendrogram was divided into 4 groups, mainly reflecting the characteristics of the habitat. The flagship species of the Deogyusan National Park, Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, was constantly observed during the investigation period. Compared to the previous survey, the number of species increased from 2004 (12 species) and decreased from 2009 (22 species). Key words: Fish fauna, community structure, Deogyusan National Park, Geum River INTRODUCTION Hwanggang River in the Nakdonggang River basin to the southeast (DNP, 2009; Kim et al., 2013). Major streams National Park of Korea, which is rich in biodiversity flowing through the park include Gucheongdongcheon and has a large number of protected species, has been Stream (main channel length (MCL): 6 km), Wondang- designated and protected 22 places since the beginning cheon Stream (MCL: 27.3 km), Bukchangcheon Stream of Jirisan Mountain (MC, 1967; ME, 2002). As the tenth, (MCL: 3.1 km), and Myeongcheon Stream (MCL: 11.7 Deogyusan National Park is located in Muju-gun, Jang- km), notably, among them, the importance of Gucheong- su-gun, Geochang-gun, and Hamyang-gun and has a very dongcheon as the southern limit habitat except for the important biogeographical significance as it includes the Han River basin of Rhynchocypris kumgangensis has origin of the Namdaecheon Stream in the Geumgang been noted (Kim, 1997). Researches on the fish fauna in River basin to the west and the Namgang River and these areas were carried out by Natural Environment Sur- 저자 직위 윤승운 박사 후 연구원 박종영 교수 vey (ME, 1999, 2011) and Stream/River Ecosystem Sur- : ( ), ( ) * Corresponding author: Jong Young Park Tel: 82-63-270-3344, vey and Health Assessment (NIER, 2007~2018). How- Fax: 82-63-270-3362, E-mail: [email protected] ever, these surveys are limited to mountain streams due — 126 — http://www.fishkorea.or.kr Fish Fauna in Deogyusan National Park 127 to the geological character of the mountain-type national park, and therefore, investigation of this area must rely en- tirely on monitoring conducted by the national park. And hence, KNPS has continuously observed the changes of fish fauna in the streams belonging to the park since 2000. Such continuous monitoring of biological resources in national parks is an essential activity to preserve ecosys- tems, natural and cultural landscapes, and promote sus- tainable use. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the efficient management of national parks by analyzing the results of monitoring fish fauna over the past five years from 2014 to 2018 to assess the artificial or natural chang- es in the ecosystem over the long term. MATERIALS AND METHODS The collection of fishes was carried out in four streams Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling sites in the Deogyusan National in 13 sites, three times (April, July or August, October) Park, from 2014 to 2018. annually (Fig. 1, Table 1) using cast net (6×6 mm), kick net (5×5 mm) and fish trap (5×5 mm). And the physi- cal characteristics of each site are described in Table 2 the valley. The bottom of the structure mainly consisted by Cummins (1962). Also, the river type followed Kani of boulder, cobble, and pebble, and the ratio of gravel and (1944). All fish were released after identification by Kim sand increased as it descended, but did not change signifi- and Park (2002). And the data were sorted according to cantly. the classification system of Nelson et al. (2006) and Chae In Wondangcheon Stream sites, St. 6 and St. 7 located et al. (2019). Annual changes in precipitation were ob- in the upper stream showed Aa-Bb river type, and St. 8 served by citing data from the Water Resources Manage- showed Bb river type which is different from Gucheon- ment Information Information System (WAMIS). dongcheon Stream. As a typical flat-form stream, the bot- Fish community indices analysis is based on the num- tom structure contained more sand and mud than the Gu- ber of species and individuals that appeared at each survey cheondongcheon Stream sites. site. The dominance, diversity, evenness, and species rich- Bukchangcheon Stream, where St. 9 and St. 10 are lo- ness were calculated using: Margalef, 1958; Pielou, 1966, cated, is a very short river with a length of about 3.1 km. It 1975; McNaughton, 1967. Similarity and dendrogram con- flows under Jeoksangsan Mountain, and the overall water struction was established with the Bray-Curtis similarity width was narrow, about 2~7 m and the water depth was method using Primer 7.0 (PRIMER-E Ltd, UK). also shallow, below 0.9 m. The river type was typical Aa. The Sites of Myeongcheon Stream showed more diverse habitat structures. The upper two Sites, St. 11 and St. 12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION were valley-type, Aa, and the lowermost site, St. 13 is Aa- Bb, showed the characteristic that the valley-type stream 1. Habitat characteristics was converted into a flatland-type stream. Therefore, it was observed that the ratio of sand and mud increases in The habitat characteristics of each study site are shown the bottom structure composition as it goes to the down- in Table 2. stream site. Gucheondongcheon Stream is a mountainous stream flowing to the north of Deogyusan Mountain, and all sam- 2. Species composition from 2014 to 2018 pling sites located here also showed typical valley-type river structure of Aa type. The water width was narrow 1) 2014 compared to the downstream sites (3~15 m), but the wa- In the 2014 survey, a total of 4 orders, 6 families, 17 spe- ter depth was not relatively shallow due to the nature of cies, and 2,280 individuals were collected (Table 3), and 5 128 Seung Woon Yun and Jong Young Park Table 1. Study sites of fish fauna in the Deogyusan National Park, from 2014 to 2018 No. Stream Site GPS Isokdae, Samgong-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, St.1 127°46ʹ09.01ʺN 35°51ʹ40.09ʺE Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Myungkyungdam, Samgong-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, St.2 127°46ʹ19.02ʺN 35°51ʹ51.07ʺE Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Geumpotan, Samgong-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, St.3 Gucheondongcheon 127°46ʹ34.05ʺN 35°52ʹ35.03ʺE Stream Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Guwoldam, Samgong-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, St.4 127°46ʹ54.00ʺN 35°52ʹ44.07ʺE Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Inwoldam, Samgong-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, 127°46ʹ39.02ʺN 35°52ʹ56.00ʺE St.5 Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Daepyeong, Simgok-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, St.6 127°45ʹ35.10ʺN 35°55ʹ28.07ʺE Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Wondangcheon Majeon, Dugil-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, St.7 - - Stream Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do* Dugilgyo, Dugil-ri, Seolcheon-myeon, - - St.8 Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do* Bukchang-ri, Jeoksang-myeon, St.9 127°41ʹ50.84ʺN 35°57ʹ59.71ʺE Bukchangcheon Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Stream Bukchang-ri, Jeoksang-myeon, 127°41ʹ23.48ʺN 35°58ʹ53.95ʺE St.10 Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Jukcheon-ri, Anseong-myeon, St.11 127°41ʹ38.88ʺN 35°48ʹ44.84ʺE Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Myeongcheon Choyeongyo, Jukcheon-ri, Anseong-myeon, St.12 127°41ʹ27.94ʺN 35°49ʹ09.82ʺE Stream Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do Gwansujeong, Jukcheon-ri, Anseong-myeon, 127°40ʹ49.34ʺN 35°49ʹ56.62ʺE St.13 Muju-gun, Jeollabuk-do *Detailed addresses and GPS of sites where endangered species have been identified are not displayed according to the Ministry of Environment notification (ME, 2019). Table 2. Physical characteristics of each site in the Deogyusan National Park Bottom structure (%)** Water width Water depth River No. Stream (m) (m) type* B C P G S M St.1 3~5 0.2~0.5 Aa 30 30 20 10 10 St.2 5~15 0.5~1.2 Aa 25 25 30 15 5 Gucheondongcheon St.3 5~10 0.5~0.8 Aa 30 30 20 10 10 Stream St.4 3~8 0.5~1.5 Aa 20 30 30 10 10 St.5 3~7 0.3~0.6 Aa 20 15 20 25 20 St.6 10~20 0.5~1.0 Aa-Bb 10 30 20 15 15 10 Wondangcheon St.7 15~20 0.5~1.2 Aa-Bb 10 20 25 20 15 10 Stream St.8 20~22 0.7~1.5 Bb 5 15 20 20 25 15 St.9 Bukchangcheon 2~5 0.2~0.4 Aa 30 40 30 St.10 Stream 3~7 0.5~0.9 Aa 20 30 20 10 20 St.11 5~8 0.3~0.5 Aa 40 30 20 10 Myeongcheon St.12 15~20 0.5~1.0 Aa 25 25 25 15 10 Stream St.13 5~15 0.3~1.5 Aa-Bb 10 20 20 15 25 10 *River type: by Kani (1944); **B: Boulder (>256 mm), C: Cobble (64~256 mm), P: Pebble (16~64 mm), G: Gravel (2~16 mm), S: Sand (0.1~2 mm), M: Mud (<0.1 mm) by Cummins (1962).