Korean Red List Government Publications Registration Number : 11-1480592-000718-01

of Threatened Species

Korean Red List of Threatened Species Korean Red List Second Edition of Threatened Species Second Edition Korean Red List of Threatened Species Second Edition

2014 NIBR National Institute of Biological Resources

Publisher : National Institute of Biological Resources Editor in President : Sang-Bae Kim Edited by : Min-Hwan Suh, Byoung-Yoon Lee, Seung Tae Kim, Chan-Ho Park, Hyun-Kyoung Oh, Hee-Young Kim, Joon-Ho Lee, Sue Yeon Lee

Copyright @ National Institute of Biological Resources, 2014. All rights reserved, First published August 2014

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Government Publications Registration Number : 11-1480592-000718-01 ISBN Number : 9788968111037 93400 Korean Red List of Threatened Species Second Edition

2014 Regional Red List Committee in Korea

Co-chair of the Committee Dr. Suh, Young Bae, Seoul National University Dr. Kim, Yong Jin, National Institute of Biological Resources

Members of the Committee Dr. Bae, Yeon Jae, Korea University Dr. Bang, In-Chul, Soonchunhyang University Dr. Chae, Byung Soo, National Park Research Institute Dr. Cho, Sam-Rae, Kongju National University Dr. Cho, Young Bok, National History Museum of Hannam University Dr. Choi, Kee-Ryong, University of Ulsan Dr. Choi, Kwang Sik, Jeju National University Dr. Choi, Sei-Woong, Mokpo National University Dr. Choi, Young Gun, Yeongwol Cave Eco-Museum Ms. Chung, Sun Hwa, Ministry of Environment Dr. Hahn, Sang-Hun, National Institute of Biological Resourses Dr. Han, Ho-Yeon, Yonsei University Dr. Kim, Hyung Seop, Gangneung-Wonju National University Dr. Kim, Jong-Bum, Korea-PacificAmphibians-Reptiles Institute Dr. Kim, Seung-Tae, Seoul National University Dr. Kim, Won, Seoul National University Dr. Kim, Yong-Shik, Yeungnam University Dr. Kim, Young-Dong, Hallym University Dr. Ku, Youn-Bong, National Institute of Biological Resources Dr. Lee, Byoung-Yoon, National Institute of Biological Resources Dr. Lee, Byung Chun, Korea National Arboretum Dr. Lee, Han Soo, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Lee, Jong Wook, Yeungnam University Dr. Lee, Jun Sang, Kangwon National University Dr. Lee, Nam Sook, Ehwa Womans University Dr. Lee, Won Choel, Hanyang University Mr. Lim, Moonsoo, National Institute of Biological Resources Dr. Min, Mi-Sook, Seoul National University Dr. Oh, Hong-Shik, Jeju National University Dr. Oh, Yoon Sik, Gyeongsang National University Dr. Park, Hae Chul, National Academy of Agricultural Science Dr. Park, Ho-Yong, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology Dr. Park, Jin-Young, The Korea National Institute of Environmental Research Dr. Park, Joong-Ki, Chungbuk National University Dr. Shin, Hyunchur, Soonchunhyang University Dr. Song, Byung-Yun, Chonbuk National University Dr. Yang, Byeong Gug, National Institute of Environmental Research Red Listing Project Team

Project Manager Dr. Kim, Seung Tae, Seoul National University

Project Contributor Dr. Lee, Joon-Ho, Seoul National University Dr. Lee, Sue Yeon, Seoul National University

Project Reviewer Dr. Oh, Hong Shik, Jeju National University Dr. Lee, Han Soo, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Kim, Jong Bum, Asia-PacificAmphibians-Reptiles Institute Dr. Kim, Keun Young, Marine Eco-Technology Institute Dr. Kim, Young Dong, Hallym University Dr. Lee, Jun-Sang, Kangwon National University Dr. Bae, Yang-Seop, Incheon National University Dr. Bae, Yeon Jae, Korea University Dr. Elija Talamas, Smithsonian Museum, USDA

Red Listing Team of Previous Projects

Mammals

Editor Dr. Oh, Hong Shik, Jeju National University Contributor Dr. Choi, Byung Jin, Korea Natural Environment Institute Dr. Chung, Churl Won, Korea National Park Service Mr. Kim, Tae Wook, Jeju National University Reviewer Dr. Yang, Byung Gook, National Institute of Environmental Research Dr. Choi, Tae Young, National Institute of Environmental Research Dr. Kim, Won Myung, National Institute of Environmental Research Dr. Park, Young Soo, Jangsu County, Korea

Birds

Editor Dr. Lee, Han Soo, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Contributor Dr. Kang, Tae Han, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Kim, Dal Ho, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Kim, In Kyu, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Kim, Jin Han, National Institute of Biological Resources Dr. Kim, Chang Hoe, National Institute of Environmental Research Dr. Park, Jin Young, National Institute of Environmental Research Dr. Paik, Woon Kee, National Science Museum Dr. Song, Min Chung, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Shin, Yong Won, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Lee, Kee Seup, Korea Waterbird Networks Dr. Lee, See Hwan, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Cho, Hae Jin, Korea Institute of Environmental Ecology Dr. Chae, Hee Young, National Park Migratory Birds Center

Reptiles and Amphibians

Editor Dr. Kim, Jong Bum, Asia-PacificAmphibians-Reptiles Institute Contributor Dr. Min, Mi Sook, Seoul National University Dr. Park, Dai Sik, Kangwon National University Dr. Song, Jae Young, National Park Research Institute Reviewer Dr. Seo, Jae Hwa, National Institute of Environmental Research

Fish

Editor Dr. Bang, In Churl, Soonchunhyang University Contributor Contributor Dr. Ko, Myung Hoon, Soonchunhyang University Dr. Kim, Keun Young, Marine Eco-Technology Institute Dr. Park, Jong Yung, Chonbuk National University Dr. Byun, Hwa Keun, Seowon University Dr. Yang, Hyun, Institute of Biodiversity Education Dr. Lee, Wan Ok, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute Dr. Song, Ho Bok, Kangwon National University Dr. Chai, Byung Soo, Korea National Park Service Reviewer Dr. Seo, Jin Won, K-water Dr. Chang, Min Ho, Kongju National University Dr. Choi, Seung Ho, National Institute of Biological Resources Dr. Hur, Jun Wook, Bio-monitoring Center Dr. Hong, Young Pyo, National Science Museum

Vascular Plants

Editor Dr. Shin, Hyunchur, Soonchunhyang University Contributor Dr. Kim, Young Dong, Hallym University Dr. Lim, Young Seok, Soonchunhynag Univeristy Dr. Kim, Young In, Hallym University Reviewer Dr. Hyun, Jin-Oh, Institute of Northeast Asian Plants Dr. Sun, Byung Yoon, Chonbuk National University Dr. Im, Hyung Tak, Chonnam National University Dr. Lee, Byung Chun, Korea National Arboretum Dr. Kim, Chan Soo, Korea Forest Research Institute Dr. Lee, Hyun Woo, Korea Environment Institute

Mollusks

Editor Dr. Lee, Jun-Sang, Kangwon National University Contributor Dr. Son, Min Ho, Marine Eco-Technology Instituter Reviewer Dr. Kim, Jong Bum, Asia-PacificAmphibians-Reptiles Institute Dr. Kim, Yeong-Hye, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute Dr. Min, Gi-Sik, Inha University Dr. Min, Duk-Ki, Min Molluscan Research Institute Dr. Bang, In-Chul, Soonchunhyang University

Insects I

Editor Dr. Bae, Yang-Seop, Incheon National University Contributor Mr. Kim, Sung-Soo, Institute for East Asian Environment and Biology Dr. Kim, Yong-Ki, Incheon National University Reviewer Dr. Lyu, Dong-Pyo, Sangji University Mr. Lyu, Jae-Weon, Kyunghee University Dr. Min, Gi-Sik, Inha University Dr. Bang, In Chul, Soonchunhyang University Mr. Shon, Jung-Dal, The Lepidopterists' Society of Korea Dr. Lee, Young-Jun, The Lepidopterists' Society of Korea Dr. Joo, Hoong-Zae, The Lepidopterists' Society of Korea Dr. Han, Hyung-Duk, Korea University Dr. Hyun, Jin-Oh, Northeast Asia Plant Institute

Insects II

Editor Dr. Bae, Yeon Jae, Korea University Contributor Dr. Kim, Jin Ill, Sungshin Women's University Mr. Min, Wan Gi, Seoulkyoyulmunhwahoekwan Dr. Park, Jin Young, Kyungpook National University Mr. Lee, Dae Hyun, Chungnam National University Mr. Lee, Seung Gyu, Chungnam National University Dr. Jung, Boo Hee, Korea University Dr. Cho, Young Bok, Hannam University Reviewer Dr. Park, Jong Kyun, Kyungpook National University Dr. Ahn, Kee Jeong, Chungnam University Dr. Cho, Young Ho, Daejeon University

Insects III

Editor Dr. Bae, Yeon Jae, Korea University Contributor Dr. Yoon, Tae Joong, Korea University Mr. Jung, Kwang Soo, Odonata Institute of Korea Mr. Jin, Young Hun, Han River Environment Research Center Dr. Hwang, Jeong Mi, Korea University Dr. Hwang, Jung Hoon, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency Reviewer Dr. Kim, Myoung Chul, SOKN institute of Ecology and Consevation Dr. Kwon, Soon Jik, Institute for Ecological Resource Dr. Park, Young Jun, National Institute of Environmental Research Dr. Park, Jae Heung, Institute for Ecological Resource Dr. Park, Ho Yong, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Dr. Suh, Kyong In, Korea University Dr. Chang, Chin Sung, Seoul National University Dr. Jun, Yung Chul, Konkuk University Dr. Choi, Sei Woong, Mokpo National University Dr. Han, Kyung Duk, Korea University

Photos by

Bae, Yeon Jae Byun, Hwa Keun Byun, Kyung Yeol Chai, Byung Soo Cho, Sung Sik Cho, Young Bok Choi, Byung Jin Choi, Seung Ho Choi, Soon Kyu Han, Sang-Hun Hwang, Jung Hoon Hwang, Jung Mi Hyun, Jin-Oh Jeon, Hyung Bae Jin, Young Heon Jung, Boo Hee Jung, Jae Heum Jung, Kwang Soo Jung, Sang Woo Kang, Chang Wan Kangwon National University Kim, A-Young Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Dong Won Kim, Hyun Tae Kim, Ji Hoon Kim, Jin Han Kim, Jin Seok Kim, Jin-Il Kim, Jong Bum Kim, Jong Hwan Kim, Myung Chul Kim, Sang Hee Kim, Sung Soo Kim, Tae Young Ko, Myung Hoon Korea biodiversity Information System of Korea National Arboretum Ku, Youn-Bong Lee, Byoung-Yoon Lee, Dae Hyun Lee, Joo-Yong Lee, Jun Sang Lee, Sang Chul Lee, Seung Kyu Min, Wan Ki Moon, Soon Hwa Nam, Jun Ki Oh, Byung-Oh Oh, Hong Shik Oh, Tae Seok Park, Chun Seok Park, Dai Sik Park, Gun Seok Park, Jin Young Seo, Jung Hwa Seo, Seung Jik Sim, Jae Han Son, Sang Bong Song, Ho Bok Song, Jae Young Won, Chang Man Yang, Byoung Gook Yoon, Soon Tae Yoon, Tae Joong CONTENTS

I. Introduction of the Republic of Korea : Land of the Morning Calm 15 1. Geography 17 2. Climate 21

II. Biodiversity of the Republic of Korea 23 1. Biota of the Republic of Korea 25 2. Fauna of the Republic of Korea 28 1) Mammals 28 2) Birds 28 3) Amphibians and Reptiles 29 4) Fish 29 5) Invertebrates (including Protists) 30 3. Flora of the Republic of Korea 31 1) Vascular Plants 31 2) Fungi and Lichens 31 3) Algae 32 4. Prokaryotes of the Republic of Korea 32

III. The Process of Preparing the 2014 National Red List 33 1. Background 35 2. Red List assessment 36 1) Included Species 36 2) Evaluation 38 IV. Red List of the Republic of Korea 39 1. Evaluated Taxonomic Groups 41 2. Species Summary 42 2.1 Mammals 43 2.2 Birds 51 2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 69 2.4 Fish 75 2.5 Insects 85 2.6 Mollusks 115 2.7 Vascular Plants 137

References 195

Annex 196 1. IUCN Red List Categories 196 2. IUCN Red List Criteria 201 3. Korean Red List of Endangered Species 202

Index arranged to alphabetical order 235

I Introduction of the Republic of Korea : Land of the Morning Calm 16 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 1. Geography

The Repubulic of Korea (= South Korea) is located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula jutting out from the far east of the Asian land mass. The only country with a land border to South Korea is North Korea, lying to the north with 238 km of border running along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). South Korea is mostly surrounded by water and has 2,413 km of coast line along three seas. To the west is the Yellow Sea, to the south is the East China Sea, and to the east is Ulleung Island and Dok Island in the East Sea. The approximate coordinates are 37° North, 127° 30' East (Ministry of Environment, 2014; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea).

Russia The Korean Peninsula extends southward from the northeast part China of the Asian continental landmass. The Japanese islands of Honshū

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Kyūshū are located some 200 km to the southeast across the Korea Strait; the Shandong Republic of Korea Gyeonggi-do Peninsula of China lies 190 km Gangwon-do Incheon Seoul Ulleung Island Dok Island Yellow Sea Chungcheongbuk-do to the west. The west coast of the

Sejong Gyeongsangbuk-do East Sea peninsula is bordered by the Korea Chungcheongnam-do Jeollabuk-do Ulsan Gwangju Gyeongsangnam-do Bay to the north and the Yellow Sea Busan and Korea Strait to the south; the Jeollanam-do east coast is bordered by the Sea Jeju-do of Japan. The 8,640 km coastline

Fig. 1. Map of the Republic of Korea is highly indented. Some 3,579

Introduction of the Republic of Korea 17 islands lie adjacent to the peninsula. Most of them are found along the south and west coasts.

The line between the two Korean states was the thirty-eighth parallel of latitude. After the Korean War, the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) formed the boundary between the two. The DMZ is a heavily guarded, 4,000 m-wide strip of land that runs along the Demarcation line established by the Korean Armistice Agreement, from the east to the west coasts for a distance of 241 km (238 km of that line form the land boundary with North Korea).

The total land area of the peninsula, including the islands, is 223,170 km2. Some 44.6 percent (98,477 km2) of this total, excluding the area within the DMZ, constitutes the territory of the Republic of Korea. The combined territories of North Korea and South Korea are about the same size as the state of Minnesota. South Korea alone is about the size of Portugal or Hungary.

The largest island, Jeju-do, lies off the southwest corner of the peninsula and has a land area of 1,825 km2. Other important islands include Ulleung and Dok Islands in the East Sea and Ganghwa Island at the mouth of the Han River. Although the eastern coastline of South Korea is generally unindented, the southern and western coasts are jagged and irregular. The difference is caused by the fact that the eastern coast is gradually rising, while the southern and western coasts are subsiding (Fig. 1).

The Republic of Korea’s landmass is approximately 100,032 km2, approximately 290 km2 of which is occupied by inland water. The five largest rivers, the Han, Geum, Nakdong, Yeongsan and Seomjin Rivers, generally

18 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition follow a gradual descent from the northeast to the southwest. The Nakdong River, the longest river in the Republic of Korea, flows southward from the foothills near the Mt. Taebaek for 521 km. The Han River flows westward from the foothills of the Mt. Taebaek Divide for nearly 514 km. The Geum (401 km) and Yeongsan (115 km) Rivers flow westward, while the Seomjin River (212 km) flows southward. There are not large rivers flowing into East Sea (http:// koreanhistoryproject.org/Jta/Kr/KrGEO0.htm).

About 30% of the area of Republic of Korea consists of lowland, and the greater majority of lowland area lies along the coasts, particularly the west coast and neighboring the 4 major rivers. Economically, the most important lowlands are the Han River plains around the vicinity of Seoul, the Pyeongtaek coastal plains to the southwest of Seoul, the Geum River basin, the Nakdong River basin the Yeongsan River and the Honam plains in the southwest. A narrow littoral plain extends along the east coast.

Nearly 70% of the Republic of Korea is characterized by hills and rugged mountains, including three major mountain ranges within the Republic of Korea, the Mt. Taebaek, Mt. Sobaek and Jiri Massif. In addition, a number of smaller mountain ranges, originating in Taebaek range, run parallel to each other in a generally northeast-to-southwest direction. The highest mountain peak in the Republic of Korea is Mt. Halla, a 1,950 m extinct volcano located on Jeju- do. Mt. Jiri (1,915 m), located in the Jiri Massif, is the highest summit in the mainland. The mean elevation of the Republic of Korea is 433 m and the mean slope angle is 10.4°. A profile of the Republic of Korea reveals that the eastern side of the Taebaek Mountain ranges has high relief, while the western flank has widely spaced hills with low relief. The Taebaek Mountain range rises to over

Introduction of the Republic of Korea 19 1,500 m on the eastern side of the peninsula and then drops abruptly toward the East Sea, with little or no coastal plain.

About 75 wetland areas in the Republic of Korea are registered as ecologically protected significant.Abundant tidal flats have developed along the coastline of the Yellow Sea, and many inland wetlands have formed through a combination of sediment accumulation and terrestrial subsistence. The inland wetlands may be sub-divided as river and mountain wetlands. Typical river wetlands can be found along the Nakdong River. Unlike many other rivers in Korea, the Nakdong River has a relatively gentle channel upstream, which provided ideal conditions for the formation of river wetlands. Flood-plain type wetlands (e.g. Upo Wetland) are especially well developed along the Nakdong River drainage basin. In addition, there are many mountain wetlands which have formed on gentle slopes at the top of mountains. Nineteen wetlands of the Republic of Korea are recognized as internationally important wetlands by the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands as of 2014; Odaesan National Park Wetlands and The High Moor, Yongneup of Mt. Daeam in Gwangwon-do, Du- ung Wetland, Seocheon Tidal Flat and Suncheon Bay in Chungcheongnam-do, Upo Wetland in Gyeongsanam-do, Gochang and Buan Tidal Flats and Ungok Wetland in Jeollabuk-do, Jangdo Island High Moor, Jeungdo Tidal Flat and Muan Tidal Flat in Jeollanam-do, 1,100 Altitude Wetland, Dongbaekdongsan and Muljangori-oreum Wetland in Jeju-do, Ganghwa Maehwamarum Habitat and Songdo Tidal Flat in Incheon, Han River-Bamseom Islets in Seoul, and Moojechineup in Ulsan (http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes- annotated-ramsar-16083/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16083_4000_0__).

20 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 2. Climate

The most important climatic feature on the Korean Peninsula is the Asian Monsoon system, which is induced by the heat contrast between the Asian landmass and the Pacific Ocean. The Republic of Korea has a temperate climate, with four distinct seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. The contrast between winter and summer is striking. Winter is usually long, dry and bitterly cold and is influenced primarily by Siberian air masses, while summer is relatively short, humid and very hot, owing to the clockwise flow on the western side of the North Pacific high pressure system. Spring and autumn are sunny and generally dry, and while pleasant, they can be short in comparison with the brutal winter. The variation of annual temperatures ranges from 10 oC to 16 oC, except for the mountainous areas. August is the hottest month with the mean temperature ranging from 20 oC to 26 oC. January is the coldest month with the mean temperature ranging from -5 oC to 5 oC. Annual precipitation is about 1,500 mm in the central region. More than a half of the total rainfall amount is concentrated in summer, while precipitation of winter is less than 10% of the total precipitation. The relative humidity is highest in July at 80% to 90% nationwide, and is lowest in January and April at 30% to 50%. It has a moderate value of about 70% in September and October (http://www.labfrontier.com/ koica/korea/korea_05.htm).

The rainy season over the Republic of Korea, or the so-called ‘Jangma’ season, continues for approximately one month, from late June until late July. A short period of rainfall which is associated with the Jangma system also usually comes in early September. This rain occurs over a period of 30-40 days from June and through July over all points of the Republic of Korea, with a relatively

Introduction of the Republic of Korea 21 small amount of lag between its at different weather stations, and accounting for more than 50% of annual precipitation at most stations. The southern coastal and its adjacent mountain regions have the largest amount of annual precipitation (over 1,500 mm). However, the amounts of annual precipitation towards the north are generally reduced in comparison with southern and mid-latitude regions. Two or three typhoons usually approach the Korea peninsula between June and September, and serious droughts occur about once every eight years. The relative diversity of regional climates encountered for a landmass, the size of the Korean peninsula is due to the relatively long distance between the northern and southernmost latitudes, the diverse and mountainous topography, as well as the nature of the surrounding seas. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea lies adjacent to the Eurasian continent, and so, the region is influenced strongly by the Siberian landmass, while the southern region neighbors the sub- tropical pacific. The large extent of mountainous areas also affects local and regional climates, as in addition to the obvious impact of elevation changes on temperature, mountains also affect the spatial distribution of precipitation, with significantly more precipitation on the windward side than on the leeward side.

22 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition II Biodiversity of the Republic of Korea : 24 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 1. Biota of the Republic of Korea

Although Korea is joined to the northeast Asia continent, it is isolated ecologically by three barriers, the high mountain terrain of Mt. Baekdu and the Duman River, both in the northeast, along with the Amnok River in the northwest. These function as geographic barriers in limiting the dispersal of wildlife from the surrounding regions of China and Russia into the Korean peninsula. As a result, the Korean Peninsula contains a rich assortment of endemic and native species, and due to the nature of these barriers, a greater proportion of endemic species are found among the freshwater fish, insects and vascular plants than among other major taxa. Since the cessation of full-scale war between North and South Korea in 1953, the DMZ has acted as an ecological barrier, especially for large mammals such as the amur tiger, asiatic black bear and gray wolf, and they are now classified as regionally extinct or endangered species in the Republic of Korea. The absence of mankind within the DMZ has also resulted in the propagation of a wide variety of small mammal and bird species.

The biota of the Republic of Korea was studied mainly by Western and Japanese academia from 1830 to the 1880s and there was an established synopsis of most taxa prior to 1945 (Ministry of Environment, 2011). However, over the course of the Korean War (1950 - 1953), many of the academic texts and specimens were destroyed. From the 1960s, re-examinations of the biota of the Republic of Korea have been re-launched and are continuing to this date. The biota of the Republic of Korea, in 2012, consists of about 39,000 species, including fauna, flora, mircoorganism and others (Table 1). Since the launch of 2 large projects at the start of the 21th century, the number of catalogued species

Biodiversity of the Republic of Korea 25 has steadily increased. For example, the number of invertebrates (excluding insects), fungi and protists has been a two-fold increase. The two initiatives are the “Flora and Fauna of Korea Series Publication Project”, and the other is “The Survey of Indigenous Species of Korea”, which aim to discover unreported species within Korea. These projects amount to a comprehensive re-examination of Korean biota, held under the auspices of National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), and sponsored by the Ministry of Environment. However, the total biota of the Republic of Korea is estimated to be about 80,000 species, indicating that the majority of species in Korea remains to be described or discovered.

The number of native species in Korea is estimated to be approximately 100,000 and recent research shows a high degree of endemism in the Korean biota. A total of 41,483 species were known including 2,177 endemic species. Among them, 15,651 species are insects and 527 species are vascular plants, however, the endemic ratio is much greater, at 9.9%, for vascular plants. There are several reasons for the explanation of higher endemism in vascular plants compared with that of other taxa. The Korean Peninsula extends southward from Northeast Asia to Japan, and this geographical characteristic enables Korea to accommodate a wide diversity of plant life. Also, there is great diversity in the mean annual temperature (of 16 oC at Jeju-do in the Republic of Korea to 5 oC at Gaemagowon in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) and the mean annual precipitation ranges from 100 mm at the southern coast to 400 mm in northern inland of Korea. Therefore, various climatic conditions, from warm temperate zones to boreal climatic zones, exist within the country/peninsula, and such conditions provide for a wide diversity of habitats for plant species. A further contributing factor to the large degree of endemic species in the

26 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean peninsula is the mountain range, running from north to south, and connected to other mountain chains of the east coast. The resulting variation in altitude combined with the afore mentioned latitudinal factor is the primary contributing factor to the diversity of endemic wildlife occurring in mainland regions of Korea. There are also about 3,580 islands providing a diverse geographical environment for flora and marine species, as well as a complex geological substrate along much of this coastline. There is little volcanic or glacial activity on the peninsula, but the presence of volcanic soils as well as glaciers within the peninsula further adds to habitat diversity. This factor, along with other conditions, such as the complex lithological and soil systems, has secured the survival of much Tertiary flora. Hence, the Korean Peninsula, which has served as a migration route and refugia during glacial and interglacial periods, has guaranteed the survival of both northern and southern flora.

Table 1. Number of species according to major taxa from 2002 to 2013 in the Republic Korea

Number of species Endemic species Taxon 2002 2013 Number of species Percentage Vertebrate 1,359 1,889 76 4.00 Insects 11,853 15,651 1,097 7.01 Invertebrates* 3,451 6,961 451 6.48 Vascular plants 4,662 5,308 527 9.93 Fungi/Lichen 1,625 4,153 2 0.05 Protists 736 1,573 0 0.00 Algae 3,557 4,879 24 0.49 Prokaryote 1,219 1,059 0 0.00 Total 28,462 41,483 2,177 5.25 http://www.index.go.kr/egams/stts/jsp/potal/stts/PO_STTS_IdxMain.jsp?idx_cd=1462&bbs=INDX_001 * excluded the insect

Biodiversity of the Republic of Korea 27 2. Fauna of the Republic of Korea

1) Mammals

There are 124 mammal species in the Republic of Korea, and these were surveyed in earnest by Korean scholars from the 1980s. Mammals in the Republic of Korea are largely concentrated in the temperate zone, with some are distributed in the subarctic and subtropical zones. By origin, they are largely categorized into those originating from the northern lineages (palearctic region) and those originating from the southern lineages (oriental region). By geographical distribution, mammal fauna in the Republic of Korea is mostly comprised of regional endemic species of northeastern Asia, with a few multinational species of Europe and Southeast Asia. The endemic mammals in the Republic of Korea include the Korean hare (Lepus coreana) under Lagomropha, and Apodemus agrarius chejuensis under Rodentia. Korean hares inhabit the entirety of the Korean Peninsula, while two species of bats inhabit the Republic of Korea only. Apodemus agrarius inhabits Jeju-do only (Ministry of Environment, 2013).

2) Birds

Birds registered in the Republic of Korea include 522 species. From a zoogeographical perspective, the birds in the Republic of Korea belong to the Chinese sub-region, which includes diverse inhabitation environments ranging from lowland plains to highland areas. Typical birds of the Chinese sub- region include the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), black paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone atrocaudata), and brown-eared bulbul (Microscelis amaurotis).

28 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Resident birds of the Republic of Korea are multinational species of China , Russia, and Japan, and there are virtually no indigenous bird species. However, the white-bellied woodkeeper (Dryocopus javensis richardsi) can be regarded as an endemic subspecies of the Republic of Korea, as its population in Japan has been become completely extinct (Ministry of Environment, 2013).

3) Amphibians and Reptiles

Twenty-one amphibian species and 31 reptile species are known to be distributed in the Republic of Korea. Among reptile species, only the beauty rat snake is known to be an invasive alien species. From a zoogeographical perspective, subarctic and subtropical reptile and amphibian species exist in the Republic of Korea largely in the temperate zone, and they are basically categorized as those originating in the palearctic and oriental region. The origin of amphibians and reptiles in the Republic of Korea date back a long time, and six endemic species of amphibians have been reported in the Republic of Korea; Suweon tree frog (Hyla suweonensis), Korean brown frog (Rana koreana), Korean golden frog (Pelophylax chosenicus), Jeju salamander (Hynobius quelpaertensis), Gori salamander (Hyonobius yangi), and the Korean crevice salamander (Karsenia koreana). However, there are no confirmed endemic species among the reptiles, though Plestiodon coreensis has a high possibility of being an endemic species (Ministry of Environment, 2013).

4) Fish

According to “Compilation of the National List of Indigenous Species on the Korean Peninsula” published by National Institute of Biological Resources, 215

Biodiversity of the Republic of Korea 29 freshwater fish inhabit the Korean peninsula, and among them, 67 species are endemic. In addition, about 650 saltwater fish are found in the general vicinity of the Korean Peninsula. The Korean Peninsula has been divided into 3 districts based on the impact of ancient water systems; the West Korea district, the South Korea district and East-North district. The West Korean district include those water systems from the Amnok River to the Incheon River in Gochang, in which 17 endemic species inhabit, including the common Korean bitterling (Acheilognathus signifer) and sandy Korean loach (Iksookimia pumila). The South Korea district falls under the southeastern part of the Republic of Korea, which includes water systems from the Yeongsan River to the Nakdong River, in which 13 endemic species, including Niwaella multifasciata and Mirophysogobio koreensis, are found. The East-Democratic People’s of Korea district includes streams flowing to the East Sea north of Gangneung, in which 3 endemics are found (Ministry of Environment, 2013).

5) Invertebrates (including protists)

The invertebrate fauna of the Republic of Korea exhibits in extreme diversity, including about 22,612 species, about 69% of them being insects and 14% other arthropods. However, some major phyla remain to be examined due to a lack of specialist ecologists. There are about 1,554 endemic species in the Korean Peninsula, which from a zoogeographical perspective fall under the palearctic region, and thus, many species also inhabit Japan, China and Far East Russia, where some species are distributed as far as Europe (Ministry of Environment, 2013).

30 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 3. Flora of the Republic of Korea

1) Vascular Plants

Some 4,384 vascular plant species are known to exist in Korea, among which 281 are Pteridophyta, 53 Gymnosperm and 4,050 Angiosperm. Among Angiosperm, 2,974 species are Dicotyledoneae and 1,076 are Monocotyledoneae, while two thirds of Anigiosperm are Dicotyledoneae. From a phytogeographical perspective, Korea (including South and North Korea) falls under the East Asian floral region which includes the eastern part of the Himalayas, northeastern part of India, northern part of Myanmar, most of the Chinese continent, and Japan. While Korea shares a considerable number of plant species with China, Russia and Japan, Korean flora are characterized by rich diversity and high ratio of endemic plants, including endemic vascular genera, such as Megaleranthis, Abeliophyllum, Hanabusaya and Pentactina, and some 436 endemic species. The largest number of endemic species are distributed in Mt. Halla of Jeju-do, where some of which have been evaluated as endangered species (Ministry of Environment, 2013).

2) Fungi and Lichens

The total number of fungi species recorded in the Korean Peninsula in 2010 was approximately 3,451, and lichen species were at about 702. Although fungi in Korea are extremely similar to those of China and Japan, three species are endemic to Korea, including bracket fungus (Fomitopsis incarnatus), milk- white toothed polypore (Irpex backsungii) and Cerrena aurantiopara. Lichens distributed throughout Korea include species growing in Northeast Asia, and

Biodiversity of the Republic of Korea 31 many species of widely geographically dispersed flora appear on the Korean Peninsula. Nine species of lichens on the Korean Peninsula have been reported as new species, however, there is a possibility that these are also distributed in neighboring countries (Ministry of Environment, 2013).

3) Algae

Some 4,879 species are known to exist in Korea, among which 1,738 Bacillariophyta, 686 Flagellates, 1,275 Chlorophyta, 239 Cyanophyta, 33 Charophyta, 193 Phaeophyceae, 123 Chlorophyta, 592 Rhodophyta were listed. The only algae species designated as endangered is Coccophora langsdorfii, known to grow exclusively in Korea, northern Japan and Russia (National Institute of Biological Resources, 2013).

4. Prokaryotes of the Republic of Korea

Up until 2013, 1,059 bacteria were newly recognized and published in Korea. In 2006, three new species of bacteria were discovered on Dok Island, and were named as “Dokdoenlla koreensis”, “Dokdnoia donghaensis”, and “Donghaeana dokdonensis” (National Institute of Biological Resources, 2013).

32 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition III The Process of Preparing the 2014 National Red List 34 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 1. Background

There have been several previous attempts to compile a red list for the Republic of Korea, either personally or as a group, and with special emphasis on site-specific or taxon-specific concerns, most of which have been focused on vascular plants (Kim et al., 2008; Lee and Choi, 2006; National Arboretum, 2008; Sun et al., 2011). However, apart from vascular plants, there were no attempts made to evaluate the endangerment status of other taxa based on the IUCN red list category and criterion. However, the Ministry of Environment had designated a number of endangered species as protected animals and plants though environmental laws since 1989. In 2012, the government updated this list to 246 species of protected animals and plants.

Although the protected animals and plants were designated based on environmental laws, the evaluations of the endangered status of these species, according to IUCN red list category and criterion, were insufficient, because of inexperience in the application of red list category and criterion and a shortage of data for the evaluations. In the latter part of the 2000’s, it was strongly felt that a new list of nationally threatened species of the Republic of Korea should be formulated by the application of objectively and scientifically defined criteria, rather than merely being based on individual perceptions of threat, in order to achieve acceptance of the importance of species conservation among Korean authorities due to the increasing rate of man-made extinctions and development of new threats to species, because the establishment of a full and detailed catalogue of endangered species was lacking.

In response, the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR) had

The Process of Preparing the 2014 National Red List 35 launched two projects. One is to organize a Regional Red List Committee and the other is to publish a regional red list. As a result, NIBR published nine regional red data books in Korean regarding each of birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish in 2011, mammals, vascular plants, mollusks and insects I in 2012, and insects II and III in 2013. The NIBR had set up the regional red list committee in 2011, and Dr. Suh, a professor of Seoul National University, and Dr. Kim, Direct general of the NIBR, were assigned as co-chairman of the committee, and 40 experts as committee member.

2. Red List assessment

This Red List has been prepared on the basis of the guidelines given by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (version 3.1), and IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria at Regional Levels (version 3.0). Also, Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (version 8.0) were referred to. These included a set of categories relating to the risk that the species will go extinct, and a set of criteria used to determine in which category a species belongs. The Red List Categories and Criteria are summarized in Annex 1 and 2, respectively.

1) Included Species

Among the biota of the Republic of Korea, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, vascular plants, mollusks and some taxa belonging to insects were included. The remaining taxa, such as invertebrates, algae and fungi were not

36 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition included, though the Red List of invertebrates is under evaluation in the present.

Only inland indigenous species of biota in the Republic of Korea were evaluated. Alien species introduced by human beings or anthropogenic activity (both active or passive), migratory birds and marine fauna were not assessed. In addition, species that have reproduced more rarely but have regularly died out (vagrant) were not assessed. However, visitor species that occur regularly but do not reproduce in the Republic of Korea were assessed, where their population in the Republic of Korean territory amounts to more than 1 % of the global population. Globally threatened species distributed in, or migrating to the Republic of Korea were extracted from the IUCN red list homepage (http:// www.iucnredlist.org/) and evaluated.

Among the vascular plants of about 4,000 species, only a number of selected species were evaluated. The selection was based on previous studies of Korean flora (Kim et al., 2008; Lee and Choi, 2006; National Arboretum, 2008; Sun et al., 2011). Some hydrophytes and hygrophytes were added as they had not been included in the previous studies, but are now seriously threatened by water pollution, or reclamations.

The nomenclature of fauna follows the checklist of Korean species published by NIBR, and those of flora follows the genera of vascular plants of Korea edited by the Flora of Korea Editorial Committee. Some plant names which were excluded in the genera of vascular plants of Korea were determined though reference to the International Plant Names Index (www.ipni.org).

The Process of Preparing the 2014 National Red List 37 2) Evaluation

The Red List evaluation followed IUCN guidelines however, for most of species there are insufficient detailed information to make exact evaluations against the sets of IUCN criteria. Clear statistical population information relating to the change of natural habitats was notably absent. Therefore, more than 90 % of taxa should be estimated relied on the criteria B, as restricted geographical range. Distribution data from published papers, unpublished technical reports and checklists, as well as museum or herbarium records were collected and estimated. Several editors were ordained for each taxon, and the evaluations were made under the auspices of editors. The contributors who published the initial information about the species and the reviewers who scrutinize the draft lists were listed among The Red List Project Team.

Although IUCN suggests recording the proportion (%) of global population occurring within the region, it is not possible to provide all of the recommended information at present. A brief textual summary with a reasons why a species was red-listed was given in the current draft in accordance with the recommendation of IUCN.

38 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition IV Red List of the Republic of Korea 40 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 1. Evaluated Taxonomic Groups

The biota of the Republic of Korea consists of about 41,500 species and among them, 8,150 species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, fishes, and vascular plants were evaluated (Table 2), of which 1,021 species (8.7%) have been classified as Red List species. Only one species, Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus), has been classified as Extinct (EX). This species was also registered as extinct in the IUCN red list. Ten species have been estimated as Regionally extinct (RE) in the Republic of Korea (Table 3), including five mammals; the amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), gray wolf (Canis lupus), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), Sika deer (Cervus nippon); three birds, Japanese crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), Crested Shelduck (Tadorna cristata), Tristram’s woodpecker (Dryococpus javensia richardsi); one fish, the long snouted bullhead (Leiocassis longirostris); and one insect, one species of dung beetles (Gymnopleurus mopsus).

Table 2. Number of species evaluated and listed in the Red List Number of species Taxon Evaluated Listed in Red List Mammals 105 41 (39.0%) Birds 536 95 (17.7%) Amphibians and Reptiles 43 43 (100.0%) Fish* 213 76 (35.7%) Insects** 4,553 143 (3.1%) Mollusks 1,963 80 (4.1%) Vascular Plants 737 543 (73.7%) Total 8,150 1,021 (12.5%)

* excluded the saltwater fish ** some taxa belonging to Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Blattaria, Plecoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera

Red List of the Republic of Korea 41 Table 3. The endangered status of animals and plants species evaluated in the Red List Number of species Taxon Total EX EW RE CR EN VU NT LC DD NE NA Mammals 1 5 1 4 9 1 11 4 4 1 41 Birds 3 1 18 36 8 28 1 95 Amphibians and Reptiles 5 5 2 23 4 3 1 43 Fish* 1 4 13 9 14 20 5 10 76 Insects** 1 12 22 74 34 511 380 3491 28 4,563 Mollusks 4 19 57 82 583 923 264 31 1,963 Vascular Plants 28 86 110 56 97 40 126 543 Total 1 0 10 50 167 300 197 1,273 1,356 3,898 62 7,314 * excluded the saltwater fish ** some taxa belonging to Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Blattaria, Plecoptera, Dermaptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera

According to IUCN guidelines, the species classified as Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU) were considered as threatened species, and the total number of threatened species in the Republic of Korea was 517 (about 7.1% of all the evaluated species). Of them, 113 species were endemic species to the Republic of Korea; 4 amphibians, 15 fish, 40 vascular plants, 46 mollusks and 8 insects. The total number of unthreatened species classified as Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD), Not Evaluate (NE) and Not Applicable (NA) was 6,786.

2. Species Summary

Species, classified as Extinct (EX), Regional Extinct (RE), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU), are summarized along with their photos and a reason why a species is red-listed. In addition, species are listed according to the taxonomic hierarchy in Annex 3, along with the accompanying information required by IUCN; scientific name, regional red list category (using the English abbreviated forms), and criteria.

42 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 2.1 Endangered Mammals in the Republic of Korea

Mammals

45 The

that as a main About 100 Panthera The species is . , destruction and erved There is no obs There are currently no The species is assessed nds, and riverine forests. ildlife by the law W Red List of the Republic of Korea The species is regionally protected as . t 970s and the species migh cies since the 1 There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional Peters, 1866 Peters, There is no observed data available for this There is no observed data available for this There is no observed data is a sea lion that was previously known from was previously known is a sea lion that (Linnaeus, 1758) d data available for this species in recent years is the smallest leopard in the genus dus (Linnaeus, 1758) ildlife by the law dus W central and is a wolf that was previously known from (Linnaeus, 1758) This species was formerly found along the coast. formerly found along This species was is a medium-sized cat endangered internationally that This species is mainly found in high mountainous forests. ynx lynx ynx lynx Panthera par Carnivora: Felidae Panthera par was previously known throughout Korea including the Gwangneung area in Gyeonggi-do. extinct. species in recent years and the species might be regionally This species is found in grasslands, woodla The species is assessed as RE. Illegal hunting for fur construction fragmentation of natural habitats by forest trails and road may be threatening this species. Endangered measures. L Carnivora: Felidae L ngbuk-do. was previously known from Gangwon-do and Gyeongsa There is no observe and the species might be regionally extinct. as RE. Illegal hunting for fur may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered erved from 1953 to 1956. observed from 1953 individuals were or this spe data available f be extinct. w essed as EX. Indiscriminate collection species is ass restoration capacity of weakened breeding and threat, but fishing, changes of the marine environment in the surviving population, and ning this species. recent years may be threate regional conservation measures. Canis lupus Carnivora: Canidae Canis lupus Pyeongsan area in Hwanghae-do and northern areas including the Gyeongsangbuk-do. the species might be regionally extinct. species since the 1960s and in mountainous regions with few trees. This species is mainly found . No major widespread threats have been The species is assessed as RE reported to this species. Zalophus japonicus japonicus Zalophus Pinnipedia: Otariidae Zalophus japonicus Dok Islands of Gyeongsangbuk-do. Ulleung and RE RE RE EX

in ecies ed as area dividuals The sp anggu Y . the at es is mainly found in s There are currently no . The species is regionally The species is carcas a This species has been observed at This species has been observed This speci of The estimated number of in The species is regionally protect gest fox that was previously known . The species is regionally protected as find The species is assessed as RE. Illegal s lar ildlife by the law (Linnaeus, 1758) gest cat that was previously known only gest cat that was W The ernationally that was is a musk deer protected int emminick, 1838) The species is assessed as RE. Illegal hunting The species is A2(a,d); B2ab(iv); D1. Destruction of natural Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, There is no observed data available for this species (T cies was once considered regionally extinct as a p slopes with coniferous This species is found on stee the world’ (Linnaeus, 1758) is the lar ildlife by the law is a deer that was previously known throughout Korea ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law is This species was found mainly in forests and might be found mainly in forests This species was W W rodenticides. This species is found in mountainous forests, grasslands, This spe 1. Loss of natural The species is assessed as CR C2a(i); D of y be threatening this species. ulpes vulpes ulpes vulpes V Carnivora: Canidae V gbuk-do and throughout Korea except Ulleung Island of Gyeongsan Jeju-do. results this species Gangwon-do in 2004, raised hopes for survivability of in Korea. between rocks and at ground dens neighboring houses. is assessed as EN forests may habitat and the lack of connection between mountainous be threatening this species. Endangered habitat (excluding the mountainous regions in Gangwon-do) caused by habitat (excluding the mountainous edicinal use development and fragmentation, and illegal hunting for m ma Endangered Cervus nippon Artiodactyla: Cervidae Cervus nippon including Jeju-do. due to since the 1940s and the species might be regionally extinct illegal hunting for medicinal use. forests of warmer regions. hunting may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. rved data available for n 1921, and there is no obse was captured i this species. regionally extinct. threatening this species. for fur may be protected as Endangered Moschus moschiferus Artiodactyla: Moschidae Moschus moschiferus Korea. previously known throughout and Gyeongsangbuk-do, and at Mt. Jiri several areas in Gangwon-do ars. in Jeollanam-do in recent ye is fewer than 50. streams, and near fields with rich forests in rocky valleys, around grasses. Panthera tigris Panthera Carnivora: Felidae Panthera tigris Only a single individual in Gyeongsangbuk-do. at Mt. Daedeok Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN CR RE 46

Mammals Mammals

ve 47 .

This aebaek in T This species Though there ildlife by the The species is The species is The species is The species is The species is W o date there is no sts. T This species is found The estimated number The estimated The species is regionally ildlife and Natural Heritage by W s found in rocky This species i Red List of the Republic of Korea , 1823) , 1913) umber of species increased from 40 1 (Miline-Edwards, 1867) ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law protected as Endangered W is a goral that is known throughout Korea (Ognev (G. Cuveir is a bat known from Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi- is a bat known from Gangwon-do, The observed number of species shows a dramatic A2ad. Environmental pollution, illegal hunting, Pallas, 181 medium-sized bear endangered internationally is a medium-sized The observed n is a spotted seal that is known throughout Korea espertilionidae VU C2a(i); D1. Disconnection of natural habitats and gha gha hedus caudatus hedus caudatus . . xcept Jeju-do, especially in mountains around Mt. Naemor Artiodactyla: Bovidae Naemor e Gangwon-do. individuals in 1982 to 800 individuals in 2002. on steep rocks and in steep mountainous fore assessed as indiscriminate hunting may be threatening this species. is under are currently no regional conservation measures, the species restoration. law Phoca lar Pinnipedia: Phocidae Phoca lar including the Garorim Bay of Cheongchungnam-do and Baengnyeong Island of Incheon. 2010. decline; 8,000 in 1940, 2,300 in 1980s, and 600~800 in species is found in open sea and on nearby coasts. assessed as EN y excessi development for tourism, and shortage of prey caused b fishing may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered do, DMZ, and Mt. Jiri in Jeollanam-do. Mt. Jiri in Jeollanam-do. do, DMZ, and s is fewer than 50. of individual sources. and forests with rich prey mountainous forests habitat and illegal hunting C2(ai); D1. Loss of natural assessed as EN this species. use may be threatening for medicinal regionally protected as Endangered the law Murina ussuriensis Chiropter: V Murina ussuriensis do, and several areas in Gyeongsangbuk-do. this species in Korea. population data available for holes in mountainsides. is found in tree barks and Reduction of natural habitat caused by assessed as EN B2ab(iii). may be threatening this species. woodland cultivation and logging The species is regionally Ursus thibetanus Ursus Carnivora: Ursidae Ursus thibetanus mountains in Gangwon- from Mt. Seorak and northern that is known VU EN EN EN

of This There ildlife W l habitats Island The species The species is The species is . The estimated t nct, and abou This species is . Geoje o date there is no T abuk-do, Mt. Jiri in This species is mainly A2cd. Illegal hunting, A2cd. Illegal bundant es was fairly a The species is assessed VU ildlife and Natural Heritage by ildlife by the law Gangwon-do, , 1792) W The speci W in s smallest weasel and is known A2c. Destruction of natural habitats A2c. Destruction of natural The species is regionally protected as . , and Boseong River (Kerr areas ild cat that was known is a small w VU This species is found around rivers and lakes. This species is found around he world’ ilable for this species in Korea. (Boddaert, 1785) angyang (Linnaeus, 1766) A2cd; B2ab(iii,iv). Destruction of natura is a marten known throughout inland of Korea Y is t ildlife by the law VU nd Linnaeus, 1758 The species is assessed as The species is a W is an otter protected internationally that is known from is an otter protected internationally . The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected ed by A2cd; B2ab(iii,iv). Destruction of natural habitats caus . VU Mustela nivalis Carnivora: Mustelidae Mustela nivalis throughout inland of Korea except Ulleung Island and Jeju-do. are estimated to be fewer than 10 populations. found in high mountains, but sometimes around houses. is assessed as and illegal hunting may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered illegal hunting for fur may be threatening this species. illegal hunting for fur may be regionally protected as Endangered the law Martes flavigula Carnivora: Mustelidae Martes flavigula including the Gwangneung area in Gyeonggi-do. population data ava uncommonly found in mountainous regions. as tree species the construction of forest trails and roads, and renewal of may be threatening this species. Endangered ionally exti d was once considered reg until 1950 an the past two years. were killed on roads over 100 individuals valleys, coasts, and mainly in mountainous forests, species is found shrubberies. may be threatening this natural habitats, and road-kills destruction of species. by the law Lutra lutra Carnivora: Mustelidae Lutra lutra Gangneung inan area in Jeoll Gyeongsangnam-do, the J r Jeollanam-do, Seomjin Rive population size is small. The species is assessed as structures, water pollution, and caused by construction of artificial Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis Prionailurus Carnivora: Felidae bengalensis Prionailurus a except Jeju-do. throughout Kore Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 48

Mammals Mammals

49

This A2c. except humans, VU by Korea The estimated s This species i fishing The species is assessed The species is The species is assessed nd mature plantations with throughout hinning may be threatening . . prey known for Red List of the Republic of Korea s fewer ted number of individuals i Though there is no data available . A2cd; D1d. Damage of natural habitats A2cd; D1d. Damage of natural f Gangneung area of Gangwon-do in The species is regionally protected as The species is assessed as squirrel d on rocky coasts. VU (Linnaeus, 1758) ruction, reduction of natural habitats caused Competition The estima flying s were caught and killed in nets along the coast (Hodgson, 1835) (Hodgson, is a seal known from the south and west coasts. (Linnaeus, 1758) The species is regionally protected as Endangered (Linnaeus, 1758) a . is a bat known from throughout Korea including is a bat known is

nd the north of is a bat known from Gangwon-do a ildlife by the law espertilionidae espertilionidae The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally B2ab(iv). W and abandoned mines. This species is found in natural caves hinus ursinus struction of duction of natural habitats by de A2cd; D1. Re A2d; s may e change, attack of killer whales, and incidental catche hinus ursinus This species is foun omys volans omys volans 1. VU VU ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by ildlife by the law Pter Rodentia: Sciuridae Pter island areas including Ulleung Island and Jeju-do and was once considered regionally extinct. years. for this species, population has been restored in recent species is found in mountainous forests a in mountainous regions. caused by Environment change and damage of natural habitats logging and dam const lls may be by various developments and pesticides, and road-ki threatening species. W Callor Pinnipedia: Otariidae Callor About 60 individual individuals of the Goseong area, Gangwon-do, in 2002 and about 12 were observed in waters of 201 as climat be threatening this species. Endangered and Jeollanam-do. and Jeollanam-do. the north of Gyeongsangbuk-do, an 1,000. ndividuals is fewer th total number of i caves and abandoned mines. found in natural as and closing of the forests, forest trail construction, mountainous abandoned mines may be threatening entrances of natural caves and this species. W Plecotus auritus Chiroptera: V Plecotus auritus Gyeongsangbuk-do. than 100. The species is assessed as ruction, and t by forest trails and road const this species. W Myotis formosus Myotis Chiroptera: V Myotis formosus Cheongchungnam-do, in Cheongchungbuk-do, Jeju-do, especially VU VU VU VU

2.2 Endangered Birds in the Republic of Korea

Birds

of lmi 53 The The .

2008. d at the . irrigation The species The species . Reduction poor . -do, and Busan. RE. This species was with as Though only a single . The species is assessed This species is observed The species is regionally fields The species is assessed as The species is assessed ildlife by the law rice This species was found in river This species was is ristan, 1879 W T Red List of the Republic of Korea and Linnaeus, 1758 am-do since 2008. dsi There is no observational data available There is no observational species is a rare bird that was previously known ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law is a small shorebird of very few individuals dsi

W The hunting, The species might be emminck, 1849 T Kuroda, 1917 Kuroda, Artificial increase have been attempted at the Artificial increase have been gmeus is a migratory bird found in winter in Primorye, is a migratory illegal is an endangered species internationally that was is an endangered species internationally swamps. The estimated population size is small and declining. and hynchus pygmeus habitats, hynchus py etland in Gyeongsangn W fields, There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently adorna cristata adorna adorna cristata adorna cristata Eurynor Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae Eurynor in spring (about 20) that migrates widely along the west and south coasts and autumn. ine; 2,000 to observed number of the species showed a dramatic decl 2,800 pairs in the 1970s, fewer than 1,000 pairs in 2000, 402 to 572 pairs in 2003, 350 to 380 pairs in 2005, and 150 to 320 pairs in saltwater This species is observed at sandy tidelands in reclaimed lands, ponds, swamps, and the mouths of rivers along the coast illegal is assessed as CR D(1). Habitat loss by wetland reclamation, hunting, and climate change may be threatening this species. is regionally protected as Endangered rice feeding species. facilities in mountainous areas may be threatening this law species is regionally protected as Natural Heritage by the Dryocopus javensis richar Piciformes: Picidae Dryocopus javensis richar from Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollabuk The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is critically limited. the species, Since 1989, there are no observational data available for wangneung, although breeding of the species was recorded in G Gyeonggi-do in 1981. in coppices with coniferous broadleaf trees. as RE. regionally extinct. Habitat loss by deforestation and illegal hunting may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered known throughout the world. known throughout dual was collecte e only a single indivi for the species sinc near Busan in 1916. Nakdong River be regionally extinct. estuaries and might RE. Nipponia nippon Ciconiiformes: Threskiornithidae Nipponia nippon DMZ area, Seoul, Daejeon, and Pa previously known from the late 19th century Island of Incheon until the 1974 and 1979, the species might be individual was observed in regionally extinct. Upo forests with small trees and bamboos, previously observed in pine T Anatidae Anseriformes: T Only 3 specimens are of Japan, and South Korea. Russia, Hokkaido CR RE RE RE

, is The The The The . dam . by species cies. The species The observed The . species the ildlife and Natural ildlife and Natural maximum of 51 species. gest overwintering area W W A of The species is assessed The species is this The species is regionally The species is assessed as prey and This species is observed around species is assessed as EN D(1). threatening ge wetlands. ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law plants be The ber that migrate to The estimated num W internationally internationally that ge goose protected round dams This species is observed a may ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by Annual observed number of individuals Annual observed number of W aquatic Gould, 1864 lakes of is a winter visitor protected internationally Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, of . . is a rare lar A1c. Road construction near lakes, developments for tour Radde, 1863 Gmelin, 1789 is a winter visitor of 1-4 individuals that migrates to is a winter visitor of 1-4 individuals freezing Decrease is a winter visitor that migrates sporadically throughout Korea. nd the dredging of lakes and tion, tideland development, a able and unstable. A1c. gus squamatus gus squamatus A1c. River refurbishment may be threatening this spe frequent eongsangnam-do, Jeju-do and Seoul. EN ythya baeri ythya baeri Mer Anseriformes: Anatidae Mer of which only about 20 individuals migrate to the Gangneung ong area in area in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Sanche Gy individuals was observed in 2006. rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and inland coasts. EN species is regionally protected as Endangered Heritage by the law Heritage by the law Cygnus olor Anseriformes: Anatidae Cygnus olor in Gangwon- species is mainly found at Songji, Gyeongpo, and Cheongcho Lakes do and Hwajinpo Lake in Gangwon-do which is the lar not been found for the species in Korea. Since the early 1990s, the species has population at Cheongcho and Songji Lakes. In the middle of the 1990s, a small heongnam- was found at the Cheonsu Bay and Daeho Reservoir in Chungc do, Goseong area in Gyeongsangnam-do, and Hyeongsan River n recent years. number of the species declined from 145 in 1980 to only about 10 i This species is observed around rivers, coastal lakes, and reservoirs. is assessed as EN and regionally protected as Endangered heongnam-do. Bay of Chungc of them overwinter at the 500 individuals and one-fifth Korea is about ent years. River and Imjin River basin in rec estuary of the Han observed in lar species is mainly as construc reservoirs may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered A Anseriformes: Anatidae A lakes and river estuaries. is vari and coastal reclaimed lakes. and breeding habitats caused by various Reduction of overwintering may be threatening this species. developments and illegal hunting as Endangered species is regionally protected Anser cygnoides Anser Anatidae Anseriformes: Anser cygnoides and Cheonsu known from the coast of Jeollanam-do was previously Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 54

Birds Birds

. 55 The gest .

This . Apart About The lar A1ac. e of breeding The species is . This species is ildlife by the law W The species is regionally A1c. Reduction of natural emminck, 1835 emminck, The species is assessed as EN The species is assessed as EN T ildlife by the law bird protected is a resident W Red List of the Republic of Korea atening this species. The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected . The species is assessed as EN ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by g, 1931 W This species is observed at tidelands along the The species is assessed as EN D(1). Damage to The species is assessed as EN Swinhoe, 1871 Nordmann, 1835 Lönber This species is observed at estuaries of rivers, coasts, This species is observed at estuaries is a gull that is known throughout Korea. is a transitory visitor in which only a few individuals ildlife by the law is a winter visitor protected internationally that migrates is a winter visitor protected W The species is assessed as EN elictus elictus lopment, bitats caused by tideland reclamation and coast deve ringa guttifer ringa guttifer T Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae T Korea. migrate to the west and south coasts without breeding in , and at river species is observed in reclaimed lands, grassy wetlands estuaries. ha and illegal hunting may be thre regionally protected as Endangered Larus saundersi Charadriiformes: Laridae Larus saundersi in some 1,200-2,000 individuals overwinter every year and breed areas of the west coast. coast and at river estuaries. from the failure to breed caused by human disturbanc habitats by sites, vehicle noise, airplanes, and reduction of natural species. development and reclamation may be threatening this species is regionally protected as Endangered south coast. Breeding was observed in Gugul Island of Jeollanam-do was observed in Gugul south coast. Breeding 87 and 2008, respectively of Gyeongsangbuk-do in 19 and Dok Island from about 200 number of the species declined The observed and 2008. 1987 to only about 10 in 2004 individuals in in 1987. of individuals was 200 observed number islands. observed on the sea and around by carnivores in their breeding A1a. Shortage of prey and predation this species. habitats may be threatening protected as Endangered Larus r Charadriiformes: Laridae Larus r Korea except Jeju-do during the non- to coastal areas throughout breeding period. and reclaimed lakes. reclamation and coastal pollution natural habitats caused by tideland may be threatening this species. Endangered Synthliboramphus wumizusume wumizusume Synthliboramphus Alcidae Charadriiformes: zusume Synthliboramphus wumi are known from the of which only a few individuals internationally EN EN EN EN

. of . The ions This Island . an pollutants etland in competition, Hampyeong The species is W Seom disturbance and ly of about 500 The species is The species is and ildlife by the law . W human interspecific forests and coniferous The species is assessed by pesticides, Jeju-do, and . Breeding was observed to of The colony of Shin Island rapidly The colony of Shin caused ildlife and Natural Heritage by Gyeongsangbuk-do, This species is observed at river W Island limitation in e exposure Y The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected . habitats area by spatial This species is observed mainly along the west This species is observed ver development, decrease of prey such as emminck, 1835 Cryptomeria japonica from T Swinhoe, 1860 Swinhoe, eongju shady ponds and This species is observed at reptiles Swinhoe, 1873 breeding Y once a common resident bird in Korea, is a Jeollanam-do, is a transititory visitor that migrates irregularly is a transititory visitor that of Apart and the Linnaeus, 1758 of sitor protected international is a summer vi is a winter visitor of which only a few individuals to

ildlife by the law iana, ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law A1ac. W W Island

EN of prey may be threatening this species. movement D(1). Reduction of breeding The species is assessed as EN locally as A1c. Reduction of natural habitats by development and A1c. Reduction of natural habitats by development The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected . amphibians etta eulophotes etta eulophotes viduals at a time. Chilsan etta eulophotes Ciconia boyciana Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae Ciconia boyc individuals rare winter visitor internationally of which only a few Bay migrate to the Jumunjin area in Gangwon-do, Cheonsu in Chungcheongnam-do, Sacheon area and Upo Jeollanam- Gyeongsangnam-do, Haenam area and Suncheon Bay in do, Jeju-do, Daegu, Ulsan and the Nakdong River estuary species is observed in grasslands or wetlands. as EN shortage regionally protected as Endangered the law may be threatening this species. may be threatening this species. Endangered Ciconia nigra Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae Ciconia nigra migrate estuary and Haenam areas in Jeollanam-do, the Nakdong River ral locat Overwintering populations have been observed at seve in Hampyeong and Nakdong Rivers. estuaries, grassy wetlands, arable lands, and reservoirs. destruction assessed as EN D(1). Reduction of natural habitats caused by of grassy wetlands and ri fishes, may be threatening this species. Endangered was recorded at Shin Island of Incheon in 1987. was recorded at Shin no longer a breeding site. early 1990s and Shin Island is declined in the Island of Gyeongsangbuk- to breed in recent years in Napdaegi species is known do, of Incheon. and Seomeopbeol and reservoirs. tidelands, salt ponds, arable land coast and feeds in assessed frequent this species to the breeding sites, and tideland reclamation may be threatening species. Gorsachius goisagi Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae Gorsachius goisagi to the south coast in spring and summer and the species was observed 1 or 2 in Jeju-do and Busan in 2009 indi mountainous streams in forests. forest development and illegal hunting and natural habitats caused by Egr Ardeidae Ciconiiformes: Egr coast. Breeding of the species widely to the southwest individuals that migrates Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 56

Birds Birds

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B1b(i). EN This species . as The species is The species is The species is This species i . ildlife and Natural The observed number W assessed is The species is assessed as 1 ildlife and Natural Heritage by ildlife and Natural Heritage by species W W Red List of the Republic of Korea The species is regionally protected as The , 1776 1 A1c. Destruction of natural habitats caused A1c. Destruction of natural Pallas, 181 lands, construction of costal roads and piers, wetlands. Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, is a winter visitor endangered internationally that is a winter visitor endangered Müler r visitor endangered internationally of about 1,400 The estimated overwintering population size is overwintering population The estimated . and resident bird that migrates is a winter visitor is a winter visitor that migrates to the DMZ area and

grassy ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law Pallas, 181 W The species is assessed as EN D(1). Reduction of natural assessed as EN D(1). Reduction The species is and is a winte The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is limited. chrysaetos . . in Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Incheon. fields, Grus vipio Gruiformes: Gruidae Grus vipio Imjin individuals that migrates to the Cheorwon area in Gangwon-do, River basin in Gyeonggi-do, Haepyeong Swamp in Gyeongsangbuk- estuary do, Junam Reservoir in Gyeongsangnam-do, and Han River terrains, This species is observed at river estuaries, tidelands, open rice caused by Apart from reduction and fragmentation of natural habitats nd loss of arable lands, wetlands, and tidelands, pavement of roads a species. waterways, and shortage of prey may be threatening this species is regionally protected as Endangered Heritage by the law Grus japonensis Gruiformes: Gruidae Grus japonensis CCL 1999 to 1,051 of the species gradually increased from 382 individuals in in 2010. estuaries and species is observed at sands and tidelands along river coasts, grassy wetlands, and arable lands. caused EN B1b(i). Reduction of overwintering and breeding habitats by reclamation of the tide hunting exposure to pesticides, collision with elevated wires, and illegal may be threatening this species. Endangered d in 2010. ndividuals were observe very small and 7 i and breeds in rocky plains, and coasts in winter observed at rivers, mountains. and illegal hunting for to poisons and pesticides, habitats, exposure this species. or trade may be threatening medicinal use regionally protected as Endangered the law Haliaeetus pelagicus Falconiformes: Accipitridae Haliaeetus pelagicus Korea during the winter migrates irregularly throughout estuaries, reservoirs and lagoons. is observed at coasts and river species is assessed as EN threatening this species. by forest development may be regionally protected as Endangered the law Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos Aquila Accipitridae Falconiformes: Aquila throughout Korea. EN EN EN EN

ge VU The was . , Cheonsu flocks ildlife and in W is regionally The species is . ildlife by the law d by loss of arable land, W . The species Overwintering The estimated population size The species is assessed as This species is observed in lar The annual observed number of This species is observed on the sea, VU C2a(i). Shortage of prey caused This species is observed mainly in This species is observed mainly . ildlife by the law W Linnaeus 1758 Gyeongsangnam-do. Linnaeus, 1758 Pallas, 1771 is a rare winter visitor that migrates to the Han in is a winter visitor that about 1,000 individuals mainly opus is a rare resident bird and only a few individuals are is a rare resident bird and opus Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, is a winter visitor and endangered species regionally and endangered species is a winter visitor The species is assessed as EN D(1). Reduction and The species is assessed this species. grazing may be threatening and Gyeonggi-do, Cheonsu Bay of Chungcheongnam-do, da da Reservoir The species is assessed as , and Han River until 1992. he species since only tional data available for t re is no observa Branta bernicla Anseriformes: Anatidae Branta bernicla migrated to the south coast in the past. has been reduced in recent years. reclaimed at costal bays, shallow coasts, in rivers, benthic zones, and lands. this species. by coastal pollution and reclamation may be threatening The species is regionally protected as Endangered Natural Heritage by the law protected as Endangered Anser erythr Anseriformes: Anatidae Anser erythr River in Junam observed at several locations around the Nakdong River Bay individuals is variable and unstable. arable lands, lakes and along the coast. D(1). Damage of overwintering habitats cause species. lake reclamation, and pollutants may be threatening this species is regionally protected as Endangered The area in Gangwon-do. was made at the Cheorwon an observation species is highly limited. occurrence (EOO) of the The extent of arable lands and plains. observed mainly in open This species is of natural habitatsby EN D(1). Reduction The species is assessed as exposure to pesticides, illegal hunting, development of arable land, and over Heritage by the law regionally protected as Natural Strix uralensis Strigiformes: strigidae Strix uralensis region in Gangwon-do and Gongju known from the mountainous area in Chungcheongnam-do. broadleaf in coppices or deciduous coniferous forests, sometimes forests. by development of the mountainous fragmentation of natural habitats this species. forest may be a main threat Otis tar Gruiformes: Otididae Otis tar and Gyeonggi-do. known from Gangwon-do that was previously Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU EN EN 58

Birds Birds

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. The species This species The extent of The population . . VU B1. Shortage pecies is regionally Chungcheongnam-do, VU D(1). Reduction of This species is observed of . d migratory . Past estimate The s The species is regionally , 1863 This species is observed at The species is regionally This species is observed on Bay The annual observed number it is declining ndividuals, but Red List of the Republic of Korea A1c. Damage of natural habitats The species is regionally protected as s species. Cheonsu VU Linnaeus, 1758 ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by the The species is assessed as Ord, 1815 Gray and Gray is a resident bird that migrates in small W W W at The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is a resident bird that is known throughout is a winter visitor that migrates to the east and that migrates to the east is a winter visitor A1ac. Damage of natural habitats and shortage A1ac. Damage of natural habitats Linnaeus, 1758 The species is assessed as VU is a winter visitor that overwinters throughout Korea. is a winter visitor that overwinters ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law observed n River estuary ncluding the Ha W was ulations mainly to the west and south coasts. flocks Haematopus ostralegus Charadriiformes: Haematopodidae Haematopus ostralegus pop occurrence (EOO) of the species is limited. n tidelands. on rocks near desert islands, around river deltas, and i The species is assessed as nterferenc caused by reclamation, coastal pollution, and human i may be threatening this species. Endangered and roads construction, dredging, and reclamation of tideland and and roads construction, dredging, wetlands may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered Charadrius placidus Charadriiformes: Charadriidae Charadrius placidus Bay of Korea from the Imjin River in Gyeonggi-do to the Suncheon Chungcheongnam-do. is limited with very small population. of individuals is variable and unstable. and beaches gravel rivershores, along rivers and mountainous ponds, along the coast. of sandy breeding habitats caused by river development and loss plains may be threatening thi protected as Endangered a were 500-1,000 i numbers to Kore are observed at several Overwintering populations in recent years. in Gyeongsangnam-do, the east coast, Junam Lake locations along and Nakdong River of Chungcheongnam-do, Cheonsu Bay is limited. (EOO) of the species extent of occurrence lakes, and swamps. is observed in reclaimed lands, is assessed as this species. of prey may be threatening protected as Endangered Cygnus cygnus Anseriformes: Anatidae Cygnus cygnus grated to Korea in 2009. Overwintering About 4,800 individuals mi in and the Nakdong River Jin Island of Jeollanam-do, 1999 to 2010. increased about 4,000 from lakes and along the coast. of natural habitats by dam, banks of prey due to fragmentation Cygnus columbianus columbianus Cygnus Anatidae Anseriformes: Cygnus columbianus south coasts i VU VU VU VU

This This This u-do. wetlands. The species nds along the The species is The species is . . ildlife and Natural s This species i grassy , and Jej W and The species is assessed as etland development and W . puddles, ildlife by the law ildlife by the law of tidelands by A1c. Reduction W W Linnaeus, 1766 Linnaeus, small VU A1c; D(1). The species sometimes overwinters Swinhoe, 1873 is a transitory visitor that is observed in is a transitory , in recent years the species has been at only fields, VU s to the is a summer visitor that migrate Linnaeus, 1758 , estuaries of the Geum, Mangyeong, and Nakdong reed The species was previously known from about 20 areas emminck and Schlegel, 1849 in T odia hythmus is a winter visitor protected internationally that migrates to . VU D(1). Construction of tidal plants, tideland hythmus is a summer visitor protected internationally that The species is regionally protected as Endangered s, and shortage of prey due to pollution may be threatening this odia observed is The species is regionally protected as Endangered assessed as The species is A1c. Reduction of natural habitats caused by loss of wetlands and tidelands A1c. Reduction of natural habitats caused by loss of wetlands and ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law Platalea minor Ciconiiformes: Threskiornithidae Platalea minor Rivers, and migrates to the estuaries of the Imjin and Nakdong Seongsanpo area in Jeju-do. 2007. in Jeju-do and about 710 individuals were observed in species is observed along coasts, tidelands, and rivers. is assessed as threatening reclamation, pollution, and human interference may be this species. W Platalea leucor Ciconiiformes: Threskiornithidae Platalea leucor southern parts of Korea. in Cheonsu Bay of Chungcheongnam-do, Junam Reservoir of Gyeongsangnam- do, Haenam reclaimed land Rivers, and Jeju-do. However observed about 10 locations in Junam Reservoir of Gyeongsangnam-do, Suncheon Bay of Jeollanam-do, the Nakdong River estuary species is observed at river estuaries and in wetlands. VU at river estuarie species. Heritage by the law ateaus. tlands, grasslands and pl habitats are we s, and tidela ver estuaries, saltwater pond observed at ri coast. topover site in reduced the use of this habitat as a s reclamation has species. this may be threatening this recent years and regionally protected as Endangered Ixobrychus eur Ciconiiformes: Ardeidae Ixobrychus eur Cheonsu Bay of Chungcheongbuk-do, Shihwa Lake in Gyeonggi-do, and Hong Island of Jeollanam-do. and Muan and Haenam areas, species The species is assessed as threatening this species. human interference may be regionally protected as Endangered Numenius madagascariensis madagascariensis Numenius Scolopacidae Charadriiformes: Numenius madagascariensis ng and autumn. Breeding h coasts of Korea in spri the west and sout Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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ildlife W VU D(1). frequently This species The species is The species is frequency . . . migrates low a that of A1ac; D(1). Reduction and of Gyeongsangbuk-do with bird few individuals of the species VU ildlife by the law The species is assessed as A migratory season in west island bird W Red List of the Republic of Korea and winter visitor that is rarely winter n coastal islands. fs, and grasslands i The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected The species is assessed as ugh food vy metals and pollutants thro ge wood pigeon of which 100-200 ge wood pigeon The species is regionally protected as This species is observed along coasts, This species is observed along The species is observed in Gangwon- s observed year round in This species i resident emminck, 1830 emminck, a transitory Linneaus, 1758 T emminck and Schlegel, 1844 a Linnaeus, 1758 T is a lar is

is a resident is ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by W W VU D(1). Destruction of natural habitats caused by loss assessed as The species is . The species is regionally protected as Endangered may , and change of coastal environment by development This species is observed in mountainous forests, arable lands, This species is observed in mountainous forests, arable aehwa, and Hyeongsan Rivers in spring and autumn. aehwa, and Hyeongsan Rivers Accipiter gularis Falconiformes: Accipitridae Accipiter gularis observation that is known throughout Korea except Gangwon-do and the north of Gyeongsangbuk-do. have been observed at open terrains along the coast. assessed as of mountainous areas may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered tural habitats may be threatening t chain, and damage and loss of na species. by the law Accipiter gentilis Falconiformes: Accipitridae Accipiter gentilis known throughout Korea. about 15 do and Chungcheongbuk-do in breeding season. Only individuals have been observed in overwintering season and 40-120 individuals have been observed in areas. and riversides neighboring hillocks. shortage D(1). Reduction of mountainous forests and arable lands, of prey be threatening this species. Endangered sland areas. and southern i on costal clif deciduous forests, the population vulnerable forests has made Damage to mountainous to decline. coastal roads, development caused by construction of natural habitats forests, and shortage of prey for tourism, cultivation of mountainous may be threatening this species. Endangered Pandion haliaetus Falconiformes: Accipitridae Pandion haliaetus the estuaries of the Nakdong, to rivers in Gyeongsangnam-do, T Nakdong River and islands along the is occasionally observed at the northern coast year round. river estuaries, and wetlands. a Apart from poisoning by he Columba janthina janthina Columba Columbidae Columbiformes: Columba janthina known from Ulleung Isl individuals are VU VU VU VU

The This ildlife W frequently The species This species is This species . . migrates The species is regionally , and illegal hunting may . that Apart from the poisoning by visitor This species is observed in plains, This species is observed in plains, . . A1ac; D(1). 1 The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected as VU D(1). ildlife by the law VU summer W Linneaus, 1766 a Horsfield, 1821 VU D(1). Reduction of arable lands and forests of arable lands and forests VU D(1). Reduction is is an internationally endangered species that observed The species breeds in Korea and is Though about 170 individuals are observed at 170 individuals are observed Though about

Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, s known visitor that i is a resident and winter Pallas, 181 VU D(1). Destruction of natural habitats caused by ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law is a winter visitor that migrates to the Cheonsu Bay of W W The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected nd This species is observed in deciduous broadleaf forests a Aquila clanga Falconiformes: Accipitridae Aquila clanga Jeju-do, and Chungcheongnam-do, Haenam area in Jeollanam-do, Socheong Island of Incheon. Only 3 individuals were observed in 2010 and a maximum of 27 individuals was observed in migratory season. and lakes. coniferous forests neighboring wetlands of plains, rivers, The species is assessed as protected as Endangered Endangered Aegypius monachus Falconiformes: Accipitridae Aegypius monachus sing and the migrates to the DMZ area. Population size is increa extent of occurrence (EOO) is expanding to southern localities. species is observed in grasslands and rocky mountains. is assessed as development, poison baits, shortage of prey be threatening this species. Endangered western island areas and Busan in migratory season, only a few areas and Busan in migratory western island overwintering season. individuals are found in vers, and island areas. n terrains, arable lands, ri observed in ope as species is assessed may be threatening this and shortage of prey by human development, species. law and Natural Heritage by the Accipiter soloensis Falconiformes: Accipitridae Accipiter soloensis throughout Korea. May throughout most of Korea in and open terrains neighboring forests. hillock forests, rice fields, The species is assessed as chain, damage of natural habitats may pesticides through the food be threatening this species. Accipiter nisus Accipiter Accipitridae Falconiformes: Accipiter nisus throughout Korea. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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Birds Birds

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eonsu areas . Although The species island The species is . to erved at the south A1ac; D(1). Reduction ildlife by the law The species is regionally VU . W The species is assessed as frequently ildlife and Natural Heritage . W ildlife by the law This species is observed at river This species is tural VU D(1). Reduction of na W Red List of the Republic of Korea ge reservoirs, and open terrains and ge reservoirs, and des in ge rivers, dams and watersi migrates The observed number of individuals is The observed number of individuals , in recent years the species has become that , 1809 ildlife by the law This species is observed in reclaimed lands This species is observed in reclaimed emminck, 1821 W VU D(1). Fragmentation and degradation Linneaus, 1758 T bird a is a winter visitor that only a few individuals is a winter visitor that only is The species is assessed as Boddaert, 1783

Savigny is a winter visitor that migrates locally to the that migrates locally is a winter visitor is a resident bird that was previously known

, and illegal hunting may be threatening this species. , and illegal hunting may be threatening hyncus hyncus This species is observed in deciduous broadleaf forests . The species is assessed as Pernis ptilor Falconiformes: Accipitridae Pernis ptilor of 2009, the west and south coasts in spring and autumn. In the spring 1,597 individuals were observed at Geoje Island of Gyeongsangnam- Island of do and 4,372 individuals were observed at Socheong Incheon in the autumn of the same year VU D(1). and coniferous forests. Reduction of natural habitats in the form of forest loss may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered is regionally protected as Endangered is regionally protected as Endangered by the law Milvus migrans Falconiformes: Accipitridae Milvus migrans throughout Korea. However a winter visitor and abundant individuals are obs other areas coast. Small numbers of individuals are also observed in forests. including the southern island areas and isolated island species is assessed as of natural habitats may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered Bay of Chungcheongnam-do, Hyeongsan and Nakdong Rivers in Hyeongsan Bay of Chungcheongnam-do, of Jeollanam-do. and Heuksan Island Gyeongsangbuk-do, to 2010, the number of were observed from 1999 1-16 individuals individuals is unstable. overwintering arable lands, lar estuaries, reclaimed plains around rivers. of mountainous forests and arable lands, of natural habitats caused by loss shortage of prey as Endangered species is regionally protected Haliaeetus albicilla Falconiformes: Accipitridae Haliaeetus albicilla migrate throughout Korea. small ranging from 1 to 8. r neighboring coasts and around la inland. of rivers, coasts, lakes, reclaimed habitats caused by development be threatening this species. lands, and dam estuaries may Aquila heliaca Aquila Accipitridae Falconiformes: Aquila heliaca in Gyeonggi-do, Ch a in Gangwon-do, Paju area Cheorwon are VU VU VU VU

ge ties, and species The The species This species . fects of DDT s, and arable lands. VU D(1). Shortage of grasslands. The species is regionally The species is . hill This species is observed in . . and levees, ands by dredging and reclamation, and The species is regionally protected as eeding and VU D(1). Reduction of br ildlife by the law area in Chungcheongnam-do. ory winter visitor that mainly migrates to the W fields, unstall, 1771 Gmelin, 1789 T The species is assessed as emminck, 1835 rice Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, is a summer bird that was previously known T ea is a resident bird that is known throughout Korea. is a resident bird that is known ea About 300 individuals were observed in the Cheonsu is a small slim falcon that only a few individuals is a small slim VU D(1). Destruction and fragmentation of natural and fragmentation VU D(1). Destruction VU D(1). Destruction of natural habitats caused by ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law is a transit The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally The species is regionally protected as Endangered W iner around egrinus This species is observed in wetlands neighboring lar egrinus ex ciner . ex c This species is observed in forests of plain areas. observed in forests of plain This species is observed ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law in the mid-1960s following prohibition ganocholorine pesticides use Gallicr Gruiformes: Rallidae Gallicr have been throughout Korea. In recent years, only small numbers aju area in observed at the Cheorwon area in Gangwon-do, P Gyeonggi-do, and Seosan is is assessed as of prey may refurbishment of rice fields and rivers, and shortage be threatening this species. Endangered this species. W Grus monacha Gruiformes: Gruidae Grus monacha south localities. Bay of Chungcheongnam-do and Suncheon Bay of Jeollanam-do recently scaled arable lands. prey due to reduction of tidel threatening reduction of natural habitats by loss of arable land may be this species. W years. is assessed as ourses, industrial facili d by construction for golf c habitats cause be threatening this species. and housing may protected as Endangered Falco per Falconiformes: Falconidae Falco per d slowly from the ef Populations have recovere or 1970s. of these chemicals in the early , river estuaries, lake island areas along the coast The species is assessed as be threatening natural habitats caused by human developments may Falco subbuteo Falco Falconidae Falconiformes: Falco subbuteo has increased in recent Korea and the population breed throughout Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 64

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65 The

ildlife W Destruction The species . A1c. VU as gionally The species is re . The species is assessed as Bay in Chungcheongnam- ildlife by the law W assessed Red List of the Republic of Korea is came rare recently , the species be vailable There is no breeding data a This species is observed at plains, . The species is regionally protected as emminck and Schlegel, 1848 ildlife by the law species This species is observed in forests, arable This species is observed in VU D(1). Reduction and damage of natural and damage of natural VU D(1). Reduction T Swinhoe, 1874 W VU D(1). Reduction of natural habitats caused The Pallas, 1773 is a transitory bird that passes through Korea Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, is a winter visitor protected internationally that Thirty six individuals were observed at Geoje Korea in May and is a bird that passes through is a resident bird that was previously known from bird that was previously known is a resident eola Alaudidae The species is recorded from forests with small trees, fields. ildlife by the law eola W reed . The species is regionally protected as Endangered and le land, and grasslands with shrubs. This species is observed in plains, open terrains, and grasslands. observed in plains, open terrains, This species is Emberiza yessoensis Passeriformes: Emberizidae Emberiza yessoensis overwinters throughout Korea. lands. open terrains, and reed fields neighboring reclaimed species is assessed as this by reclamation and river refurbishment may be threatening species. by the law Emberiza sulphurata Passeriformes: Emberizidae Emberiza sulphurata without breeding. Island in 1967. arab and VU D(1). Reduction of natural habitats, overduse of insecticides, illegal hunting for trade may be threatening this species. is regionally protected as Endangered was observed at Cheonsu and breeding do. assessed as The species is and overuse of by reclamation, road construction, habitats caused be threatening this species. pesticides may protected as Endangered Emberiza aur Passeriformes: Emberizidae Emberiza aur ons. September in small populati for this species in Korea. lands, development and climate change may of natural habitats caused by be threatening this species. Endangered Galerida cristata Galerida Passeriformes: Galerida cristata ral areas. However the north cent VU VU VU VU

The The . This . . g this VU D(1). trees. The species is The species is of A1c. Destruction land overwintering ildlife by the law W VU The species is regionally The species is observed in ildlife and Natural Heritage by W The species is assessed as Eyton, 1839 Eyton, ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law A1c. Reduction of natural habitats caused W is a summer visitor that migrates throughout that migrates throughout is a summer visitor Linnaeus, 1758 aczanowski, 1889 VU T The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is The extent of occurrence (EOO) ocaudata ocaudata is a resident bird that is known from the Samcheok emminck and Schlegel, 1850 emminck and Schlegel, assessed as The species is This species is observed in coppices and broadleaf This species is observed in is a summer visitor that breeds along the west and T ocaudata to Geoje Island of is a summer visitor that migrates U D(1). Reduction of breeding habitats caused by VU D(1). Reduction of breeding n abaek, and Mt. Odae in Gangwon-do, Gapyeong area i T The species is regionally protected as Endangered Species by The species is regionally protected as Endangered Species . . erpsiphone atr erpsiphone erpsiphone atr Dryocopus martius Piciformes: Picidae Dryocopus martius area, Mt. Seongju in Gyeonggi-do, Mt. Songni in Chungcheongbuk-do, Mt. Chungcheongnam-do, and Uljin area in Gyeongsangbuk-do. species is observed in forests with mature oaks and pine species is assessed as by deforestation may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered the law forests may be threatening this species. forests may be threatening protected as Endangered Locustella pleskei Passeriformes: Sylviidae Locustella pleskei south coasts, and eastern island areas. island shrubberies or grasslands. Reduction of island breeding habitats and wet atenin habitats, pollution, and human interference may be thre species. the law d in forested areas, coppices, and deciduous rved in forested areas, This species is obse broadleaf forests. for golf caused by road construction, development natural habitats this species change may be threatening courses, and climate protected as Endangered species is regionally Pitta nympha Passeriformes: Pittidae Pitta nympha of Jeollanam-do, and Jeju-do along Gyeongsangnam-do, Jin Island western island areas. critically limited. and on inland slopes. forests along coasts, islands, assessed as logging, and damage of mountainous expansion of arable land and T Monarchidae Passeriformes: T Korea including Jeju-do. in southern parts of Korea, especially Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 66

Birds Birds

67 The .

. ky mountains. A1c. Destruction and VU The species is regionally ure inning and removal of mat Red List of the Republic of Korea is regionally protected as The species is regionally ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by W VU D(1). Disconnection and fragmentation of and fragmentation VU D(1). Disconnection The species is assessed as coppices with oaks and The species is observed in ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Linnaeus, 1758 Linnaeus, Pallas, 1771 W s mainly known from is a rare resident bird that i is a resident bird that is known throughout Korea. bird that is known throughout is a resident species is assessed as species is assessed and road construction may caused by loss of forests natural habitats this species. be threatening Endangered Strix aluco Strigiformes: Strigidae Strix aluco Gangwon-do. coniferous trees. sed by th loss of natural habitats cau species. trees may be threatening this protected as Endangered Bubo bubo Bubo strigidae Strigiformes: Bubo bubo nd roc s observed in rocky areas a This species i VU VU

2.3 Endangered Amphibians and Reptiles in the Republic of Korea

Amphibians and Reptiles

, , be 71 The

. in rice extent may predation The , this species the threatening this from pollution Busan. ildlife by the law and Apart W water and oviposition habitats and oviposition A2c. Destruction of natural and The species is regionally protected as EN B2ab(iv). es is assessed VU This species is mainly found . Red List of the Republic of Korea . B2ab(iii,iv). 2 VU . Okada, 1931 as The speci Gyeongsangnam-do The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species development, The species regionally protected as Hunting The species regionally protected in is a frog endemic to Korea that was previously

Kuramoto, 1980 Kuramoto, found in low elevation wetlands, This species is road (Barbour), 1908 reduction of natural habitats and oviposition habitats assessed Kim, Min and Matsui, 2003 is a frog endemic to Korea that was previously is a frog endemic areas is is a frog that was previously known throughout aused by reduction of ts and oviposition habitats c Animals by the law that is known from is a salamander endemic to Korea ildlife by the law The species is assessed as EN B1ab(iii). Destruction The species is assessed as EN ease of rice fields, housing, road construction, and water ealis W ild ealis housing, W angsan species , in rice fields. Y The species is assessed as There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional Though about 2,550 individuals have been observed at 67 . The This species is found in low elevation wetlands, especially This species is found in low and fields, . 2 Rana catesbeiana, Rana plancyi chosenica Anura: Ranidae Rana plancyi chosenica known from western parts of Korea including Jeju-do. However has been observed in small populations in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk- Jeollanam-do, do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Incheon in recent years. is estimated to be less than 2,000 km fields. by caused by decr pollution may be threatening this species. as Endangered threatening this species. Prohibited Kaloula bor Anura: Microhylidae Kaloula bor Korea. locations, the population structure is genetically very poor (He=0.045). around This species is mainly found in wetlands or greenbelt zones the city of wetlands, habitats and oviposition habitats caused by decrease species. housing, and road construction may be threatening this species is regionally protected as Endangered in recent years this species has been observed at the Pyeongtaek area this species has been observed in recent years and the the Cheonan area in Chungcheongnam-do, in Gyeonggi-do, Incheon. Natural habitats Gangwha area in are rapidly declining. especially of pesticides may be Lowland development and use species. Hynobius yangi Caudata: Hynobiidae Hynobius yangi Ulju species is estimated to be less than 5,000 of occurrence (EOO) of the km in rice fields. of natural habita rice Hyla suweonensis Hyla suweonensis Anura: Hylidae Hyla suweonensis and Incheon. However Suwon area in Gyeonggi-do known from the VU VU EN EN

The The This . . species Brandon The species The species The number . This The estimated . The species is 2 ieites, ieites, V This species is found ildlife by the law W A1ac. Destruction of natural s. trees in forest Bonett, Bonett, ildlife by the law The species is assessed as EN This species is found in forests, W mature ang, . Y The species is regionally protected as ge snake that is widely known throughout (Güther), 1889 There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional tural habitats by various developments may declined for The number of individuals has Min, (Strauch), 1873 is a snake that is only known from Jeju-do. alamander endemic to Korea that is is a salamander endemic snake known from the west coast, Mt. Seorak, A1ac. Destruction of natural habitats caused by is a lar eana VU C2a(i). Destruction of natural habitats may be VU C2a(i). Destruction of eana is a ildlife by the law enckii 2005 gus Peters, 1869 W enckii gus The species is assessed as EN The species is assessed as EN ake, emias ar emias ar Er Squamata: Lacertidae Er the Han River and the Nakdong River drainage areas. erved of populations has been declining and the number of obs locations has declined over 70%. coastal regions, riverine sandbars, and river delta zones. is assessed as EN river development may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered Sibynophis chinensis Squamata: Colubridae Sibynophis chinensis estimated number of individuals is very small. in pastures or abandoned ranches. D1,2. Destruction of na be threatening this species. Endangered Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, widely known from Jeollabuk-do, and Jeollanam-do. Gyeongsangnam-do, of occurrence (EOO) is small and the extent number of individuals 2,000 km is estimated to be less than of the species r rocks or is mainly found unde is assessed as threatening this species. measures. Elaphe schr Squamata: Colubridae Elaphe schr Korea except Jeju-do. 2 individuals are observed recently the past 50 years, only 1 or arable lands, and around watersides and species is found in forests, houses. may be threatening this species. habitats and illegal collection as Endangered species is regionally protected Karsenia kor Karsenia and W Caudata: Plethodontidae Karsenia kor Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN VU 72

Amphibians and Reptiles Amphibians and Reptiles

73

Apart The extent of The estimated The estimated This species is -harvesting may -harvesting may . . 2 VU B2ab(ii). and competition with and competition

Red List of the Republic of Korea regionally protected as regionally protected The species is Rana catesbeiana Rana catesbeiana e of natural VU B1ab(i). Disappearanc iegmann), 1834 , habitat alteration and over , habitat alteration There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional The species is assessed as The species is (W (Gray), 1831 (Gray), is a turtle known throughout Korea. is a turtle known throughout is a turtle known throughout Korea. is a turtle known rionychidae estudinidae ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by eevesii eevesii W eevesii muddy soil of rivers or lakes. This species is found in the . 2 estudinata: T estudinata: T rachemys scripta elegans rachemys scripta measures. 2,000 km is estimated to be less than of the species or lakes. found at rivers predation by from the larva T this species. be threatening Endangered Pelodiscus sinensis T Pelodiscus sinensis is estimated to be less than 20,000 occurrence (EOO) of the species km The species is assessed as caused by environment pollution habitats and oviposition habitats edicinal use may be and indiscriminate collection for edible and m threatening this species. Chinemys r Chinemys T Chinemys r of occurrence (EOO) is small and the extent number of individuals VU VU

2.4 Endangered Fish in the Republic of Korea

Fish

77

with ies is Korea to There are There are The extent B2ab(ii,iii); streams This species The spec . The species is CR endemic as There are currently no fish ang, 1999 There are currently no fast-flowing Y ge rivers with slow-flowing ge rivers with ttempted with individuals assessed of , and Geum River drainages. , and Geum River , 1864 is xtent of occurrence (EOO) and neustonic Red List of the Republic of Korea hreatening this species. hat was previously ge benthic fish t sections Chae and species Jordan and Starks, 1905 small a Güunther This species inhabits the bottom of cold is a small fish endemic to Korea that , Imjin River The is lower

. is a lar ery narrow e (Kim and Lee, 1987) The species is assessed as CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv); V and ostris , in recent years the species has been observed is a small benthic fish endemic to Korea that is a small benthic fish endemic water This species inhabits lar This species inhabits ostris r streams with This species inhabits sandy and gravelly e (EOO) of this species is very narrow middle , the species has not been observed since 1970 and might be not been observed since 1970 , the species has the ment struction of natural habitats caused by channel improve ophysogobio rapidus uaries. d muddy riverbeds and est , and sandy an ophysogobio rapidus Rhynchocypris semotilus Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Rhynchocypris semotilus Nam River that is known only from the Songhyeon Stream and the drainage of Gangwon-do. fresh water streams with rocky beds and boulders. assessed as CR D2. very small population size may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. currently no regional conservation measures. currently no regional conservation Micr Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Micr kdong River was previously known from about 10 areas in the Na drainage. However only at the Sancheong area in Gyeongsangnam-do. of occurrenc inhabits gravelly streambeds. D2. De and dredging may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. However regionally extinct. water by dam construction, Destruction of estuaries caused assessed as RE. may be threatening collection, and water pollution indiscriminate n has been a this species. Reintroductio the 1970s. introduced from China since regional conservation measures. Iksookimia pumila Cypriniformes: Cobitidae Iksookimia pumila Stream of Jeollabuk-do. Natural is known only from the Baek construction of the Buan Dam habitats rapidly declined following in the 1990s. moderate-flowing ural habitats caused by construction of D2. Rapid reduction of nat t dams and reservoirs may be Leiocassis longir Leiocassis Bagridae Siluriformes: Leiocassis longi Han River known from the CR CR CR RE

, is is in . This that area 2 species species , colonized The The Korea to Korea that The species is . The species is The species is to moderate-flowing . , destruction and Sancheong . species. This species inhabits . the 2 The area of occurrence inhabits this streambeds. The area of occupancy endemic and The species is assessed as EN fish sandy ildlife by the law species W ildlife by the law threatening Kim and Kim, 1991 and opterus salmoides small This Apart from reduction of host shells W Kim, Park and Nalbant, 2000 . be a 2 The species is regionally protected as is emminck and Schlegel, 1845) and Schlegel, emminck Micr

i,iv). water may is a small benthic fish endemic (T

use is a freshwater sleeper that is known only sleeper that is known is a freshwater Gyeongsangbuk-do, The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is in gnam-do. oje Island of Gyeongsan g Stream on Ge edible eduction and fragmentation of natural habitats caused by Kim and Son, 1984 ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by low-flowing for mic to Korea that is only is a small benthic fish ende areas W with fishing r sections of slow- nhabits the middle and lowe This species i eocobitis naktongensis eocobitis naktongensis eongsangnam-do. eongcheon Acheilognathus somjinensis Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Acheilognathus somjinensis only known from the Seomjin River drainage. km (AOO) of the species is estimated to be less than 500 species inhabits stream edges with slow-flowing water water weeds, and sandy and gravelly bottoms. assessed as EN B2ab(i,ii,ii and predation by invasive ution and fragmentation of natural habitats caused by water poll channel improvement may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered Endangered Kor Cypriniformes: Cobitidae Kor However was previously known throughout the Nakdong River drainage. in recent years the species has been observed only at the Goryeong and Y Gy estimated to be less than 500 km streams with gravelly and bouldered bottoms. B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). R and environment pollution, dam construction, and channel improvement, illegal regionally protected as Endangered very small and the extent very small and number of individuals is The estimated to be less than 10 (EOO) of the species is estimated of occurrence km2. with sandy or muddy streambeds. flowing streams habitats caused by channel D2. Destruction of natural assessed as CR may be threatening this species. improvement and water pollution conservation measures. There are currently no regional Cobitis choii Cypriniformes: Cobitidae Cobitis choii drainage. known from the Geum River to be 12 km (AOO) of the species is estimated streams i,iii,iv). Destruction of natural habitats is assessed as EN B2ab(i,i and dredging may caused by water pollution, channel improvement, be threatening this species. Odontobutis obscura obscura Odontobutis Odontobutidae Perciformes: Odontobutis obscura an from the Sany Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN CR 78

Fish Fish

m 79 The

. . This 2 streambeds. There are currently gravelly ildlife by the law The area of occurrence W The species is assessed and . The species is regionally ssessed as EN The species is a sandy Red List of the Republic of Korea Mori, 1935 ats caused by urban natural habit with (Kim and Lee, 1996) (Kim Mori, 1935 is a small fish endemic to Korea that is a small fish endemic to ildlife by the law This species inhabits the middle and lower This species inhabits the middle is a small fish endemic to Korea that is eensis W fish endemic to Korea that is a small benthic streams Linnaeus, 1758 eensis , in recent years the species has been observed , in recent years the species reams nhabits moderate-flowing st This species i . This species inhabits clear streams with bouldered is a small fish that is only known from the Namhan 2 evifasciata evifasciata . 2 evifasciata fast-flowing The species is assessed as EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destruction of of There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional to be The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimated ophysogobio kor . ophysogobio kor is estimated to be (AOO) of the species The area of occurrence Pseudopungtungia nigra Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Pseudopungtungia nigra known only from the Geum River drainage and the Mangyeong River less than 500km bottoms. ing and da natural habitats caused by channel improvement, dredg species. construction, and water pollution may be threatening this species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is assessed as EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destruction of natural The species is assessed as EN and habitats caused by water pollution, channel improvement, dredging may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered Phoxinus phoxinus Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Phoxinus phoxinus River and the Osip Stream of Gangwon-do. km (AOO) of the species is estimated to be less than 500 streams with species inhabits clear and low temperature rivers and rocky and bouldered bottoms in mountains. of natural as EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destruction and fragmentation and water habitats caused by water pollution, channel improvement, temperature rise may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. do. less than 500 km velly streambeds. with sandy and gra ). Destruction of B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv may be threatening this ronment pollution development and envi species. Micr Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Micr the Seomjin River and Nakdong River was previously known from drainages. However around the Seomjin River only in the Imsil area in Jeollabuk-do area in Gyeongsangnam-do around the drainage and the Sancheong Nakdong River drainage. sections Kichulchoia br Kichulchoia Cyprinidae Cypriniformes: Kichulchoia br umo Island of Jeollanam- from Geogeum Island and Ge is only known EN EN EN EN

only is quality There are , in recent Eungcheon that This species , shells, amjin River and d ecies is assesse River Korea T host to ge rivers with sandy The area of occupancy of There are currently no The sp eongsan Y , endemic This species inhabits stream The species is assessed as EN . reduction 2 fish River The extent of occurrence (EOO) of The extent of occurrence . 2 , colonized water weeds or stream- The species is regionally protected as , 1871 emminck and Schlegel, 1842 from . Arai, Jeon and Ueda, 2001 and Ueda, Arai, Jeon T ion may be tats caused by water pollut

small of occupancy (AOO) of the species is a is a carnivorous fish that was previously is There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional

Apart Bleeker Mangyeong Son, Kim and Choo, 1987 is of the species The area of occupancy (AOO) is only known from the Imjin River and Han is only known from the Imjin is a small benthic fish endemic to Korea that was the

The area very small. The estimated number of individuals is , in recent years this species has not been observed in ildlife by the law W fles with slow-flowing water and gravelly and bouldered ca kawamebari on The species is assessed as EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destructi ca kawamebari The species is assessed as EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destruction The species is assessed as EN including B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). The species inhabits the upper and middle sections of slow- the upper and middle The species inhabits ogobio dabryi ogobio dabryi eoper eoper EN ment, used by water pollution, dam construction, channel improve Liobagrus obesus Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae Liobagrus obesus previously known from the Geum River drainage and nearby rivers, and streams Stream. However the Eungcheon Stream in Chungcheongnam-do. (AOO) of the species is estimated to be less than 500 km2. inhabits rif riverbeds. improvement of natural habitats caused by water pollution and channel may be threatening this species. Endangered Cor Perciformes: Centropomidae Cor known from coastal streams throughout Korea. However years the species has been observed only in the nearby streams. estimated to be less than 500 km edges with slow-flowing water side plants, and gravelly bottoms. habitats B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destruction and fragmentation of natural ca and dredging may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. into the west coast. into the west less than 500 km estimated to be population size is very very narrow and the estimated the species is small. s. s with bouldered bottom flowing stream as i deterioration of natural hab threatening this species. measures. Saur Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Saur River drainages. section of lar This species inhabits the lower bottoms. water pollution, estuary bank and dam of natural habitats caused by be threatening this species. construction, and dredging may measures. currently no regional conservation Rhodeus pseudosericeus pseudosericeus Rhodeus Cyprinidae Cypriniformes: Rhodeus pseudosericeus Muhan Stream running Han River drainage and known from the Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 80

Fish Fish

al is is the 81

less River nd that a known , and the eongsan eongcheon species Y Y area Seomjin Korea The species the the The to the in ated to be less than previously angyang and Y only This species inhabits There are currently no The species is regionally was . the bottoms. 2 endemic drainages, of that fish observed en observed only at the Baebong River Gangwon-do, . fish the upper and middle sections of Stream been in Red List of the Republic of Korea bouldered . s clear and gravelly This species inhabit big benthic . Mori, 1936 Mori, has 2 area (AOO) of the species The area of occupancy Geum and The area of occupancy (AOO) of the , 1868 Namdae , Han River and Geum River drainages. fish endemic to Korea that a small benthic (Martens, 1868) Mori, 1935 the species has been observed only in small and the species a is The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected rocky ildlife by the law relatively is

Güther the W a is a parasitic cyclostomous fish that was previously is a parasitic cyclostomous fish area, Gangneung evicorpus evicorpus River with . is

the years evibarba evicorpus This species inhabits VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destruction of natural habitats of . 2 The species is regionally protected as Endangered evibarba rivers Goseong VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Reduction of natural habitats caused on japonicum recent Andong Dam, the Imha Dam, and the Hapcheon Dam. evicauda Nakdong , in recent years the as evicauda in This species spawns its eggs at sandy and gravelly bottoms of rivers. This species spawns its eggs at sandy on japonicum he species is estim The area of occupancy (AOO) of t Stream , in recent years the species has be , . of 2 Destruction of natur ssessed as EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). The species is a the , the s. hannel used by water pollution, estuary bank construction, and c ildlife by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law ildlife and Natural Heritage by the eongok Gobiobotia br Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Gobiobotia br known from the Imjin River ed to be The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimat than 2,000 km fast-flowing assessed threatening by channel improvement and dam construction may be this species. W caused by environment pollution and channel improvement, and illegal collection caused by environment pollution for medicinal use may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered Culter br Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Culter br from River However the Nakdong River drainage. species is estimated to be less than 500 km rivers with slow-flowing water and sandy bottoms. is assessed as ca improvement may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. However the Geumho River in Gyeongsnagbuk-do around and Goryeong areas around the Nam River areas in Gyeongsnagnam-do Hamyang and Sancheong River drainage. and in the Nakdong km is estimated to be less than 500 river ion, channel improvement and dredging may habitats caused by water pollut be threatening this species. W Lethenter Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae Lethenter coastal streams and rivers throughout Korea. known widely from east and south However Stream Y drainage. 500 km ,ii,iii,iv). Destruction of natural habitats The species is assessed as EN B2ab(i Pseudobagrus br Pseudobagrus Bagridae Siluriformes: br Pseudobagrus Nakdong River drainages. known from the Geum River and was previously VU VU EN EN

. 2 that Korea to Korea The area of The species to he species is The species is , and Nakdong . endemic VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). River drainages and endemic fish an River and Geum , Han River and fish The species is assessed as , Geum River benthic ildlife by the law VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Disturbance VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). This species inhabits rivers with This species inhabits rivers W benthic . the upper and This species inhabits 2 . 2 Mori, 1935 Mori, g, 1907) small Mori, 1935 , Han River a small a is This species inhabits very slow-flowing (Ber

. is 2

The species is regionally protected as Natural , in recent years the species has been regionally The species is assessed as . is a gobionine fish endemic to Korea that was (Guichenot, 1869)

ocephala ocephala . . is a small fish that is known from east coastal . he species is The area of occupancy (AOO) of t cupancy (AOO) of t The area of oc ocephala . However The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Disturbance of natural habitats caused The species is assessed as The species is The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated atening lution, channel improvement, and dredging may be thre ildlife by the law ildlife by the law Pungitius sinensis Gasterosteiformes: Gasterosteidae Pungitius sinensis streams. to be less than 500 km streams or lentic water ed by water Destruction and reduction of natural habitats caus pol this species. W this species. W Hemibarbus mylodon Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Hemibarbus mylodon previously known from the Han River and Geum the Imjin River upper and extinct in the Geum River drainage and observed only at the middle sections of the Imjin River and Han River drainage. 500 km occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimated to be less than This species inhabits deep freshwater with gravelly bottoms. is assessed as may be by water pollution, dam construction, and channel improvement threatening this species. Heritage by the law s. River drainage 500 km estimated to be less than gravelly and bouldered of fast-flowing rivers with middle sections bottoms. by dam construction and of natural habitats caused and reduction threatening this species. channel improvement may be regionally protected as Endangered Gobiobotia naktongensis Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae Gobiobotia naktongensis is known from the Imjin River River drainages. km estimated to be less than 500 toms. fast-flowing water and sandy bot of natural habitats caused by water VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Disturbance ment, and dredging may be threatening pollution, channel improve Gobiobotia macr Gobiobotia Cyprinidae Cypriniformes: Gobiobotia macr from the Imjin River that is only known Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 82

Fish Fish

the 83 The

from riverbeds. throughout The species . The species is known known is bouldered This species inhabits is VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). . 2 that and that fish This species inhabits small (Li, 1966) fish . 2 ildlife by the law of The area of occupancy (AOO) W gravelly Red List of the Republic of Korea is a freshwater fish that is known is a freshwater benthic and is regionally protected as The species is regionally The estimated number of individuals . VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destruction of natural VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Destruction small Mori, 1930 land-locked (Dybowski, 1869) a water a is is

The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected The species is assessed as The species is . The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is . eissneri VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv). Disturbance and fragmentation eissneri fast-flowing on r This species inhabits the upper section of streams with the upper section This species inhabits on r provement may ats caused by channel im on of natural habit . 2 with ildlife by the law W Lethenter Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae Lethenter Korea except Jeju Island. is fewer than 5. estimated to be less than 2,000 km streams or reservoirs with sandy and muddy bottoms. is assessed as and channel of natural habitats caused by environment pollution improvement may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered area of occurrence (AOO) of the species is estimated to be less than (AOO) of the species is area of occurrence 500 km cold fresh water Destructi this species. be threatening Natural Heritage by the law Cottus hangiongensis Scorpaeniformes: Cottidae Cottus hangiongensis rivers. lower section of east coastal less than 500 km the species is estimated to be riffles The species is assessed as channel improvement may be a main habitats by water pollution and threat this species. Brachimystax lenok tsinlingensis tsinlingensis lenok Brachimystax Salmonidae Salmoniformes: lenok tsinlingensis Brachimystax Gyeongsangbuk-do. in Gangwon-do and from several streams VU VU VU

2.5 Endangered Insects in the Republic of Korea

Lepidoptera Coleoptera Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera Odonata

Insects

, in 87 The

ildlife W The adults The species is . This species is ly known from his species was ,1899 , 1900 arvae are found in The species is assessed Though t The species is assessed as Semenov ildlife by the law ian-Shansky W Red List of the Republic of Korea is a chafer previous . . Lichtenstein, 1797 The species is regionally protected as (Pallas, 1781) (Pallas, , in recent years this species has been A1(a,c); B1, B2(a). Disturbance of natural is a tiger beetle previously known from is a tiger beetle previously The species is assessed as RE. Reduction of assessed as RE. Reduction The species is Semenov-T is a dung beetle previously known throughout previously known throughout is a dung beetle is a longhorn beetle previously known from available for this species since the , there is no data elictus ildlife by the law This species is found in lowland broadleaf forests. elictus W This species found in hillocks. This species found in hillocks. The species is regionally protected as Endangered There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently A2ac; B1ab(i,iii). Loss of natural habitats caused by river A2ac; B1ab(i,iii). Loss of natural habitats caused by A2ac; B1b(iii). Climate change and loss of natural habitats may A2ac; B1b(iii). Climate change Polyphylla laticollis manchurica Coleoptera: Melolonthidae Polyphylla laticollis manchurica Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk- do, and Jeju-do. However recorded only at the Nonsan area in Chungcheongnam-do. are found in broadleaf forests near rivers, and l riverine sands and on sandy soil in forests. as CR development projects may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered be threatening this species. Endangered Callipogon r Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Callipogon r However Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Mt. Bukhan in Seoul. recent years this species has been recorded only at the Gwangneung populations arboretum in Gyeonggi-do and the observed number of is very small. species is assessed as CR this habitats, illegal collection, and climate change may be threatening species. and Natural Heritage by the law 1970s and the species might be regionally extinct. species might be regionally 1970s and the mucks. found in animal may be threatening this and environment pollution livestock grazing species. Cicindela coerulea nitida Coleoptera: Carabidae Cicindela coerulea nitida Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam- several areas in Gangwon-do, Jeollabuk-do. do, Gyengsangbuk-do, and in Daegu in 1991, the species has not collected at Mt. Palgongsan rs and is now considered nearly extinct been recorded in recent yea in Korea. CR Gymnopleurus mopsus mopsus Gymnopleurus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae mopsus Gymnopleurus Korea. However CR CR CR RE

, A2ac; limate caused There are angneung habitats The species is natural s is found in conserved of . The species is assessed as The species is The species is regionally The species is assessed as CR aldheim, 1923) aldheim, quality of -W The species is assessed as CR The species is assessed as CR , there is no data available for this , there is no data This specie ildlife by the law W (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fischer eongwol area in Gangwon-do in the early 1990s. eongwol area in Gangwon-do Degradation Marseul, 1879 is a dung beetle previously known throughout is a dung beetle previously Y is a dung beetle previously known throughout is a dung beetle is a darkling beetle previously known from (Hewitson, 1867) , there is no data available for this species since it , there is no data available is a butterfly known only from the Gw A1(a,d); B1ab(i); C2a(i). Illegal collection and c enebrionidae There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently B1b(i,iii). This species is found in pastures. This species is There are currently no regional conservation measures. A2ac; Burara striata Lepidoptera: Hesperidae Burara striata data arboretum in Gyeonggi-do. During the past 5 years observational its ecological available for this species has been extremely scarce and features are not yet identified. forests dominated by deciduous broadleaf trees. assessed as CR change may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered Blaps japonensis Coleoptera: T Blaps japonensis ver Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do. Howe in Jeju-do. in recent years this species has been recorded only This species is found on sandy soil. this B1ab(i,iii)+2ab(ii,iii). Loss of natural habitats may be threatening species. species since it was recorded in the Jangheung area of Jeollanam-do was recorded in the Jangheung species since it in 2004. CR ution may be threatening and environment poll by livestock grazing this species. Sisyphus schaefferi Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Sisyphus schaefferi Korea. However was recorded at the The species is found in pastures. habitats caused by livestock grazing B1ab(i,iii). Reductions of natural be threatening this species. and use of compound feeds may measures. currently no regional conservation Scarabaeus typhon Scarabaeus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Scarabaeus typhon Jeju-do. However Korea except Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

CR CR CR CR 88

Insects Insects

in in 89

from known area

is aebaek throughout T known that This species is Mt. A1(a,d); C2a(i). Danyang known ants from of and previously A1(a,d); B1ab(i); C2a(i). This species is found in only butterfly was The species is assessed as CR The species is assessed as CR butterfly The extent of occurrence (EOO) that Red List of the Republic of Korea known , in recent years this species has . Gangwon-do Gangwon-do temperate ge and loss of grassland habitats may be The species is regionally protected as in symbiotic butterfly This species is found in dry shrubberies This species cold butterfly (Fixsen, 1887) a (Eversmann, 1851) Sibatani, Saigusa et Hirowatari, 1994 Hirowatari, Saigusa et Sibatani, There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional (Assmann, 1847) a a a is area is

is is

species is assessed as CR The species is assessed , in recent years this species has been observed at entzovi entzovi ycaenidae ycaenidae ycaenidae There is no recent observational data available for ildlife by the law entzovi sslands near valleys of tall This species is found in gra W oengwol R The species is assessed as C Y There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional the he Hwasun area in Jeollanam-do. Melitaea britomartis Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Melitaea britomartis Korea. However t of the species is estimated to be fewer than 3 areas. found in low mountainous grasslands. A1(a,d); C2a(i). Climate chan threatening this species. measures. Shijimaeoides divina Lepidoptera: L Shijimaeoides divina and Gyeonggi-do, Cheongchungbuk-do, Cheongchungnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do. However and the been observed only at the Samcheok area in Gangwon-do observed number of populations is 2-3. grassland hillocks near arable lands. habitats may A1(a,d); C2a(i). Illegal collection and loss of grassland be threatening this species. Endangered erved number of erved number In recent years the obs Chungcheongbuk-do. about 2. populations is of low mountains. natural habitats caused collection, destruction of Indiscriminate habitats may be change, and loss of grassland by environment threatening this species. measures Plebejus subsolanus Lepidoptera: L Plebejus subsolanus Gangwon-do. this species. mountains. the destruction of natural habitats Indiscriminate collection and trail expansion may be threatening this for parking lots and hiking species. Maculinea kur Maculinea L Lepidoptera: Maculinea kur from CR CR CR CR

in , in The This A2ac; area l habitats EN The species as . cides may be eongwol Y assessed the is Schaum,1863 from Jeollanam-do. However ildlife by the law A2ac; B1ab(i,iii). Reduction of W species is a tiger beetle previously known This species is found in mucks of The known The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected This species is found in ponds and . A1(a,d); C2a(i). Illegal collection and A1(a,d); C2a(i). es has been , in recent years this speci (Pallas, 1781) tura A2ac;B1ab(i,iii). Loss of na fields. There are currently no regional conservation Sharp, 1873 This species is found in sandy coasts. This species is found in sandy ved s this species has been obser , in recent year aean area in Chungcheongnam-do and Sinan aean area in Chungcheongnam-do butterfly is a dung beetle previously known throughout rice T is a diving beetle previously known from a (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, , this species has been recorded only in several is near ildlife by the law W canals There are currently no regional conservation measures. The species is assessed as EN oscelis anchoralis punctatissima oscelis anchoralis punctatissima oscelis anchoralis punctatissima Onthophagus gibbulus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Onthophagus gibbulus Korea. However areas of Gangwon-do since 2000. cattle. this livestock grazing and loss of natural habitats may be threatening species. Endangered Cybister lewisianus Coleoptera: Dytiscidae Cybister lewisianus Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeonggi- recent years this species has been recorded only from do and Chungcheongnam-do. irrigation B1ab(i,ii). Loss of natural habitats and use of pesti threatening this species. measures. only at the Samcheok area in Gangwon-do and the species is area in Gangwon-do only at the Samcheok of individuals. due to its very small number genetically instable neighboring arable lands. in mountainous shrubberies species is found assessed as CR The species is this species. habitats may be threatening loss of grassland is regionally protected as Endangered Abr Coleoptera: Carabidae Abr Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam- from Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, do, and Incheon. However recorded only at the area in Jeollanam-do. species is assessed as EN may be threatening this species. Aporia crataegi Aporia Pieridae Lepidoptera: Aporia crataegi ver Gangwon-do. Howe Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN CR 90

Insects Insects

91

This ecies There are The sp , there is no The species is ntly here are curre A2ac. Destruction There are currently T (AOO) of the species The species has been s found in This species i , 1888 . 1853) The estimated number of The species is assessed as EN ge and loss of grassland habitats here are currently no regional T Red List of the Republic of Korea Graeser This species is found in grasslands is a butterfly known from Gangwon- Harold, 1886 Harold, Harold, 1877 , there is no data available for this species , there is no data available for is a burying beetle previously known is a burying beetle previously is a dung beetle previously known throughout previously known throughout is a dung beetle (Bremer et Grey This species is found in open lands neighboring This species is found in open is a butterfly known from several areas in The species is assessed as EN The species is assessed as EN A2ac. Reduction of livestock grazing and loss of of livestock grazing and A2ac. Reduction A1(a,d). Climate chan ocephalus dieckmanni ocephalus dieckmanni ophorus japonicus ophorus japonicus le and sheep. d rivers and in mucks of catt ndy soil aroun Leptalina unicolor Lepidoptera: Hesperidae Leptalina unicolor Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. populations is very small, the area of occupancy species is is limited, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the estimated to be fewer than 5 areas. near rivers, railroads, and wetlands. and A1(a,d); B1ab(i); C2a(i). Climate change, river refurbishment loss of grassland habitats may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. Carter Lepidoptera: Hesperidae Carter do, Gyeonggi-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do. . frequently observed within its known distribution in recent years species is found in grasslands neighboring mountains. assessed as EN may be threatening this species. conservation measures. for this species since 1990. data available sa is assessed as EN cies. s may be threatening this spe natural habitat measures. no regional conservation Nicr Coleoptera: Silphidae Nicr throughout Korea. However since the late 1990s. hillocks or streams. this species. of natural habitats may be threatening no regional conservation measures. Onthophagus solivagus solivagus Onthophagus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Onthophagus solivagus However Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju-do. Korea except EN EN EN EN

area area This Apart The extent of Seonheul Seonheul A1(a,d). the the no There are currently There are currently no from from The species is assessed as The species is only only A1(a,d); B1ab(i). Destruction of known , 1875) known This species is found in broadleaf forests This species is found in indeciduous forests. This species is found in indeciduous . There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional 2 butterfly . Kim. 2006 butterfly 2 (Murray (Hewitson, 1862) (Hewitson, a The species is assessed as EN a The species is assessed as EN B1ab(i). Climate is the only butterfly endemic to Korea known is of occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimated is

(Linnaeus, 1758) ycaenidae ycaenidae ycaenidae ycaenidae eanus is a butterfly known only from Mt. Halla in Jeju- this species. may be threatening eanus gus all. r of individuals is very sm he estimated numbe gus T The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is estimated The area of occupancy (AOO) 0 (EOO) of the species is estimated to be fewer than 1 bitats due to various ). Destruction of natural ha A1(a,d); B1ab(i The number of individuals has been declining in recent years. The number of individuals has been declining in recent hopala japonica hopala bazalus hopala hopala bazalus hopala japonica Plebejus ar Lepidoptera: L Plebejus ar do. over 1,300 This species is found in humid areas with volcanic rocks m above sea level. change may be threatening this species and there are currently no regional conservation measures. Favonius kor Lepidoptera: L Favonius kor from several areas in Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do. occurrence areas and the area to be less than 500 km dominated by oaks. from forest succession, loss of natural habitats and indiscriminate collection may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. species is found in indeciduous forests. species is found EN developments measures. regional conservation Ar Lepidoptera: L Ar in Jeju-do. to be less than 500 km The species is assessed as EN courses and pasture constructions may be indeciduous forests for golf threatening this species. measures. Ar L Lepidoptera: Ar in Jeju-do. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 92

Insects Insects

. 2 93 and

Odae There A1(a,d). A1(a,d). Mt. eongwol Y This species is from The species is The number of forestation and the There are currently only This species is found This species is found from The species is assessed known only he extent of occurrence (EOO) The extent of occurrence Red List of the Republic of Korea Apart from decrease of ants caused Apart from decrease of ants known butterfly The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the The species is assessed as EN The species is The species is assessed as EN that , 1803) temperate (Linnaeus, 1758) butterfly (Janson, 1877) (Fixsen, 1887) (Fixsen, is a cold temperate butterfly known only from forestation may be threatening this species. a cold The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is (Hüner a A1(a,d); B1ab(i). is a symbiotic butterfly of ants that is only known is a symbiotic butterfly of ycaenidae ycaenidae is e is

e A1(a,d). Loss of grassland habitats due to af ozua jonasi ozua jonasi gynnis aglaja forestation and climate change may be threatening this species. forestation and climate change may be threatening this gynnis aglaja Boloria thor Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Boloria thor in Gangwon-do. not observed limited only single area. In recent years, this species is and considered as almost regionally extinct in Korea. found in grasslands near deciduous forests. as EN climate change may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. Ar Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Ar several areas in Gangwon-do. species is estimated to be fewer than 5 areas. in mountainous grasslands. Af There are currently no regional conservation measures. areas and the area of estimated to be fewer than 5 of the species is to be less than 500 km of the species is estimated occupancy (AOO) forests dominated found in valleys with deciduous This species is shrubberies. by elms and dry and loss of natural succession, climate change Apart from forest habitats due to af measures. are currently no regional conservation Shir Lepidoptera: L Shir and Gyeonggi-do. from several areas in Gangwon-do in recent years. individuals has been declining sts dominated by oaks. in deciduous broadleaf fore assessed as EN change may be threatening this species. by forest succession, climate conservation measures. There are currently no regional Satyrium latior Satyrium L Lepidoptera: Satyrium latior in Gangwon-do. Jeongseon areas EN EN EN EN

The inous The species and climate , in recent year The extent of ealis A1(a,d); C2a(i). Loss There are currently no Sasa bor . gionally The species is re A1(a,d). Loss of grassland Chunngcheogbuk-do. stimated to be fewer than 10 cies. and , 1783) , 1783) C2a(i). Reduction of C2a(i). Reduction A1(a,d); B1ab(i); , 1878 forestation and climate change may be forestation and climate change ounta The species is found near m ildlife by the law dividuals has been declining number of in hroughout Korea. However Méériè, 1859 Aeweol area in Jeju-do. W (Esper There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional There are currently no regional conservation forestation and climate change may be is a cold temperate butterfly known from Méériè, 1859 The Butler Gangwon-do butterfly known butterfly knownonly from is a cold temperate A1(a,d). Loss of grassland habitats and climate is a cold temperate butterfly known from the y that is commonly is a cold temperate butterfl in nd the This species is found in tall mountainous grasslands. found in tall mountainous This species is This species is found in grasslands near mountainous otomedia The species is assessed as EN N The species is assessed as E otomedia area as. chia autonoe chia autonoe chia autonoe This species is found in mountainous grasslands. nge may be threatening this species. eongwol Melitaea scotosia Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Melitaea scotosia Y extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be fewer than 10 are shrubberies. habitats caused by af threatening this species. measures. threatening this species. measures. Melitaea pr Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Melitaea pr Gangwon-do a occurrence (EOO) of the species is e areas. is assessed as EN cha regional conservation measures. in recent years. in recent years. as EN The species is assessed y caused by the expansion of gramineous pre hreatening this spe change may be t protected as Endangered Melitaea ambigua Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Melitaea ambigua known from the inlands t limitedly at several areas in Gangwon- this species has been observed (EOO) of the species is estimated do and the extent of occurrence to be fewer than 5 areas. grasslands. of grasslands caused by af Hippar Nymphalidae Lepidoptera: Hippar ju-do. Mt. Halla in Je Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 94

Insects Insects

95

Korea. Korea. The species A1(a,d); C2a(i). A1(a,d); C2a(i). throughout throughout This species found or widespread threats from from A2ca; B2ab(ii,iii). Loss The species is assessed known known There are currently no regional Red List of the Republic of Korea This species is found in coniferous This species is , reclamation, and pollution may , reclamation, and pollution , there is no data available for this . . The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected as . dragonfly dragonfly A. Schmidt, 1922 This species is found in pastures. rare rare Okumura, 1949 Selys, 1883 The species is assessed as EN The species is is a dung beetle previously known throughout a a A1ac; B1ab(i,iii). No maj is is

e (EOO) of the species is currence (EOO) of the The extent of oc (Leech, 1890) (Leech, VU ildlife by the law ildlife by the law is a butterfly known from Mt. Seorak and Mt. Odae known from Mt. Seorak and is a butterfly W W The species is assessed as EN There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently tural habitats caused by urban A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii). Loss of na omia daimoji omia daimoji Aphodius languidulus Coleoptera: Aphodiidae Aphodius languidulus Korea except Jeju-do. However species since the 1990s. is assessed as have been reported to this species. conservation measures. Macr Odonata: Macromiidae Macr very small. The estimated number of individuals and populations are sections Larvae found in sandy sediments of the middle and lower of streams. may of natural habitats by various development such as dredging be threatening this species. Endangered estimated to be fewer than 2 areas. estimated to be forests. and broadleaf may be threatening this collection and climate change Indiscriminate species. Libellula angelina Odonata: Libellulidae Libellula angelina is small. The estimated number of individuals at ponds and wetlands near urban areas. as EN city development, expansion of be threatening this species Endangered Seokia pratti Seokia Nymphalidae Lepidoptera: Seokia pratti in Gangwon-do. VU EN EN EN

There ildlife W A2d; B1ab(i, This species is VU may be threatening This species is found There are currently no The species is assessed This species is found in The species is assessed 1817 threatening this species. (Ishikawa Kim,1983) A2acd; B1ab(i,ii,iii). Loss of natural A2acd; B1ab(i,ii,iii). , in recent years this species has been Adams, is a ground beetle endemic to Korea is a ground beetle endemic , in recent years this species has been is a tiger beetle previously known VU Han & Park, 2012 Han & Horn, 1908 The species is assessed as ously known from tle previously known is a jewel bee is a tiger beetle previously known from eana fasciata . eana , in recent years this species has been recorded only this species has been recorded , in recent years evipilosa The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally evipilosa oa cor oa cor . The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected on br on br A2ac; B1ab(i,iii). Loss of natural habitats caused by island A2ac; B1ab(i,iii). Destruction of natural habitats caused by A2ac; B1ab(i,iii). Destruction of natural habitats caused This species is found in riverine sands. VU VU Cicindela obliquefasciata Coleoptera: Carabidae Cicindela oblique throughout Korea. However recorded only in Gyeonggi-do and Incheon. at dry soil near salt fields and estuaries. as development may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. Callytr Coleoptera: Carabidae Callytr ongsangbuk- Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gye do, and Jeollabuk-do. However Jeollabuk- recorded only in Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do and do. as environmental deterioration may be are currently no regional conservation measures. Jeju-do. However of Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do. at several areas and indeciduous oaks. hackberries, cherry blossoms found on Chinese assessed as The species is use collection for ornamental habitats and illegal this species. wildlife by the law Acoptolabrus changeonleei Coleoptera: Carabidae Acoptolabrus changeonleei Jeollanam-do. known only from Mt. Jiri in natural montane forests. use may be threatening this ii). Illegal collection for ornamental species. by the law Chrysochr Coleoptera: Buprestidae Chrysochr Jeollanam-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gangwon-do, Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 96

Insects Insects

the 97 VU The

in northing , in recent years observed VU D1+2. Northing competition, frequently , 1799) This species is found on trees The species is assessed as was There are currently no regional Red List of the Republic of Korea interspecific the species (Creutzer VU D1+2. No major widespread threats (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, (Hayashi, 1948) from this This species is found in tall mountains. is found in coniferous forests is found in coniferous This species is a longhorn beetle previously known only VU D1+2. Climate change may be threatening a longhorn beetle known only from Gangwon- is a longhorn beetle The species is assessed as The species is is a longhorn beetle previously known throughout Apart , in recent years this species has been recorded Though (Linnaeus, 1758) is a longhorn beetle known throughout Korea except is a longhorn beetle known There are currently no regional conservation measures. areas. There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently conservation measures. There are currently no regional B1ab(i,iii). Megaleptura thoracica Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Megaleptura thoracica from Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. However Hwacheon this species has been recorded only at the Hongcheon and areas in Gangwon-do. species is assessed as this species. Leptepania japonica Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Leptepania japonica Korea. However only at several areas in Gyeonggi-do. Betulaceae. belonging to Fragaceae, Salicaceae, Moraceae, and The species is assessed as have been reported to this species. conservation measures. with various trees. with various trees. may be threatening this caused by climate change of populations species. Lamia textor Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Lamia textor southern of individuals is small in recent years. past, the estimated number trees. This species is found on willow A2ac; change may be threatening this of populations caused by climate species. Acanthocinus aedilis aedilis Acanthocinus Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Acanthocinus aedilis do and Gyeonggi-do. VU VU VU VU

in area Though , 1914) ). There are 1 angyang Y , 191 VU B1ab(i); D1+2. d to this species, the The species is found ansky ian-Sh the A2ac; B1ab(i at , 1842 VU D1+2. Indiscriminate A2ba;Bab(i,iii). No major VU VU recorded rs this species has , in recent yea ian-Shansky Bates, 1873 nov-T (Seme was etle previously known is a longhorn be Burmeister , the species has been recorded only at is a longhorn beetle previously known is a flower chafer previously known is assessed as There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation no regional conservation There are currently This species is found on Manchurian striped This species is found on Manchurian species alis ntinent in Korea in recent years. Semenov-T ssessed as The species is a Though this species was frequently observed in the This is a longhorn beetle known only from several areas is a longhorn beetle known This species is found in broadleaf forests dominated ra rusticola The species The species is assessed as The species is assessed as This species is found on Japanese elms, Japanese red pines, found on Japanese elms, Japanese This species is Gangwon-do. ontinentalis limna liturata c Anthracophora rusticola Coleoptera: Cetoniidae Anthracopho throughout Korea. However several inland areas on the oaks. no major widespread threats have been reporte may be disturbance of natural habitats and the soil acidification threatening this species. measures. Stenygrinum quadrinotatum Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Stenygrinum quadrinotatum throughout Korea. declining past, the number of populations and individuals are rapidly in recent years. by oaks. widespread threats have been reported to this species. currently no regional conservation measures. -do, Jeollanam-do, and t several areas in Gyeonggi been recorded a Jeju-do. nes. and Korean pi collection may be natural habitats and indiscriminate Destruction of species. threatening this measures. Rosalia coelestis Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Rosalia coelestis in Gangwon-do in 2013. maple trees. use and climate change may be collection of host plants for medicinal threatening this species. measures. a liturata co Palimn Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Pa ngwon-do. However only from Ga Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 98

Insects Insects

99 VU The The

This This north ildlife W the plants. The species There is no from been reported to aquatic There are currently The narrow extent only , in recent years this rich , 1953 known with The species is assessed as , in recent years this species chafer Red List of the Republic of Korea Zaitzev Sharp, 1884 is a diving beetle known from the is a diving beetle known reservoirs flower VU B1ab(i,iii); D2. (Kolbe, 1886) is a diving beetle previously known from widespread threats have Though no major and rare Lewis, 1887 Lewis, is an earth-boring dung beetle previously a VU B1ab(i,iii); D2. Loss of natural habitats and n maple trees. This species is found i is eanus

ponds eanus in ginalis czerskii VU D1+2. ginalis czerskii There are currently no regional conservation measures. found . The species is regionally protected as Endangered regionally protected as Endangered The species is There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional is assessed as Bolbelasmus cor Coleoptera: Geotrupidae Bolbelasmus cor known throughout Korea. However on-do, has been recorded only in several areas of Gangw Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeollanam-do. estimated number of populations is rapidly declining. habitat data available for this species. A2ac; B1ab(i,iii). No major widespread threats have this species. Hydaticus thermonectoides Coleoptera: Dytiscidae Hydaticus thermonectoides the Namyangju area in Gyeonggi-do. However ju-do. species has been recorded only in several areas of Je species species is assessed as use of pesticides may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. is may be threatening this to this species, illegal collection been reported species. by the law Dytiscus mar Coleoptera: Dytiscidae Dytiscus mar Gangwon-do, and Gyeonggi-do. Hwacheon and Inje areas in of tall mountains and hillock ponds. species is found in wetlands The species is assessed as be threatening this of occurrence (EOO) and water pollution may species. Osmoderma opicum Osmoderma Coleoptera: Cetoniidae Osmoderma opicum part of Gangwon-do. VU VU VU VU

VU There There are The species is The species is . ,1873) This species is found There are currently no There are currently (Parry di VU B1ab(i)+2ab(ii); D2. No is a stag beetle known only The narrow extent of occurrence The species is assessed as di The extent of occurrence (EOO) Kon, Johki & Lee, 1993

, 1776) The species is regionally protected as . VU D1+2. This species is found on thin trees of forests. Nomura, (Modeer . The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species The extent of occurrence (EOO) (Horn, 1873) is a whirligig beetle previously known throughout previously known throughout is a whirligig beetle is a stag beetle endemic to Korea known from the known only from Mt. is a water scavenger beetle he narrow extent of occurrence and illegal collection has been recorded only the species has been recorded , in recent years eanus nd water ii). Loss of natural habitats a A2ac; B1ab(i,i osus T ildlife by the law This species is found in montane valley This species is eanus osus W VU The species is assessed as scriminate collection may be threatening this species. osopocoilus astacoides blanchar osopocoilus astacoides blanchar Pr Coleoptera: Lucanidae Pr from Jeju-do and Mt. Naejang in Jeollabuk-do. in mountainous broadleaf forests. B1ab(i); D1+2. may be threatening this species. Endangered Leptaulax kor Coleoptera: Lucanidae Leptaulax kor Gwangneung area in Gyeonggi-do. of the species is narrow The species is assessed as and indi are currently no regional conservation measures. in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do, Jeju-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, in Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Incheon. assessed as be threatening this species. pollution may measures. regional conservation Ametor scabr Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae Ametor scabr Odae in Gangwon-do. number of individuals is very small. is very narrow and the estimated and montane valleys with leaf litter This species is found in small sandy soil. been reported to this species. major widespread threats have measures. currently no regional conservation Dineutus orientalis orientalis Dineutus Coleoptera: Gyrinidae Dineutus orientalis Korea. However Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 100

Insects Insects

the VU VU Jeju- 101 of

A2ac; Though There are from VU This species (EOO) only forestation and There are currently This species found at No A1ac; B1ab(i,iii). known This species is found in This species is occurrence VU , 1860 of Korea The species is assessed as The species is assessed as The extent of occurrence (EOO) to extent Red List of the Republic of Korea The species is assessed as The , 1878) Harold, 1885 Harold, endemic Motschulsky yet. There are currently no regional conservation m-do. ngbuk-do, and Chungcheongna is a dung beetle previously known throughout previously known throughout is a dung beetle is a burying beetle previously known from is a burying beetle previously (Butler mayfly Bae and Park, 1997 a is a butterfly known from several areas in Gangwon- , this species has abruptly declined since 1990 and has abruptly declined since , this species is identified a as The species is assessed

not Though no major widespread threats have been reported Though no major widespread are ophorus dauricus ophorus dauricus The estimated number of individuals is small and its ecological ocloeon halla ocloeon halla the species is estimated to be fewer than 10 areas. Hesperia florinda Lepidoptera: Hesperidae Hesperia florind do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Jeju-do. of is found in tall mountainous forests. A1(a,d). Loss of grassland habitats caused by af climate change may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional Pr Ephemeroptera: Baetidae Pr do. features species is estimated to be fewer than 10 areas. the upper reaches of streams. may be B2ab(ii,iii). Destruction of natural habitats and climate change threatening this species. measures. recorded since the early 2000s. has not been recorded since animal mucks. d to this species. ad threats have been reporte major widespre conservation measures. currently no regional Nicr Coleoptera: Silphidae Nicr Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsa of this species from an unspecified there was an informal report the species has not been recorded. location in 2008, in recent years This species is found in mountains. B1ab(i,iii). habitats may be threatening this species. to this species, loss of natural Onthophagus rugulosus rugulosus Onthophagus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Onthophagus rugulosus Korea. However VU VU VU VU

The There except Gangwon- throughout in Korea areas inlands forestation may be the throughout A1(a,d). Climate change A1(a, d). Climate change several , 1853) , 1853) from VU VU from known forestation may be threatening this known A1(a, d). Climate change and loss of ats caused by af known This species is found in mountainous (Pallas, 1771) (Pallas, butterfly VU of grassland habitats caused A1(a,d). Loss a This species is found in tall mountainous This species is found in tall There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional is butterfly

VU (Bremer et Grey (Bremer et Grey a butterfly This species is found in mountainous forests. found in mountainous forests. This species is (Leech, 1893) a is is a butterfly known from several mountains in

This species is found in low mountainous grasslands. is

The species is assessed as The species is assessed as f the species is estimated to tent of occurrence (EOO) o d habitats caused by af There are currently no regional conservation measures. opterus morpheus opterus lanam-do. opterus morpheus forestation and climate change may be threatening this species. climate change may be threatening forestation and gus maculatus The ex gus maculatus Pyr Lepidoptera; Hesperidae Pyr Korea including Jeju-do. grasslands. and loss of grassland habitats may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. Ochlodes venatus Lepidoptera: Hesperidae Ochlodes venatus and Mt. Jiri Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jeju-do, in Jeol The species is assessed as grasslan species. has been declining. has been declining. as species is assessed by af measures. no regional conservation There are currently Ochlodes similis Lepidoptera: Hesperidae Ochlodes similis do. be fewer than 10 areas. grasslands. t and loss of grassland habi threatening this species. measures. Heter Hesperidae Lepidoptera: Heter the number of individuals and Jeju-do. In recent years, western areas Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 102

Insects Insects

VU The from 103 There

change Gangwon- The species known in Gangwon-do. is A1(a,d); B1ab(i). areas that from VU ants only ate A1(a,d). Clim of several VU and the extent of occurrence 2 , 1875) known from The species is assessed as The species is assessed as , 1779) The area of occupancy (AOO) of Red List of the Republic of Korea butterfly The observed number of populations . This species is found in mountainous This species is The species is regionally protected as known (Murray butterfly gsträser (Oberthü, 1914) forestation may be threatening this species. a There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional is a butterfly known from several areas in is symbiotic (Ber a The species is assessed as butterfly (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, is A1(a,d); B1ab(i). Indiscriminate collection and loss a

ycaenidae ycaenidae ycaenidae is ildlife by the law VU W ssessed as The species is a ands neighboring valleys This species is found in grassl ius superans d by loss of grasslands may be currence (EOO) of ants cause gus malvae gus malvae gus malvae otantigius superans otantig Pr Lepidoptera: L Pr about 1,000 This species is found in deciduous broadleaf forests at m above sea level. plants may Indiscriminate collection, climate change, and loss of host be threatening this species. Endangered measures. Neozephyrus japonicus Lepidoptera: L Neozephyrus japonicus Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do. the species is estimated to be 500 km areas. (EOO) of the species is estimated to be fewer than 10 species is found in mountainous valleys and alder forests. is assessed as of host plants caused by af There are currently no regional conservation measures. grasslands. this species. habitats may be threatening and loss of grassland regional conservation measures. are currently no Maculinea teleius Lepidoptera: L Maculinea teleius several areas in Gangwon-do. is about 5. and deciduous broadleaf forests. collection and reduction of the extent A1(a,d); C2a(i). Indiscriminate of oc threatening this species. Pyr Hesperidae Lepidoptera: Pyr do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. VU VU VU VU

in areas Jiri reas in A1(a,d). A1(a,d). Mt. forestation several VU of VU part from This species is found This species is north known the from (a,d,e). Quality deterioration of butterfly A1 The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected The species is regionally protected as The species is . . A1(a,d). Indiscriminate collection and known VU cies is assessed as The species is assessed VU The species is assessed as The species is assessed as and the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the and the extent (Matsumura, 1906) 2 temperate (Knoch, 1782) (Knoch, several a is a butterfly known from This species is found in Japanese red pine forests This species is found in Japanese is a butterfly known from several areas in known from several areas is a butterfly butterfly cold a (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) a The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is (AOO) of the The area of occupancy ycaenidae ycaenidae ycaenidae is ildlife by the law ildlife by the law This species is found near deciduous broadleaf forests. is

This species is found in forests near valleys and ridges. W W . The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is estimated to be The extent of occurrence (EOO) Aglais urticae Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Aglais urticae species is in Gangwon-do and the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the very narrow The species is assessed as this species. habitats caused by climate change may be threatening There are currently no regional conservation measures. Endangered Thecla betulae Lepidoptera: L Thecla betulae Jeollanam-do. The species is assessed as this species. exposure to pesticide on host plants may be threatening There are currently no regional conservation measures. estimated to be 500 km estimated to be to be fewer than 10 areas. species is estimated elm forests. near Japanese caused by af and loss of natural habitats Climate change this species. may be threatening Endangered Spindasis takanonis Lepidoptera: L Spindasis takanonis and Jeollanam- Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, do. fewer than 10 areas. neighboring urban area. oss of urban forests by urbanization Indiscriminate collection and l may be threatening this species. Satyrium w-album w-album Satyrium L Lepidoptera: Satyrium w-album Gangwon-do. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 104

Insects Insects

in 105 north

caused Halla A1(a,d,e). leys with Mt. VU habitats This species is forestation may A1(a,d). Climate A1(a,d). Climate of from forestation may be There are currently VU VU This species is found only , 1775) , 1862 known deterioration A1(a,d). Climate change and loss A1(a,d). Climate change and , in recent years this species has , in recent years this species has The extent of occurrence (EOO) The extent of Red List of the Republic of Korea fermüler VU . The extent of occurrence (EOO) of quality The species is regionally protected as (Linnaeus, 1758) butterfly The species is assessed as The species is s found in val This species i a . and There are currently no regional conservation is

C. et R. Felder The species is assessed as The species is assessed as (Linnaeus, 1758) is a cold temperate butterfly that was previously is a cold temperate butterfly that was previously collection (Denis et Schif (Denis ildlife by the law served at several areas in Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi- the butterfly known from is a cold temperate There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional W is estimated to be fewer than 10 areas. The observed number of individuals has declined for last 5 The observed number of individuals This species is found in dry grasslands over 1,300 m above sea This species is found in dry The species is assessed as gynnis niobe gynnis nerippe gynnis niobe gynnis nerippe Ar Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Ar known throughout Korea. However -do, and been observed at several areas in Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi Gyeongsangbuk-do and Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. in open grasslands. change and loss of grassland habitats caused by af threatening this species. measures. Ar Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Ar known throughout Korea. However been only ob do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do. the species found in grasslands. change and loss of grassland habitats caused by af be threatening this species. Endangered s is narrow of the specie forests. deciduous broadleaf Indiscriminate species. may be threatening this by climate change measures. no regional conservation Aphantopus hyperantus Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Aphantopus hyperantus Jeju-do. years. level. of bamboos may be threatening of host plants caused by expansion this species. Apatura ilia Apatura Nymphalidae Lepidoptera: Apatura ilia in Gangwon-do. part of Mt. Odae VU VU VU VU

er The The A1(a,d). VU The numb This species The extent of forestation, and d ecies is assesse There are currently There are currently There are currently no There are currently no The sp This species is found in . This species is found in This species , 1780) The species is assessed as (Stoll, 1782) A1(a,d). Loss of natural habitats caused by A1(a,d). Loss of natural habitats A1(a,d). Loss of natural habitats caused by , 1882) gsträser is a butterfly known from Gyeonggi-do. VU VU (EOO) of the species occurrence (EOO) of the The extent of This species is found in riverine grasslands. This species is found in riverine (Ber (Eversmann, 1844) 1844) (Eversmann, (Butler is a cold temperate butterfly that is known from several perate butterfly known from is a cold tem y known from several is a cold temperate butterfl ha amaryllis , in recent years the species has been observed only at A1(a,d). Climate change and loss of grassland habitats caused change and loss of grassland A1(a,d). Climate Chungcheongbuk-do, and of Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, . threatening this species forestation may be enthis daphne VU enthis daphne forestation may be threatening this species. tation may be threatening this species. forestation may be threatening this Coenonympha amaryllis Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Coenonymp However several areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do and Jeollanam-do. of populations is estimated to be fewer than 10 areas. coasts. is found in grasslands at the foot of mountains and species is assessed as af regional conservation measures. Br Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Br several areas of Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. occurrence (EOO) of the species is narrow grasslands near small streams. Loss of host plants and grassland habitats caused by af climate change may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. Jiri in Jeollanam-do. be fewer than 10 areas. is estimated to s. r deciduous broadleaf forest grasslands nea as by af no regional conservation measures. Boloria perryi Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Boloria perryi areas Gyeongsangbuk-do. species is assessed as af regional conservation measures. Boloria oscarus Boloria Nymphalidae Lepidoptera: Boloria oscarus of Mt. and the north part Gyeongsangbuk-do, areas in Gangwon-do, Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 106

Insects Insects

VU This areas 107

forestation This species several A1(a,d). Loss of from There are currently This species is found VU The species is assessed There are currently no known The species is assessed as sts. The species is assessed as The species is ntly no regional There are curre butterfly Red List of the Republic of Korea ning this forestation may be threate (Fabricius, 1787) , 1864 everal areas is a butterfly known from s (Linnaeus, 1761) (Linnaeus, temperate o a butterfly known throughout Korea. is a butterfly known (Eversmann, 1844) o The species is assessed as cold is a cold temperate butterfly known from several Bremer a The number of populations is estimated to be fewer The number of populations is

s species. hreatening thi This species is found in grasslands at the foot of mountains This species is found in grasslands There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional A1(a, d). Climate change and loss of grassland habitats caused A1(a, d). Climate change and loss of grassland habitats caused forestation may be threatening this species. A1(a,d). Climate change and loss of grassland habitats caused by A1(a,d). Climate change and loss of grassland habitats caused ebia wanga ebia cyclopius VU ebia cyclopius ebia wanga forestation may be threatening this species. Er Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Er of Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Gyeongsangbuk-do. is found near deciduous broadleaf forests. VU af regional conservation measures. Er Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Er areas of Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. in grasslands with deciduous broadleaf fore as by af no regional conservation measures. A1(a,d); B1ab(i). Loss of natural habitats caused by af Loss of natural habitats A1(a,d); B1ab(i). may be t conservation measures. Coenonympha oedippus Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Coenonympha oedippus Gyeongsangbuk-do, and of Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Jeollabuk-do. than 10. and arable lands. f natural habitats caused by a species. Coenonympha her Coenonympha Nymphalidae Lepidoptera: her Coenonympha in sunny grasslands. species is found VU VU VU VU

The areas several A1(a,d). Danyang several from VU and ly no regional from A1(a,d,e). Quality forestation may be Mt. Odae and Mt. known VU only Gangwon-do in butterfly known There are current area , in recent years this species has , in recent years y be threatening this forestation ma s assessed as A1(a,d). Climate change and loss of A1(a,d). Climate The extent of occurrence (EOO) of The extent of butterfly temperate The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the VU The species is assessed as A1(a,d). Indiscriminate collection, climate eongwol ancré 1881 There are currently no regional conservation This species is found in tall mountains. Y cold T This species is found in shrubby grasslands. This species is . forestation may be threatening this species. VU (Oberthü, 1881) (Oberthü, a f . the is a butterfly known only from several areas (Linnaeus, 1758) is temperate The species i This species is found near deciduous broadleaf The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is The extent of occurrence (EOO)

ountains. is a butterfly known only from only cold This species is found near deciduous broadleaf forests This species is found near deciduous a (Linnaeus, 1758) . is

There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional used by af nd habitats ca observed Limenitis populi Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Limenitis populi Gyebang in Gangwon-do. species is very narrow species is assessed as change, and loss of grassland habitats caused by af threatening this species. measures. Limenitis homeyeri Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Limenitis homeyeri of Gangwon-do. forests of tall m of grassland Indiscriminate collection, climate change, and loss habitats caused by a There are currently no regional conservation measures. been area in Chungcheongbuk-do. narrow the species is assessed as The species is grassla species. Inachis io Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Inachis io of Gangwon-do. very narrow of tall mountains. collection, and climate change deterioration of habitats, indiscriminate cies. may be threatening this spe conservation measures. Euphydryas davidi Euphydryas Nymphalidae Lepidoptera: idi Euphydryas dav However areas of Gyeonggi-do. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 108

Insects Insects

and The 109 areas

several coast from This species several The species is south and ate A1(a,d). Clim forestation may be forestation may be forestation may the known forestation may be VU from butterfly rate butterfly known only from Gangwon-do , 1936 known in Red List of the Republic of Korea A1(a,d,e). Climate change may be s assessed as temperate VU areas The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the The extent of occurrence A1(a,d). Indiscriminate collection, climate A1(a,d). Indiscriminate collection, butterfly (Méériè, 1858) (Méériè, cies is found in valleys of tall mountains. This species is found in shrubberies. This species is found in shrubberies. a There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation no regional conservation There are currently Kurentzov (Méériè, 1859) cold . The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species (Linnaeus, 1758) VU is a mated to be fewer than 10 areas. is a cold temperate butterfly known from the is a cold temperate butterfly is a cold tempe s i A1(a,d). Indiscriminate collection, climate change, This spe The species i

Jeongseon . VU and gia halimede gia halimede owland Chinese s found in grasslands and l This species i gia halimede eongwol Nymphalis antiopa Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Nymphalis antiopa areas of Gangwon-do. is very narrow The species is assessed as threatening this species. measures. measures. Neptis tshetvericovi Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Neptis tshetvericovi (EOO) several areas of Gangwon-do and the extent of occurrence of the species is esti is found in mongolian oak forests of tall mountains. assessed as and loss of grassland habitats caused by af threatening this species. measures. silver grasses. by af of grassland habitats caused change and loss species. threatening this measures. Mimathyma nycteis Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Mimathyma nycteis Y of Chungcheongbuk-do. species is very narrow species is assessed as habitats caused by af change, and loss of grassland threatening this species. Melanar Nymphalidae Lepidoptera: Melanar Jeju-do. VU VU VU VU

in There ng this several area A1(a,d,e). from VU A1(a,d). Climate angyang forestation may be There are currently in recent years this Y known VU , the iscriminate A1(a,d,e). Ind This species is found in nce (EOO) of ent of occurre VU butterfly from

This species is found in valleys This species is found in valleys , 1781) forestation may be threateni The ext A1(a,d). Climate change and loss of , 1780) , 1780) known (Esper found in valleys of tall found in valleys This species is The species is assessed as temperate ssessed as VU . is a cold temperate butterfly that was is a cold temperate butterfly There are currently no regional conservation (Esper cold This species is found in highland grasslands. (Oberthü, 1876) a The species is assessed as rate butterfly known only from is a cold tempe butterfly is

a The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is The extent of occurrence (Eversmann, 1847) is

The species is a da da s l-album There are currently no regional conservation measures. Oeneis ur Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Oeneis ur Gangwon-do and Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. highland grasslands. change and loss of grassland habitats caused by af threatening this species. measures. no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation measures. Oeneis mongolica Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Oeneis mongolica and areas in Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do. The species is assessed as grassland habitats caused by af species. species is very narrow the species is very mountains. this species. climate change may be threatening collection and regional conservation measures. are currently no Nymphalis xanthomelas Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae Nymphalis xanthomelas Korea. However previously known throughout t several areas in Gangwon-do and species has been observed a Gyeonggi-do. areas. estimated to be fewer than 10 and on tall mountain ridges. ening this species. Climate change may be threat Nymphalis l-album l-album Nymphalis Nymphalidae Lepidoptera: Nymphali Gangwon-do. several areas of Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 110

Insects Insects

of the The 111

ildlife part W from A1(a,d). There are There are throughout north VU The species is en observed at known the known from This species is found in The species is assessed as previously only previously rasslands. und in rocky g was , in recent years this species has onal There are currently no regi was be threatening this forestation may known Red List of the Republic of Korea that This species is found in grasslands , 1864 , 1864 , 1885 that , 1852 The species is assessed as A1(a,d). Indiscriminate collection and loss collection and loss A1(a,d). Indiscriminate Butler butterfly butterfly Bremer (Méériè, 1859) a a VU Gray butterfly s fo This species i is a butterfly known from the Samcheok area known from the Samcheok is a butterfly is a is

is ensis s has be , in recent years this specie emeri A1(a,d); D2. Climate change and loss of host plants ensis emeri forestation may be threatening this species. VU . The species is regionally protected as Endangered regionally protected as Endangered The species is plants and exposure to pesticides A1(a,d); B1ab(i). Loss of host This species is found near mountainous grasslands. ies. ay be threatening this spec Leptidea amur Lepidoptera: Pieridae Leptidea amur Mt. Jiri in Gyeongsangnam-do. near rivers and streams. and Destruction of natural habitats caused by river refurbishment s. facility construction may be threatening this specie currently no regional conservation measures. conservation measures. Gonepteryx maxima Lepidoptera: Pieridae Gonepteryx maxima inlands throughout Korea. However been observed at several areas in Gangwon-do and Chungcheongbuk- do. assessed as caused by af currently no regional conservation measures. m-do. Gyeongsangna as species is assessed caused by af of grassland habitats species. by the law Sericinus montela Lepidoptera: Papilionidae Sericinus montela Korea. However Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, several areas in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do. and rivers. grasslands neighboring hillocks VU m Parnassius br Parnassius Papilionidae Lepidoptera: Parnassius br Gyeongsangbuk-do and and several areas in in Gangwon-do, VU VU VU VU

is as The with with areas . There Korea. species The extent assessed reaches is wetlands The The species is angpyeong Y This species found throughout and stream areas. species and There are currently no ponds lower known The hilly The estimated number of at open and This species found at the middle at ponds. found Gwangneung dragonfly and ge (Needham, 1930) found (Doi & Okumura,1937) all and its ecological features are not Limited habitat range and A2ac; B2ab(ii). species (Selys, 1876) lar from Mt. is a rare damselfly known only (Selys, 1883) (Selys, There are currently no regional conservation a is a dragonfly regionally known from the mountainous is a rare damselfly that is regionally known VU The estimated number of individuals and The is

eanus in wetlands, species Gangwon-do, eanus yet. A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii). Destruction of natural habitats A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii). Destruction of natural habitats in This plants plants, VU VU area yet. cion sieboldii cion plagiosum cion plagiosum There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional cion sieboldii identified aquatic aquatic and Mt. Baegun in Jeollanam-do. not h eongwol Asiagomphus cor Odonata: Gomphidae Asiagomphus cor Y in Gyeonggi-do and Uiseong area of Gyeongsangbuk-do. estimated of occurrence (EOO) of the species is limited and the number of individuals is very small. and upper reaches of streams with fine sediment. assessed as caused by urbanization, industrialization, and stream development projects may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. Paracer Odonata: Coenagrionidae Paracer throughout Korea. populations are very sm identified ric assessed as may be caused by wetland reclamation and environment pollution threatening this species. measures. ing water of streams with moderate-flow at the upper reaches as species is assessed this species. natural habitats may be threatening destruction of regional conservation measures. are currently no Paracer Odonata: Coenagrionidae Paracer Jiri are very small and its ecological features individuals and populations are rich natural habitats may be threatening this VU B2ab(ii,iii). Reduction of species. Boyeria maclachlani Boyeria Odonata: Aeshnidae Boyeria maclachlani small. number of individuals is very The estimated Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 112

Insects Insects

Jiri Mt. 113 There

Mt. assessed from is from only only the cies found at species known the The species is assessed VU D2. Loss of natural r of individuals is small. . known and The species is regionally This spe Korea to Korea fields , 1842 ntly no regional There are curre (Doi, 1943) (Doi, to The extent of occurrence (EOO) of Red List of the Republic of Korea rice is a dragonfly endemic to Korea is a dragonfly The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the truction of natural habitats A2ac. Destruction of natural

endemic ildlife by the law tlands in This species found at shallow we This species found in headwater streams of Rambur . endemic W There are currently no regional conservation VU ea. orld that is is the smallest dragonfly in the w abandoned The species is assessed as stonefly Jin and Bae, 2005 a stonefly and Jin and Bae, 2005 a is oss of natural habitats and climate change may be

is areas A3cd; B2ba(ii,iii). Destruction of natural habitats caused by A3cd; B2ba(ii,iii). Destruction VU D2. L VU Scopura jiri Plecoptera: Scopuridae Scopura jiri and Mt. Baegun in Jeollanam-do. the species is very narrow tall mountains at 780-1,300 m above sea level. as threatening this species. measures. Scopura gaya Plecoptera: Scopuridae Scopura gaya Gaya in Gyeongsangnam-do. species is narrow and the estimated numbe over 1,000 This species found in headwater streams of tall mountains m above sea level. habitats and climate change may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. d populations are small. individuals an th fine sediment and the r reaches of streams wi middle and uppe ed as species is assess tening this species. may be threa conservation measures. Nannophya pygmaea Odonata: Libellulidae Nannophya pygmaea known throughout Kor mountain as and landization of abandoned rice urbanization, industrialization this species. fields may be threatening protected as Endangered Asiagomphus melanopsoides Asiagomphus Odonata: Gomphidae melanopsoides Asiagomphus the estimated number of throughout Korea and regionally known VU VU VU VU

only A2ac; VU known Korea to This species found in lakes This species endemic The species is assessed as The species is caddisfly rare Curtis, 1835 Curtis, a is richoptera: Phryganeidae number of individuals is very small. number of individuals streams. and slow-flowing threatening this species. of natural habitats may be B2ab(ii,iii). Loss measures. no regional conservation There are currently Agrypnia pagetana pagetana Agrypnia T Agrypnia pagetana and the estimated and Mt. Baegun in Jeollanam-do from Mt. Jiri Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU 114

Insects 2.6 Endangered Mollusks in the Republic of Korea

Mollusks

of by dam This 117 .

Illegal by extent caused , and road The species . The The species is This species is caused , and the living B2ab(iii). . habitats There are currently no mic to Korea known this species. habitats A1(a,c); This species is found in natural ed only in s been observ A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Loss of in CR ildlife by the law The species is assessed as CR as natural W The extent of occurrence (EOO) The extent of occurrence . Gyeongsangbuk-do. of Red List of the Republic of Korea change in The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected . loss assessed fish, . Martens, 1905) . Martens, is from predation by natural enemies, death (Martens, 1865) and (v (Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944) host Ulleung The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area is a land snail ende is a freshwater mussel endemic to Korea is a freshwater The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of is a land snail known only from Island Geoje in Apart species flows, eana Kwon and Lee, 1991 This species is found in bushy forests neighboring This species is found in bushy eana A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Death due to people trampling, Island . ildlife by the law The is a land snail endemic to Korea known only from Mt. . W water from reduction ars this species ha , in recent ye in The species is assessed as CR water otula cor otula cor in Gangwon-do. Mirus junensis Gastropoda: Enidae Mirus junensis Duta of occupancy (AOO) of the species are very narrow found in forests with humid bushes and stone piles. assessed as CR loss of natural habitats caused by development for tour construction may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. Endangered Satsuma myomphala Gastropoda: Camaenidae Satsuma myomphala Gyeongsangnam-do. of occupancy (AOO) of the species are very narrow individual has been observed only once. humid and bushy sub-tropical forests. A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). of natural due to people trampling, indiscriminate collection, and loss habitats caused by development may be threatening this species. There are currently no regional conservation measures. However of the Geum River several drainages are very narrow occupancy (AOO) of the species and the area of in clear streams with fast at middle and upper sections species is found flowing collection, decrease threatening and reservoir construction may be is regionally protected as Endangered Karaftohelix adamsi Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Karaftohelix adamsi frequently of occupancy (AOO) of the species occurrence (EOO) and the area are very narrow houses. of arable lands and pesticide exposure natural habitats by expansion may be threatening this species. Lampr Unionoida : Unionidae Lampr Han, and Geum Rivers. from the Daedong, previously known CR CR CR CR

dam iduals by A1(a,c); decrease The extent The extent . EN fish, The species is as caused host ound in deep and A1(a,c); B1ab(iii). of here are currently no ly no There are current T assessed quality . The species is regionally A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Illegal The extent of occurrence is Heude, 1883 , in recent years this species Asian clam previously known ang and Choi, 2007 ang and , 1846) reduction Y The extent of occurrence (EOO) The extent of occurrence habitat . fer mic to Korea that is er mussel ende species is an of from This species is f The This species is found in brackish water (Pfeif Kondo, Kondo, ildlife by the law Apart W There are currently no regional conservation is a land snail endemic to Korea that is known eana is a freshwat degradation (Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834) (Griffith and Pidgeon, influence. eana The natural habitats and the number of indiv mic to Korea that is is a freshwater mussel ende . B1ab(iii). The species is assessed as EN The species is assessed as and ocean The species is assessed as EN EN flow as This species is found near hillocks and houses, and on This species is found near hillocks and houses, and otula leai . otula leai under eanohadra kor eanohadra kor water eneroida: Corbiculidae xposure may be threatening this species. Kor Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Kor only from Hong Island of Jeollanam-do. are very (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species narrow stone walls. loss of collection, death due to people trampling in the rainy season, nd pesticide natural habitats caused by arable land development, a e protected as Endangered regional conservation measures. Corbicula (Corbicula) fenouilliana V Corbicula (Corbicula) fenouilliana from the Han and Geum Rivers. However has been observed only at lower section of the Han River the species of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) of are very narrow are declining in recent years. zones may be B1ab(i). Blocking of the seawater caused by dam construction threatening this species. measures. is narrow and the number of individuals is declining in recent years. the number of individuals is is narrow and bottoms. found in streams with rock This species is assessed in ies. ay be threatening this spec construction m regional conservation measures. Lampr Unionoida: Unionidae Lampr Geum and Seomjin Rivers. known from the Namhan, and the number of individuals of occurrence (EOO) is narrow rs. is declining in recent yea clear streams. by dredging, water pollution, and dam Environmental change caused ng this species. construction may be threateni Inversiunio verrusosus verrusosus Inversiunio Unionoida: Unionidae Inversiunio verrusosus the Seomjin River known only from Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 118

Mollusks Mollusks

The The The 119 There There

The species is forestation and forestation and This species is . Kuroda and Hukuda, Kwon and Lee, 1991 he species is assessed as EN T (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) and Hirase, (Pilsbry The species is assessed as EN The species is assessed as is a land snail endemic to Korea is a land snail endemic to Korea is a land snail endemic to Korea species is found under dead This species is found f litter s species is found under lea Red List of the Republic of Korea . endemic to Korea that is a land snail (Kuroda, 1936) Thi . is a land snail endemic to Korea that A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Loss of natural habitats This species is found near dead woods and There are currently no regional conservation . The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Loss of natural habitats caused by Loss of natural habitats A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). forestation and development of arable lands may be There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional forestation and development of arable lands may be threatening this development of arable lands forestation and Paganizaptyx miyanagai ullundoensis Gastropoda: Clausiliidae Paganizaptyx miyanagai ullundoensis that is known only from Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. of the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) species are very narrow under small stones in humid forests. A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Loss of natural habitats caused by af development of arable lands may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. development of arable lands may be threatening this species. development of arable lands are currently no regional conservation measures. Paganizaptyx miyanagai Gastropoda: Clausiliidae Paganizaptyx miyanagai Island of is known from Mt. Soyo in Gyeonggi-do and Ulleung Gyeongsangbuk-do. of occupancy (AOO) of the species are very narrow forests. found near dead woods and under small stones in humid species is assessed as EN caused by af threatening this species. measures. rea of occupancy (AOO) (EOO) and the a The extent of occurrence are very narrow of the species lands. shrubs neighboring arable woods and between assessed as EN af species. Euphaedusa fusaniana uturyotoensis 1944 Gastropoda: Clausiliidae Euphaedusa fusaniana uturyotoensis Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. that is known only from Ulleung area of occupancy (AOO) of extent of occurrence (EOO) and the the species are very narrow forests. and between stone piles in habitats caused by af A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Loss of natural Euphaedusa aculus mokpoensis mokpoensis aculus Euphaedusa Gastropoda: Clausiliidae mokpoensis Euphaedusa aculus Island of Jeollanam-do. the Mokpo area and Heuksan is known from EN EN EN EN

A1(a,c); There are The extent This species . This species is . There are currently no gional currently no re f forests. les in broadlea forestation, and development A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Change and forestation and road construction There are currently no regional There are 1868) A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Loss of natural A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Loss of natural 1858) ies. The species is assessed as EN The species is assessed as Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943 Kuroda and Miyanaga, The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the stone piles This species is found between . forestation, development of arable lands, forestation, development The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is a tropical land snail endemic to Korea that is a tropical land snail endemic forestation and development of arable lands forestation and rea urrence (EOO) and the a The extent of occ Kwon and Lee, 1991 (A. Adams, (A. Adams, is a tropical land snail endemic to Korea that is (A. Adams, is a land snail known only from Ulleung Island of known only from Ulleung is a land snail is a land snail endemic to Korea that is known from Mt. Apart from the small number of individuals, loss of natural Apart from the small number The species is assessed as EN This species is found under bushes and between stone piles in This species is found under bushes and between stone piles eung Island aebaek and the Cheorwon area in Gangwon-do and Ull Discus elatior Gastropoda: Discidae Discus elatior T of Gyeongsangbuk-do. in recent is very narrow and the number of individuals is declining years. forests. loss of natural habitats caused by af may be threatening this spec conservation measures. and pesticide exposure may be threatening this species. and pesticide exposure may currently no regional conservation measures. Arinia chejuensis Gastropoda: Diplommatinidae Arinia chejuensis known only from Jeju-do. area of occupancy (AOO) of the species are very narrow forests. is found between leaf litter or stones in conserved broadleaf The species is assessed as EN habitats caused by road construction, af of arable lands may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. of occupancy (AOO) of the species are very narrow (AOO) of the species are very of occupancy pi af litter and between stone found under le assessed as EN The species is by af habitats caused tening this species. may be threa conservation measures. Nobuea elegantistriata Gastropoda: Cyclophoridae Nobuea elegantistriata Island of Jeollanam-do. is known only from Geomun he area of occupancy (AOO) of the of occurrence (EOO) and t species are very narrow in moderately dry forests. B2ab(iii). habitats caused by af Reinia variegata Reinia Gastropoda: Clausiliidae Reinia variegata Gyeongsangbuk-do. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 120

Mollusks Mollusks

This 121

A1(a,c); The extent The extent of The species is ly no regional A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). The species is assessed The species is forestation and road construction forestation and road construction This species is found under leaf There are current , 1900) Red List of the Republic of Korea . Martens, 1886) . Martens, This species is found under leaf litter This species is found under . The species is assessed as EN (v The species is regionally protected as This species is found under leaf litter and . onggi-do, and ams in Gangwon-do, Gye Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 There are currently no regional conservation is a freshwater snail endemic to Korea that is a freshwater (Pilsbry The extent of occurrence (EOO) is narrow The extent of The species is assessed as EN The species is assessed as EN orea that is known is a land snail endemic to K is a tropical land snail endemic to Korea that is is a tropical land snail known only from Jeju-do. nodifila essum A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Loss of natural habitats caused by ildlife by the law essum W A1(a,d); B2ab(iii,iv). Illegal collection for edible use, loss of Illegal collection for A1(a,d); B2ab(iii,iv). eanomelania nodifila nodifila eanomelania eanomelania forestation and road construction may be threatening this species. forestation and road construction may be threatening this Sinoennea iwakawa Gastropoda: Streptaxidae Sinoennea iwakawa (AOO) of The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy the species are very narrow between stone piles in forests. tour may be B2ab(ii). Loss of natural habitats by development for threatening this species. measures. conservation measures. Punctum depr Gastropoda: Punctidae Punctum depr known only from Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. the number of occurrence (EOO) of the species is very narrow and of individuals is rapidly declining. litter and under stones near arable lands and roads. assessed as EN af There are currently no regional conservation measures. Chungcheongbuk-do. Chungcheongbuk-do. recent years. of individuals is declining in and the number in deep and clear streams. species is found as EN and dam construction may caused by water pollution, natural habitats be threatening this species. Endangered Punctum dageletense Gastropoda: Punctidae Punctum dageletense of Gyeongsangbuk-do. only from Ulleung Island is very narrow and the number of occurrence (EOO) of the species individuals is rapidly declining. and stones in forests. by af Loss of natural habitats caused cies. may be threatening this spe Kor Gastropoda: Pleuroceridae Kor y from stre is known onl EN EN EN EN

is This . Apart species condition , pesticide . Martens, The area of The species is The (v . r bottom of wate A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). is a freshwater mussel flavotincta change flowing This species is found on sandy ater pollution, decrease of host The extent of occurrence (EOO) The extent of occurrence The extent of occurrence (EOO) Pomacea canaliculata ge land snail that is known only ge land snail that is known W and There are currently no regional . Martens, 1860) . Martens, (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1904) , slow Kwon and Lee, 1991 forestation may be threatening this forestation may be threatening (v A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Change and loss A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Change This species is found under dry leaf . is a land snail known only from Mt. with caeformis forestation, and road construction may be is a lar eana snail known only from the is a freshwater ar Apart from the small number of individuals small number of individuals Apart from the quantity

he species extent of occurrence (EOO) of t There are currently no regional conservation ) caeformis flavotincta eana The ar ) bottoms water A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). of This species is found under dry leaf litter in hillocks. This species is found under The species is assessed as EN iviparidae . Anemina ( stream s declining in recent years. VU Anemina ( There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional reduction muddy Anodonta 1905) Unionoida: Unionidae Anodonta endemic to Korea that is known throughout Korea. number of occupancy (AOO) of the species is reducing and the individuals i and assessed as fish, may be threatening this species. conservation measures. Retinella radiatula radiatula Gastropoda: Zonitidae Retinella radiatula radiatula Gyeryong in Chungcheongnam-do. of the species is very narrow litter in hillock. hange and from the small numbers of populations and individuals, c loss of natural habitats by af threatening this species. measures. and the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species are very narrow occupancy (AOO) of the species and the area of and reservoirs. in wetlands, swamps species is found B1ab(iii). assessed as EN competition with and interspecific may be threatening this reclamation of natural habitats exposure and species. Retinella radiatula cor Gastropoda: Zonitidae Retinella radiatula cor and Mt. Sobaek in from Mt. Gyeryong in Chungcheongnam-do Gyeongsangbuk-do. is very narrow EN The species is assessed as af of natural habitats caused by species. Cipangopaludina japonica Cipangopaludina Gastropoda: V japonica Cipangopaludina Gyeongsangnam-do. Gimhae area in Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU EN EN EN 122

Mollusks Mollusks

of The 123

ildlife depth. loss A1(a,c); W , muddy A1(a,d); The area , in recent and deep VU VU This species is fish, aehwa River in and T There are currently host s. water of ater pollution and change This species is found on The number of individuals The number of W . Martens, 1905) flowing Asian clam endemic to Korea (v ies is assessed as decrease onal There are currently no regi er mussel known from the several fast Red List of the Republic of Korea hungcheongnam-do Asan Lake in C riminate A1(a,d); B2ab(ii,iii). Indisc is an , The species is assessed as The species is found on sandy This species is with VU VU B2ab(iii). The spec en observed only at the (Heude, 1885) (Lea, 1834) collection, . is a freshwater mussel known from several is a freshwater mussel known is a freshwat a) colorata (Leach, 1815) (Leach, bottoms ning this species. is a freshwater mussel known at the middle and lower mussel known at the middle is a freshwater ater pollution, decrease of host fish, and change of sandy W There are currently no regional conservation measures. ndy bottoms of the middle and upper sections in rivers. Indiscriminate Indiscriminate . and The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is small and the The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is small and This species is found on gravelly and sandy stream bottoms , and change of bottom condition ction, decrease of host fish eneroida: Corbiculidae Corbicula (Corbicula) colorata V Corbicula (Corbicul that was previously known throughout Korea. However years this species has be Ulsan. number of individuals is declining in recent years. found on sa The species is assessed as threatening of natural habitats caused by river refurbishment may be this species. may be threate conservation measures. Solenaia triangularis Unionoida: Unionidae Solenaia triangularis Rivers. drainages of the Namhan, Bukhan, Seomjin, and Geum in recent natural habitats and the number of individuals are declining years. with fast flowing water B2ab(ii,iii). natural habitats may be threatening this specie no regional conservation measures. Lake in Chunngcheogbuk-do. and Goesan Lake in Chunngcheogbuk-do. years. is declining in recent in streams. and rocky bottoms B2ab(iii). may be threatening this caused by river development natural habitats species. by the law Lanceolaria grayana Unionoida: Unionidae Lanceolaria grayana Nakdong and Geum Rivers. drainages of the Namhan, species is reducing and the number of of occupancy (AOO) of the cent years. individuals is declining in re gravelly The species is assessed as colle Cristaria plicata Cristaria Unionoida: Unionidae Cristaria plicata Nakdong River sections of the VU VU VU VU

. he , in T The There mic to The extent The species ly no regional v). Indiscriminate The area of occupancy nde Asian clam e Heude, 1883 Heude, The species is assessed as Kwon, 1991 The area of occupancy (AOO) is an recent years the species has been to is freshwater clam endemic There are current used by coast reclamation may be ngnam-do. , in eanum A1(a,d); B2ab(iii, scriminate A1(a,d); B2ab(iii,v). Indi papyracea papyracea eanum , 1853 This species is found in mountainous cor ) VU ) This species is found on sandy bottoms of found on sandy bottoms of This species is s is found inside of bay with fresh water papyracea ater pollution and change of natural habitats ater pollution and change of VU cor ) There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation ) W Gray . However nd Jeollanam-do. (Röing, 1798) A1(a,d); B2ab(iii,v). Indiscriminate collection The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is (AOO) of the species The area of occupancy is a saltwater clam known near the cost of aean area in Chungcheongnam-do, and Namhae is a saltwater clam previously known from Incheon ckii T This species is found at sandy coasts. VU ckii This specie Corbiculina eneridae eneridae The number of populations and individuals are declining ( number of individuals are The natural habitats and the Corbiculina Neopisidium ( ( . Neopisidium ( ssed as The number of populations and individuals are declining in rix lusoria etrix lusoria etrix lamar et A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). etrix lamar cies is assessed as eneroida: V eneroida: V eneroida: Sphaeriidae eneroida: Corbiculidae eneroida: Corbiculidae Mer V Mer Gyeongsangnam-do a in recent of the species is reducing and natural habitats are declining years. recent years. The species is assessed as reclamation collection and change of natural habitats caused by cost may be threatening this species. conservation measures. spe may be collection, forest development, and drying wetlands threatening this species. measures. Mer V Mer and the Nakdong River observed at the and Geoje Islands of Gyeongsa declining in (AOO) of the species is reducing and natural habitats are recent years. in recent years. is asse and change of natural habitats ca threatening this species. measures. mainly from the Bukhan species has been observed recent years this and Geum Rivers. ining in recent years. tural habitats are decl narrow and the na number of individuals is tion size is small and the estimated popula years. declining in recent in rivers. the middle and upper sections VU may be threatening this species. caused by river refurbishment measures. are currently no regional conservation Pisidium V Pisidium Chuncheon area in Gangwon-do, Mt. Korea that is known from the Mt. Daeam in Gangwon-do. Naejang in Jeollabuk-do and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species of occurrence (EOO) and the are narrow declining in recent years. with sandy and muddy bottoms. wetlands and spring waters Corbicula Corbicula V Corbicula Korea. However previously known throughout Korea that was Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 124

Mollusks Mollusks

. VU Jeju- 125

n Island of e (EOO) of the , 1926) mic to Korea that VU B2ab(ii). Change (Pilsbry VU B2b(i,ii). Change of The estimated population There are currently no regional There are currently The species is assessed as The extent of occurrence (EOO) is a land snail endemic to Korea VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of VU B2ab(ii). (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) Red List of the Republic of Korea ica This species is found under shrubs rea that is cal land snail endemic to Ko corroded branches in rock creeks and nd of Chungcheongnam-do, Geomun is a land snail ende The extent of occurrenc (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) The number of individuals is declining The number of individuals , 1824) . , and natural habitats and the number of There are currently no regional conservation w occurrence (EOO) is narro The extent of is a tropi odai (Say chejuensis gottschei fusanica The species is assessed as arrow ) ) n only from Ulleung Island known only from Ulleung is a land snail odai chejuensis , and natural habitats and the number of individuals gottschei fusan ) en stones with rich lime This species is found betwe ) This species is found under leaf litter and near stone The species is assessed as Aegista Aegista ( ( Apart from predation by natural enemies, change and loss of Apart from predation by natural enemies, change and loss Aegista Aegista ( There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional There are currently no regional conservation measures. ( The species is assessed as The species is The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) The extent of occurrence (EOO) Aegista Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Aegista that is known from Gaui Isla Island of Jeollanam-do, and Busan. of the species is n individuals are declining in recent years. size is small. piles in dry forests. may be and loss of natural habitats caused by forest development threatening this species. measures. species. Aegista Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Aegista is known from the southern island area including Ji Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. species is narrow are declining in recent years. and between stone piles in forests. B2ab(ii). this natural habitats caused by forest development may be threatening species. found between This species is forests. and expansion of arable caused by forest development natural habitats this species. lands may be threatening conservation measures. Chamalycaeus kur Gastropoda: Alycaeidae Chamalycaeus kur Mt. Naejang in Jeollabuk-do, and known from the south coast, do. of the species are narrow in recent years. in dry areas. development may be threatening this natural habitats caused by forest Zoogenetes harpa harpa Zoogenetes Gastropoda: Acanthinulidae Zoogenetes harpa buk-do. of Gyeongsang VU VU VU VU

of This There extent The area There are The species The The species is , 1926) There are currently no The area of occupancy , 1926) (Pilsbry The number of individuals educing, and the number The species is assessed as Apart from predation by This species is found near This species is found under This species is . Jeollanam-do. Jeollanam-do. in opulations and The number of p (Pilsbry is a medium and small sized land (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) area (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) and Hirase, (Pilsbry s a medium land snail known from A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Change and loss of This species is found near rotten leaf i is a land snail endemic to Korea that is is a land snail endemic to Korea eosu is a land snail endemic to Korea that is is a land snail VU Y oxima oxima ). Change and loss of natural habitats caused and A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). oxima pyramidata pyramidata hebes tenuissima pr ) ) ) ) tenuissima pr ) pyramidata pyramidata hebes ) VU ) ) A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Change and loss of natural habitats A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Change and The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is reducing The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is reducing VU Aegista Aegista Aegista Aegista ( ( ( ( Aegista Aegista Aegista Aegista ( ( There are currently no regional conservation measures. ( ( clining in recent years. A1(a,c); B2ab(iii Aegista Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Aegista Gangwon-do, Ganghwa Island of Incheon and Busan. of occupancy (AOO) of the species is r years. of populations and individuals are declining in recent dry forests. species is found under leaf litter and near stone piles in The species is assessed as this natural habitats caused by forest development may be threatening species. are currently no regional conservation measures. are currently no regional conservation Aegista Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Aegista Gyeongsangnam-do Gyeongsangnam-do and the area of occupancy of the species is narrow occurrence (EOO) species is reducing. (AOO) of the declining in recent years. individuals are in dry forests. and between stone piles rotten leaf litter is assessed as loss of natural habitats caused by forest natural enemies, change and this species. development may be threatening regional conservation measures. Aegista Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Aegista angwon-do. known from the north part of G and the number of populations and (AOO) of the species is reducing, recent year individuals are declining in in conserved forests. rotten leaf litter and branches assessed as may be threatening this species. caused by forest development Aegista Aegista Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Aegista Geoje Island of Samcheok area in Gangwon-do, known from the snail known from the north part of Gangwon-do and Deokjeok Island snail known from the north part of Gangwon-do and Deokjeok of Incheon. and the estimated population size is small. is de litter and branches in conserved forests. VU by forest development may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 126

Mollusks Mollusks

itter 127 There

A1(a,c); declining There are The species The area of VU , and the natural ii). A1(a,c); B2ab(i VU The species is assessed as , 1926) The estimated population size Kuroda, 1936 Kuroda, The number of populations and Red List of the Republic of Korea eaf l This species is found under l (Pilsbry The species is assessed as is a land snail endemic to Korea that is a land snail of the The area of occupancy (AOO) , 1900) Apart from predation by natural enemies, ge land snail known from island areas This species is found at humid areas in The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the diversa diversa Korea that is is a land snail endemic to ) ge land snail known from Mt. Naejang in . Martens, 1860) ing. (v diversa ) opis is a lar (Pilsbry ssessed as The species is a The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is (AOO) of the species The area of occupancy opis oblematica is a lar This species is found under leaf litter and stone piles found under leaf litter and This species is oblematica VU B2ab(ii). oughout Korea. Plectotr Apart from predation by natural enemies, indiscriminate ( Plectotr There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional ( iduals are ber of populations and indiv g, and the num This species is found on trees in conserved forests. nd loss of natural habitats caused A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Change a Euhadra herklotsi Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Euhadra herklotsi of Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeju-do, and the south coast. habitats occupancy (AOO) of the species is reducing and the natural are declining in recent years. individuals are declin broadleaf forests with shrubs. B2ab(iii). habitats collection for ornamental use, change and loss of natural caused by forest development may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. currently no regional conservation measures. currently no regional conservation Euhadra dixoni Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Euhadra dixoni Jeollabuk-do and Jeju-do. area of occupancy (AOO) of the species are narrow habitats are declining in recent years. recent is very small and the number of individuals is declining in years. is assessed as s of indiscriminate collection for ornamental use, change and los this natural habitats caused by forest development may be threatening species. in Gyeonggi-do. in Gyeonggi-do. reducin in recent years. sts. in humid fore change and loss of natural by natural enemies, Apart from predation development may be threatening this habitats caused by forest species. Chosenelix pr Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Chosenelix pr known thr number of populations and individuals species is reducing, and the are declining in recent years. and between branches in shrubberies. VU be threatening this species. by forest development may Aegista Aegista Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Aegista and Mt. Soyo the north central areas of Gangwon-do is known from VU VU VU VU

The Apart There A1(a,c); declining VU The extent of VU B2ab(ii). There are currently no There are currently no habitats caused by forest , 1926) Apart from predation by natural . (Reinhardt, 1877) loss of A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Change and (Pilsbry Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943 , 1926 The species is assessed as VU This species is found on rocks, at plentiful This species is found at soil with rich lime. This species is found at soil is a land snail known from Gangwon-do is a land snail ssed as species is asse is a small land snail known from Gangwon- is a small land snail known is a land snail endemic to Korea that is known VU B2ab(ii) odana odana The The number of populations and individuals are Pilsbry cies is upancy (AOO) of the spe The area of occ odana is a land snail endemic to Korea that is known declining ulations and individuals are number of pop dleaf s found at humid areas in broa This species i This species is found under leaf litter and between The area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional g, and the number of populations and individuals are eanohadra kur eanohadra eanohadra kur rishoplita ottoi rishoplita ottoi T Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae T -do and from Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam Jeollanam-do. reducin in recent years. branches in shrubberies. B2ab(iii). Change and loss of natural development may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. species. Nesiohelix samarangae Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Nesiohelix samarangae throughout Korea. declining in recent years. . leaf litter areas, and between stone piles in conserved areas species is assessed as habitats enemies, indiscriminate collection, change and loss of natural caused by forest development may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. the reducing, and in recent years. rubs. forests with sh collection for by natural enemies, indiscriminate from predation forest habitats caused by and loss of natural ornamental use, change this species. development may be threatening regional conservation measures. Lepidopisum verrucosum Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Lepidopisum verrucosum Gyeongsangbuk-do. do, Chunngcheogbuk-do and of occupancy (AOO) of the species occurrence (EOO) and the area of populations and individuals are are reducing, and the number declining in recent years. The species is assessed as development may be threatening this natural habitats caused by forest Kor Gastropoda: Bradybaenidae Kor -do. and Gyeonggi Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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Mollusks Mollusks

VU VU The This 129 There

caused There are This species This species The extent of The species is The number of . Martens, 1865 v The extent of occurrence The northern distribution f A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Change o d he number of populations, an The northern distribution limit The species is assessed as The species is is a tropical land snail known The species is assessed as The northern distribution limit VU There are currently no regional Red List of the Republic of Korea , 1900) , 1774) cent years. The natural habitats and the number . . Martens, 1861 under leaf litter and This species is found campanulatus v ) (Müler (Pilsbry campanulatus ) is a tropical land snail known from the ange of natural habitats by forest development is a tropical land snail known from the southern is a tropical land snail known on on is a land snail known from the north central areas known from the north central is a land snail The natural habitats, t . A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Change of natural habitats cies is assessed as ning this species. ocyclotus ocyclotus Pr VU a micr ( Pr ( There are currently no regional conservation measures. The spe Nakadaella micr Gastropoda: Cyclophoridae Nakadaell westsouthern islands and Jeju-do. line of this species is Mt. Naejang in Jeollabuk-do. populations and individuals are declining in recent years. is found under leaf litter and small stones in forests. assessed as by forest development may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. natural habitats caused by forest development may be threatening this natural habitats caused by forest species. Cyclotus Gastropoda: Cyclophoridae Cyclotus from the southern areas and Jeju-do. line of this species is Mt. Naejang in Jeollabuk-do. occurrence (EOO) is narrow . of populations, and individuals are declining in recent years shrubs in species is found under leaf litter and small stones under conserved warm temperate forests. A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Ch may be threate conservation measures. the number of individuals (EOO) is narrow and extent of occurrence recent years. is declining in in conserved forests. between stones caused by temperature Change of natural habitats A1(a,c); B2ab(i,iii). this species. development may be threatening rise and forest measures. are currently no regional conservation Cyclophorus herklotsi Gastropoda: Cyclophoridae Cyclophorus herklotsi and Jeju-do. areas including Jeollanam-do (EOO) is narrow re individuals are declining in Naejang in Jeollabuk-do. limit line of this species is Mt. and small stones in warm temperate is found between leaf litter forests. Cochlicopa lubrica lubrica Cochlicopa Gastropoda: Cionellidae Cochlicopa lubrica Gyeongsangbuk-do. and Ulleung Island of in Gangwon-do VU VU VU VU

The The ju-do. The extent of in recent years. Kuroda and VU B2b(i,ii). Change of VU B2b(i,ii). Change of The species is assessed as populations The number of . (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) and Hirase, (Pilsbry is a land snail endemic to Korea is a land snail endemic to Korea is a tropical land snail endemic to is a tropical land A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). Change of natural A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). kyobuntoensis Kwon and Lee, 1991 s found under leaf litter This species i ) VU is a land snail endemic to Korea that is This species is found between small stones lining. kyobuntoensis Sinica ) The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species ( The number of individuals is declining in recent . (Gould, 1859) The species is assessed as is a land snail known from Mt. Seorak and Sinica ( The species is assessed as The species is assessed as is declining The number of individuals na chejuensis . , and natural habitats and the number of individuals are , and natural habitats and the number of individuals There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional This species is found between stone piles and under leaf litter This species is found between stone piles and under leaf Discus pauper Gastropoda: Discidae Discus pauper nd of the Cheorwon area in Gangwon-do, and Ulleung Isla Gyeongsangbuk-do. is narrow declining in recent years. in dry forests in limestone landscapes. by forest VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of natural habitats caused development and expansion of arable lands may be threatening this species. natural habitats caused by forest development may be threatening this natural habitats caused by forest species. Diplommatina chejuensis Gastropoda: Diplommatinidae Diplommati known only from Mt. Naejang of Jeollabuk-do and Je of the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO) species are narrow years. in humid forests. this natural habitats caused by forest development may be threatening species. (EOO) is narrow extent of occurrence s are dec and individual fores in conserved warm temperatets. under shrubs and small stones assessed as The species is may be threatening this by forest development habitats caused species. Diplommatina Miyanaga, 1943 Gastropoda: Diplommatinidae Diplommatina Island of Jeollanam-do. known only from Geomun of occupancy (AOO) of the species occurrence (EOO) and the area are narrow stone piles and under leaf litter in This species is found between shrubberies. Platyraphe minutus quelpartensis quelpartensis minutus Platyraphe Gastropoda: Cyclophoridae quelpartensis Platyraphe minutus islands and Jeju-do. from the westsouthern Korea that is known Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 130

Mollusks Mollusks

The 131

ildlife Choe, W The extent The species VU B2ab(ii). (ii). A1(a,c); B2ab is a limpet known The natural habitats, This species is found This species is . VU he intertidal zone. reas with plentiful brown Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 he intertidal zone. The extent of occurrence (EOO) oi There are currently no regional nt may be threatening this species. Red List of the Republic of Korea is a land snail endemic to Korea that , 1954) This species is found between stones The species is regionally protected as . . ies. oi jinjir vadososinuata hoonsooi vadososinuata hoonsooi fer ) ) The species is assessed as A1(d); B2ab(i,v). Indiscriminate collection jinjir ) vadososinuata hoonsooi ) (Pfeif VU Gmelin, 1971 ssessed as The species is a 1(d); B2ab(i,v). Change of marine environment A1(d); B2ab(i,v). Change of The natural habitats, the number of populations The natural habitats, the known from salt marshes along is a land snail . is an ear shell known only from the coasts of Jeju- Sinalbinula ( ildlife by the law VU Sinalbinula Scelidotoma ( W ( Scelidotoma . ( The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected cky a This species is found at ro This species is found at oceanic rocky areas with plentiful ocopta ocopta Zoysia sinica dotis gigantea The extent of occurrence (EOO) is narrow dotis gigantea oon and Habe, 1992 ugalina ugalina Nor Gastropoda: Haliotidae Nor do. in recent and the number of populations and individuals are declining years. brown algae and 30 m of depth away from t species is assessed as and change of marine environme There are currently no regional conservation measures. is assessed as may be threatening this species. Endangered Gastr Gastropoda: Gastrocoptidae Gastr is known only from Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. of occurrence (EOO) is narrow in dry and barren areas. Change and loss of natural habitats caused by forest development may be threatening this spec conservation measures. and individuals are declining in recent years. are declining in recent years. and individuals shoreline and halophytes in fresh water tidelands near between stones like st development, tideland ural habitats caused by coa Change of nat s may be threatening this ruction of salt marshe reclamation, and dest species. by the law T Y Gastropoda: Fissurellidae T Islands of Chungcheongnam- from Oeyeonyeol and Hwoenggyeon do, and Ui Island of Jeollanam-do. of populations is declining in recent is fragmented and the number years. y from t algae and 30 m of depth awa Ellobium chinense chinense Ellobium Gastropoda: Ellobiidae Ellobium chinense west south coast. VU VU VU VU

There There There are Apart from The natural The species The species . The extent of This species is s found This species i VU B2ab(ii). ge land snail endemic to Korea VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of OO) The extent of occurrence (E (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909 abitats and the number The natural h . is a lar Hirase, 1908 is a land snail endemic to Korea that is shell known from the coasts shell known from ge tropical ear years. ning in recent is a small land snail endemic to Korea that is Habe, 1979 Habe, 10-50 m of depth. streams with A1(d); B2ab(i,v). Indiscriminate collection and Indiscriminate collection A1(d); B2ab(i,v). is a lar and near stone This species is found under shrubs The species is assessed as VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of natural habitats VU OO) is narrow mys hypostilbe There are currently no regional conservation measures. The species is assessed as ochlamys hypostilbe ochlamys fusanus ochla ochlamys fusanus dotis madaka dotis madaka dotis madaka Macr Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Macr Busan. known from Geomun Island of Jeollanam-do, Jeju-do, and The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is narrow recent years. habitats and the number of individuals are declining in piles in dry This species is found under leaf litter and between stone forests. this natural habitats caused by forest development may be threatening species. are currently no regional conservation measures. are currently no regional conservation Macr Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Macr Busan. known from Geomun Island of Jeollanam-do, Jeju-do, and and the The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is narrow number of individuals is declining in recent years. found under leaf litter and near stone piles in dry forests. is assessed as caused by forest development may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. occurrence (E re decli of individuals a nes in at rockbed zo is assessed as this species. habitats may be threatening change of natural measures. currently no regional conservation Bekkochlamys quelpartensis Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Bekkochlamys quelpartensis ju-do. that is known only from Je he number of individuals is declining of the species is narrow and t in recent years. piles in forests. change and loss of natural habitats predation by natural enemies, may be threatening this species. caused by forest development Nor Gastropoda: Haliotidae Nor Jeju-do. of Gyeongsangbuk-do and of Dok Island Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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Mollusks Mollusks

This 133

a that is There are The extent of VU B2ab(ii). Change VU B2ab(ii). Change c to Korea that is known There are currently no regional There are currently no regional There are currently no regional There are currently no regional The area of occupancy (AOO) number of individuals is The number of individuals VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of Red List of the Republic of Korea The extent of occurrence (EOO) of loss of A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Change and (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) and Hirase, (Pilsbry VU Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 s found on leaves and stalks This species is found on leaves is a land snail endemic to Kore The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species endemic to Korea that is known is a land snail Kwon and Lee, 1991 The species is assessed as The species is is a land snail known only from Ulleung Island is a land snail endemi The number of individuals is declining in recent years. n. ongsangnam-do and Busa e Island of Gye The species is assessed as The species is assessed as Sitalina chejuensis Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Sitalina chejuensis from only Geumsan in Jeju-do. the species the species is narrow and the area of occupancy (AOO) of is reducing. and thick This species is found under stones and leaf litter in humid forests. of arable natural habitats caused by forest development and expansion lands may be threatening this species. conservation measures. lands may be threatening this species. lands may be threatening this conservation measures. Parasitala miyanagai Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Parasitala miyanagai of Gyeongsangbuk-do. recent years. is narrow and the number of individuals is declining in and thick This species is found under stones and leaf litter in humid forests. of arable natural habitats caused by forest development and expansion lands may be threatening this species. conservation measures. occurrence (EOO) of the species is narrow and the area of occupancy of the species is narrow occurrence (EOO) species is reducing. (AOO) of the years. declining in recent in conserved forests. st development and tural habitats caused by fore and loss of na be threatening this species. expansion of arable lands may measures. currently no regional conservation Parakaliella obesiconus Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Parakaliella obesiconus and Chuncheon in Gangwon-do and known from Mt. Samyeong m-do. Geoje Island of Gyeongsangna and the population size is small. of the species is reducing and leaf litter in conserved forests. species is found on leaves, stalks The species is assessed as development and expansion of arable natural habitats caused by forest Parakaliella fusanianar fusanianar Parakaliella Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Parakaliella fusanianar from Geoj VU VU VU VU

This This . B2ab(iii). The species The number The extent of . . The species is A1(a,c); , and on branches in VU This species is found This species as itter , in recent years the species There are currently no regional There are currently no regional ildlife by the law W VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of assessed The extent of occurrence (EOO) and is (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1904) The extent of occurrence (EOO) and the The extent of (Reinhardt, 1883) (Reinhardt, . Martens, 1879) There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional species of the species the area of occupancy (AOO) is a land snail known from Geoje Island of (v a tropical land snail known only from the is a tropical land Habe, 1964 is a saltwater or freshwater snail known only The . viously known from is a tropical land snail pre l habitats Change and loss of natura VU B2ab(ii). opictus cumcincta cumcincta water is declining in recent years. The number of individuals opictus cumcincta . etr etr The species is assessed as The species is assessed as on r flowing narrow (AOO) of the species are of occupancy The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is narrow and amatochlamys lampra amatochlamys lampra Clithon r Gastropoda: Neritidae Clith from Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. narrow the area of occupancy (AOO) of the species are very bottom and species is found at brackish water zones with gravelly fast caused by Change of natural habitats and blocking of the seawater dam construction may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered natural habitats caused by forest development and expansion of arable natural habitats caused by forest lands may be threatening this species. conservation measures. Y Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Y nd Jeju- Gyeongsangnam-do, Geomun Island of Jeollanam-do, a do. . the number of individuals is rapidly declining in recent years species is found under stones and leaf l forests. of arable natural habitats caused by forest development and expansion lands may be threatening this species. conservation measures. area is declining in recent years. of individuals thick forests. leaf litter in humid and under stones and is assessed as of arable lands may be development and expansion caused by forest threatening this species. measures. Sitalina japonica Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Sitalina japonica However Geomun Island of Jeollanam-do. Geumsan area in Jeju-do. has been observed only at the occurrence (EOO) and are narrow stones and leaf litter in humid and thick This species is found under forests. Sitalina cir Sitalina Gastropoda: Helixarionidae Sitalina cir in Jeju-do. Geumsan area Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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Mollusks Mollusks

This 135

ildlife W A1(a,d); VU 1867) The species is A1(a,c); B2ab(ii). , 1926) VU The extent of occurrence (Pilsbry (A. Adams, There are currently no regional gest triton shell in Korea that is gest triton shell in Korea that VU B2ab(ii). Change and loss of is a land snail endemic to Korea eana Burch and Jung, 1987 Burch Red List of the Republic of Korea is a tropical land snail known from (Reeve, 1844) cor eana ) nail endemic to K nail endemic orea is a freshwater s This species is found under leaf litter in s assessed as The species i is the lar cor . There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional ) ing. currence (EOO) is reduc The extent of oc obilops The species is assessed as The number of populations and individuals are obilops A1(d); B2ab(i,v). Illegal collection for ornamental and A1(d); B2ab(i,v). Illegal collection ter pollution may be d by dam construction, and wa Eostr eep streams ound in upper section of d This species is f ( Eostr VU ( This species is found at rocky areas with sands and gravels This species is found at rocky ongbuk-do. . The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected The species is assessed as onia lampas sauliae onia lampas sauliae ostoma japonicum japonicum eoleptoxis globus ovalis globus eoleptoxis and is known only from the Cheorwon area in Gangwon-do ostoma japonicum japonicum eoleptoxis globus ovalis eoleptoxis globus obilops do, Gyeonggi-do, and om streams in Gangwon- t is known fr ent years. obilops Str Gastropoda: Strobilopsidae Str that Danyang area in Chungcheongbuk-do. small. (EOO) is narrow and the estimated population size is branches in species is found under leaf litter and between rotten forests. of arable natural habitats caused by forest development and expansion lands may be threatening this species. conservation measures. species. by the law Spir Gastropoda: Spirostomatidae Spir Jeollanam- the southern islands including Jin and Heuksan Islands of do, and Jeju-do. declining in recent years. conserved forests. may be Change of natural habitats caused by forest development threatening this species. measures. Chungche i declining in ats and the number of ndividuals are The natural habit rec ng water with fast flowi use, change of natural collection for edible B2ab(iii). Indiscriminate habitats cause threatening this species. measures. Char Gastropoda: Ranellidae Char extent Jeju-do. In recent years, the known from the south coast and and the number of populations is of occurrence (EOO) is reducing declining. from the intertidal zone. with 20-30 m of depth away assessed as environment may be threatening this edible use and change of marine Kor Gastropoda: Pleuroceridae Kor tha VU VU VU VU

The The (EOO) , 1860) There are his species The species T This species is (Sowerby , 1908) nge VU B2ab(ii). Cha There are currently no A1(a,c); B2ab(iii). Change is a tusk shell known from The natural habitats and the (Pilsbry . VU vernedei The extent of occurrence (EOO) ) currence The extent of oc This species is found on muddy is a land snail endemic to Korea is a land snail vernedei ) hirasei hirasei ) VU B2ab(ii). Indiscriminate collection hirasei ) There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional (Draparnaud, 1805) (Benson, 1842) ars. ls are declining in recent ye ssessed as The species is a is a freshwater snail known only from the obilops is a land snail known from the north central areas is a land snail known from Pictodentalium ( obilops Pictodentalium ent and aused by forest developm tural habitats c iviparidae ( ertiginidae VU B2bc(ii,v). Indiscriminate collection, change of Eostr ( Eostr The species is assessed as ( tween rotten r leaf litter and be This species is found unde . obilops obilops obilops Fissidentalium Dentaliida: Dentaliidae Fissidentalium the south west cost including Jeju-do and Jin-do in Jeollanam-do. reducing. area of occupancy (AOO) of the species is fragmented and The number of individuals is declining in recent years. is found on sandy and muddy bottoms with 10-30 cm of depth. The species is assessed as by coast for ornamental use and change of natural habitats caused reclamation may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. threatening this species. measures. Sinotaia quadrata Gastropoda: V Sinotaia quadrata Geumpung Reservoir in Jellabuk-do. is limited in only a single area. bottoms with 20-30 cm of depth in reservoirs or swamps. is assessed as this species. natural habitats, and water pollution may be threatening There are currently no regional conservation measures. is narrow sts. branches in fore and loss of na this species. lands may be threatening expansion of arable conservation measures. currently no regional Columella edentula Gastropoda: V Columella edentula Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. in Gangwon-do and Ulleung extent of occurrence (EOO) is narrow number of individua between stones of forests in limestone found on rotten leaf litter and landscapes. caused by forest development may be and loss of natural habitats Str Gastropoda: Strobilopsidae Str y from Jeju-do. that is known onl Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 136

Mollusks 2.7 Endangered Vascular plants in the Republic of Korea

Vascular plants

139 ii, v);

forests eana rb endemic to (Nakai) Ohwi is species is found Abies kor This species is found in stony R The species is assessed as C is a perennial he Handel-Mazzetti t Mt. l vine plant that grow only a Red List of the Republic of Korea hallaisanensis . is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that is a perennial fs of mountain slopes and in grasslands of fs of mountain The species is assessed as CR B2ab(i Nakai Nakai is a perennia hallaisanensis . . Franchet var is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that grows The number of individuals and natural habitats are The number of individuals and var The species is assessed as CR B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); D1. assessed as CR B2ab(iii,v); The species is The species is assessed as CR B2ab(iii,iv). Damage to The species is regionally protected as Endangered regionally protected as The species is There are currently no regional conservation measures. This species is found sparsely in ildlife by the law Arabis serrata Brassicales: Brassicaceae Arabis serrata Korea that grows only at Mt. Halla in Jeju-do.Th in dry grasslands over 1,700 m above sea level neighboring stony or bare earth. natural habitats by landslides and wild animals may be threatening this species. Silene fasciculata Caryophyllales: Caryophyllaceae Silene fasciculata only at the peak of Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. areas near mountain peaks. this species. C2a(i); D1. Indiscriminate collection may be threatening There are currently no regional conservation measures. This species is found on clif This species is tall mountains. may be threatening habitats and illegal collection Collapse of natural this species. W Codonopsis minima Asterales: Campanulaceae Codonopsis minima Halla in Jeju-do. very small. a level. at 1,100-1,600 m above se may be threatening this species. B2ab(v). Indiscriminate collection conservation measures. There are currently no regional Leontopodium hallaisanense hallaisanense Leontopodium Asterales: Asteraceae hallaisanense Leontopodium of Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. grow only at the peak about 30 individuals CR CR CR CR

he years. This species recent ildlife by t The species is The species is . . Schmidt W in F , populations in H. Léveillé The species is assessed The species is assessed This species is found in aniot) obovata obovata . als have been found only at Gangwon-do There are currently no regional ildlife by the law in W an indeciduous shrub that about is an indeciduous . Odae The species is regionally protected as Linnaeus var Linnaeus Mt. obovata . var Maximowicz and About 60 individu Regel is a deciduous broadleaf-shrub endemic to Korea iolaceae is a perennial herb that was used to be widespread is a perennial herb that was previously known from is a perennial herb that was area ildlife by the law W eongwol Y . iola raddeana iola raddeana Rhamnus taquetii (H. Léveillé and V Rosales: Rhamnaceae Rhamnus taquetii that grows only at Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. shrubberies over 1,400 m above sea level. as CR B2ab(iii,iv). Habitat interference by construction of hiking trails may be threatening this species. conservation measures. rotected as Endangered The species is regionally p law Paeonia obovata Saxifragales: Paeoniaceae Paeonia obovata throughout Korea. the This species is found in mountainous forests. use may as CR C2a(i). Collection for ornamental and medicinal be threatening this species. Endangered is found widely on mountain slopes over 1,700 m above sea level. on mountain slopes over is found widely collection for its rarity assessed as CR B2ab(iii). Illegal The species is this species. use may be threatening and ornamental as Endangered regionally protected V Malpighiales: V V However Gyeonggi-do and Gyeonsangnam-do. ed and those in Gyeonsangnam-do Gyeonggi-do may be extirpat in recent years. comprise only about 20 individuals where flooding occurs. is found in moist grasslands D1. Reduction of natural habitats by assessed as CR B2ab(iii); C2a(i); may be threatening this species. river development and refurbishment Diapensia lapponica lapponica Diapensia Ericales: Diapensiaceae Diapensia lapponica in Jeju-do.This species grow at the peak of Mt. Halla 500 individuals Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

CR CR CR CR 140

Vascular plants Vascular plants

. 141 There

This species is fs with shallow soil at fs with shallow A2d; B2ab(iv). Illegal The species is regionally .D. Kim and S.H. Oh Y The species is assessed as CR The species is assessed as fs. Red List of the Republic of Korea The species is regionally protected as The species is . . gest of which comprises less than 50 gest of which The species is regionally protected as The species is assessed as CR B2ab(ii); The species is (Finet) Finet ildlife and Natural Heritage by the law Nakai Nakai W Makino is a perennial orchid that grows only in Jeju- (Nakai) H. Shin, The species is assessed as CR B2ab(iii,v). is a deciduous shrub endemic to Korea that about shrub endemic to Korea that is a deciduous fs in indeciduous broadleaf forests at 210-250 m is an indeciduous perennial orchid that about 200 ic to Korea that about is a deciduous shrub endem The species is assessed as CR ildlife by the law ildlife by the law W W This species is found on sunny clif This species is habitats are very rare and very few individuals remain. tural habitats nd human destruction of na egal collection a This species is found on clif emastra unguiculata emastra unguiculata 10-130 m above sea level. 10-130 m above Cymbidium kanran Asparagales: Orchidaceae Cymbidium kanran individuals grow only at Seogwipo area in Jeju-do. found on valley clif above sea level. collection may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered Cr Asparagales: Orchidaceae Cr do. Natural in deciduous This species is found in shady areas with rich humus broadleaf forests. Collection for ornamental use may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. Gyeonsangbuk-do and the lar Gyeonsangbuk-do individuals. 1 C2a(i). Ill this species. may be threatening Endangered Spiraea insularis Rosales: Rosaceae Spiraea insularis in Ulleung Island of Gyeonsangbuk- 500 individuals grow only do. natural habitats by soil erosion may B2ab(ii); C2a(i). Damage of be threatening this species. Endangered Cotoneaster wilsonii wilsonii Cotoneaster Rosales: Rosaceae Cotoneaster wilsonii only in Ulleung Island of in 3 subpopulations grow 100 individuals CR CR CR CR

This ildlife W The species The species The species . The species is l use within its natural This species is found in The species is regionally The species is . d as Endangered This species may be almost ildlife by the law g W . Thunber The species is regionally protected as Hooker This species is found on rocks and stalks This species may be almost extirpated by Swartz (Makino) Schlechter is a perennial orchid that was once ildlife by the law W is an indeciduous epiphyte that only a few y al orchid that onl is an indeciduous perenni 30 individuals is a perennial orchid that about The species is assessed as CR B2ab(iii); D1. Illegal assessed as CR B2ab(iii); D1. The species is ildlife by the law W . otecte The species is regionally pr on This species is found in well-drained and shady habitats ochilus japonicus in than 100 adult plants have been found at about 10 locations ochilus japonicus Gastr Asparagales: Orchidaceae Gastr individuals grow in Jeju-do. of indeciduous broadleaf trees in low mountains. assessed as CR C2a(i); D1. illegal collection for its rarity within its natural habitats. is regionally protected as Endangered Cypripedium japonicum Asparagales: Orchidaceae Cypripedium japonicum with widespread throughout Gyeonggi-do. Four hundred individuals fewer in recent Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Jeollanam-do years. sunny mountain slopes at 300-1,100 m above sea level. of fruition is assessed as CR C2a(ii)b. Low fertilization rate, failure caused by insect feeding, and collection for ornamental use may be threatening this species. Endangered humus in indeciduous at shady areas with rich species is found broadleaf forests. threatening this species. collection may be protected as Endangered Cypripedium guttatum Asparagales: Orchidaceae Cypripedium guttatum Gangwon-do. grow at a single locality in groups in sunny forests at 1,000-1,400 m above sea level. C2a(i,ii); D1. is assessed as CR B2ab(iv); on for ornamenta extirpated by illegal collecti habitats. by the law Cymbidium lancifolium lancifolium Cymbidium Orchidaceae Asparagales: ifolium Cymbidium lanc valleys in Jeju-do. grow at 2 southern about 20 individuals Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

CR CR CR CR 142

Vascular plants Vascular plants

The . 143

This species , this species The species is A2acd; C2(a). There are currently ildlife by the law forests and broadleaf W The species is assessed as CR l collection and only 2 natura forests with rich judo and moist Red List of the Republic of Korea g) Hu The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected . . Maekawa) Ormerod . Maekawa) fs, and branch of trees. Aucuba japonica About 250 wild or restored individuals About 250 wild or restored individuals This species is found on trees in moist n comprises only about gest populatio (F und at 2 locations in Jeju- s have been fo l orchid that grows at only 10 is a perennia (Maximowicz) Makino the lar The species is assessed as CR The species is (Thunber (Lindley) Santapau and Kapadia gal collection for its rarity may be threatening is an indeciduous perennial epiphyte that grows . is a perennial orchid that grows only in Jeju-do. is an indeciduous perennial orchid that previously is an indeciduous perennial -do, and Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam ongsangbuk-do, A1acd; C2a(i). This species is found in deciduous broadleaf forests found in deciduous broadleaf This species is ildlife by the law The species is regionally protected as Endangered W falcata onia japonica onia japonica ildlife by the law Peristylus densus Asparagales: Orchidaceae Peristylus densus This species is found between for forests.The species is assessed as CR B2ab(v). Collection ornamental use may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. Endangered Ober Asparagales: Orchidaceae Ober at only 5 locations in Jeju-do. forests at 150-180 m above sea level. B2ab(v); C2a(i). Ille this species. W population Jeju-do. Just 2 ears and do in recent y 50 individuals. bove sea level in Je at 300-700 m a areas. humus in other may be threatening this species. Illegal collection for its rarity as Endangered species is regionally protected Neofinetia falcata Asparagales: Orchidaceae Neofinetia coast of the Korea. However known throughout the south illegal may be almost extirpated by populations are left in Jeju-do. and Jeju-do. grow in Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do, is found on airy and damp clif assessed as CR Kuhlhasseltia nakaiana nakaiana Kuhlhasseltia Orchidaceae Asparagales: ana Kuhlhasseltia nakai locations in Gye CR CR CR CR

The bred . There A1ad. The species This species . s The species i artificially but ildlife by the law Though no observed W This species is found in This species is found at years, Gray ten The species is assessed as CR ildlife by the law W last The species is assessed as CR D1. ecies. atening this sp in This species is found on valley slopes The species is assessed as CR The species is . Sun, M.H. Kim and C.H. Kim There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional B.-Y (Linnaeus) A. species Eaton ex Hooker is an indeciduous fern endemic to Korea that chenbach) Garay and H.R. Sweet Garay and Reichenbach) (H.G. is a perennial herb that only about 50 individuals is a perennial herb that only this is a perennial fern that just 1 or 2 individuals grow y known epiphyte that was previousl is a perennial for ea japonica ea japonica ea japonica available Asplenium wrightii Polypodiales: Aspleniaceae Asplenium wrightii at a single location in Jeju-do. in indeciduous broadleaf forests. Illegal collection for its rarity may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. Mankyua chejuense Ophioglossales: Ophioglossaceae Mankyua chejuense grows only at some locations in Jeju-do. depressed hills and around wetlands. and B1ab(iii)c(v). Exploration of natural habitats, illegal collection, habitats loss by urbanization may be threatening this species. species is regionally protected as Endangered data in Jeju-do. at Bijarim and Mt. Sanbang individuals grow and rocks. is found on trees ion may be thre Illegal collect as Endangered regionally protected Zigadenus sibiricus Liliales: Liliaceae Zigadenus sibiricus ngwon-do. grow at a single location in Ga m above sea level. sunny mountain ridges at about 1,000 D1. Illegal collection for its rarity may be is assessed as CR B2ab(iii); threatening this species. measures. Sedir Orchidaceae Asparagales: Sedir islands including Jeju-do. from southern Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

CR CR CR CR 144

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es The The . 145

Korea Nakai to collection The species The species nstruction of The species is and . alpinus . endemic ildlife by the law This species is found There are currently no fishing, W plant for is a perennial herb endemic to ildlife by the law (Maximowicz) Kitagawa The species is assessed as CR aquatic W plants Red List of the Republic of Korea . (Fischer) Bunge var alpinus previously is a perennial herb that was . water The species is regionally protected as var ng those in , these populations, excludi ophyllum of perennial Hooker f. ex Regel Nakai a ophyllum is a non-deciduous shrub that only about 40 is

removal ildlife by the law This species is found in old ponds with sandy soil. found in old ponds with sandy This species is W plants, esta japonica esta japonica Euchr Fabales: Fabaceae Euchr individuals grow at 6 locations in Jeju-do. in moist valleys with rich humus. may be B2ab(iii); D1. Disturbance of natural habitats by tourists threatening this species. Endangered species is regionally protected as Endangered species is regionally protected Astragalus membranaceus Fabales: Fabaceae Astragalus membranaceus his speci Korea that grows only at the peak of Mt. Halla in Jeju-do.T is found in high grasslands over 1,600 m above sea level. is assessed as CR B2ab(iii). Habitat interference by co hiking trails may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. extirpated and those in in Gyeonggi-do may be do. Populations about 500 individuals in found to comprise only Gangwon-do were recent years. Destruction of wetlands by ed as CR B2ab(ii,iii,iv). species is assess competition with other arable lands and reclamation, expansion of aquatic threatening this species. for ornamental use may be regionally protected as Endangered Pterygopleurum neur Apiales: Apiaceae Pterygopleurum neur Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam- known from Gyeonsangnam-do, do, and Seoul. However extirpated due to draining of wetlands. Gyeonsangnam-do, may be and in swampy forests. This species is found near houses C2a(i); D1. Destruction of wetlands and is assessed as CR B2ab(iii); may be threatening this species. competition with other plants Nymphaea minima minima Nymphaea Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeales: Nymphaea minima and Gangwon- known from Gyeonggi-do that was previously CR CR CR CR

this s EN rsely in place There are , populations ater pollution first al use may be .-S. Oh W Y the This species is found was This species is found at oderate water erways with m (Nakai) Ohwi where The species is assessed as EN The species is assessed a ntly no regional There are curre This species is found spa sinica morii ged aquatic plant that grows only at ged aquatic plant . . is a perennial herb that only a few cies. is a perennial herb that grows only at 5 The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). Balbis There are currently no regional conservation H. Shin, K.-H. Cho and H. Shin, K.-H. Cho and sinica . is a submer . morii is a perennial seagrass that grows only in is a perennial seagrass that Hance var Hance var y be almost extirpated. Gyeongsangnam-do var var of Island ssessed as EN B2ab(iii, iv). The species is a . Geoje eongwol area in Gangwon-do. Populations in Gyeongsangbuk-do, a in Gangwon-do. Populations eongwol area Anaphalis sinica Asterales: Asteraceae Anaphalis sinica locations of Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. dry and sunny highland grasslands. B2ab(iii,iv). Indiscriminate collection for ornament threatening this species. measures. Anaphalis sinica Asterales: Asteraceae Anaphalis sinica individuals grow at Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do. on rocky mountain ridges. Indiscriminate collection may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. previously known locality of this species, may be almost extirpated. locality of this species, previously known ar rivers or wat This species is found ne flow tening this spe may be threa conservation measures. Zostera geojeensis Alismatales: Zosteraceae Zostera geojeensis However Chungcheongnam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. in species reported ma coast. sands and tidelands along the may be threatening this species. B2ab(i, ii, iii). Coastal reclamation conservation measures. There are currently no regional Potamogeton alpinus alpinus Potamogeton Alismatales: Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton alpinus Y Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 146

Vascular plants Vascular plants

The 147 There

lucida Danyang . oroschilov the var g this species. ,v). Most of the ,v). Most of the and Kitamura aniot) V This species is found at The species is assessed This species is found in The estimated number of and V Gyeonggi-do , once considered extinct, is a uchiyamae in . Red List of the Republic of Korea nd gravels along s found on sands a d total is more than The estimate (Herbich) Tzvelev Léveillé lucida . is a biennial herb endemic to Korea is a biennial area . The species is regionally protected as The species is (H. en bare rocks This species is found betwe var Komarov oeju There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional ic to Korea that is a perennial herb endem Y is a perennial herb that grows in Gangwon- The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). The species is assessed as eana etlands damage may be threatenin illdenow var illdenow the eana This species i uchiyamae . W W at , bred individuals grow along the coastal roads. var ildlife by the law W only k-do. hungcheongbu ony areas. The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii)c(iii,iv The species is yeongsangnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do. grows Adenophora palustris Asterales: Campanulaceae Adenophora palustris do, G mountainous wetlands or swampy habitats. as EN B2ab(iii). There are currently no regional conservation measures. Dendranthema zawadskii (Nakai) J.H. Pak Asterales: Asteraceae Dendranthema zawadskii Island perennial herb endemic to Korea that grows only in Ulleung only a few of Gyeonsangbuk-do. Several populations comprising individuals have been found in recent years. basins. However by species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). Natural habitat interference construction of hiking trails may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. area in C ls. 2,000 individua rivers. extirpated during Four Gyeonggi-do may have been populations in project. river refurbishment Endangered Dendranthema cor Asterales: Asteraceae Dendranthema cor in Jeju-do. grows only at 5 locations individuals is very small. and in st by landslides or soil erosion may be Collapse of natural habitats threatening this species. measures. Aster altaicus Aster altaicus Asterales: Asteraceae Aster altaicus that EN EN EN EN

that The This etland do. W plant This species This species is that only a few aquatic There are currently , and shallow ponds There are currently no There are currently no There are currently The species is assessed The species is assessed as EN floating-leaved g) Roemer and Schultes (Siebold and Zuccarini) Hemsley is a perennial herb perennial (H. Léveillé) H. Hara (H. Léveillé) a . Hara .H. Chung ex Nakai) Hisauti and H is (Thunber (T

eana is a deciduous shrub endemic to Korea that grows is a deciduous shrub endemic is a perennial herb that abundant individuals grow eana The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). assessed as EN B2ab(iii). The species is This species is found at lentic, sunny This species is gest population comprises about 100 individuals. gest population comprises about Cynanchum amplexicaule Gentianales: Apocynaceae Cynanchum amplexicaule ju- individuals grow in Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Je species is found in grassland ridges. this species. B2ab(iii). Indiscriminate collection may be threatening There are currently no regional conservation measures. Amsonia elliptica Gentianales: Apocynaceae Amsonia elliptica only at coastal areas in Jeollanam-do and Incheon. found in sands and grasslands along the coast. as EN B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for ornamental and medicinal use may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. Jeju-do. and wetlands. be threatening this species. development may measures. regional conservation Zabelia tyaihyonii Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae Zabelia tyaihyonii Gangwon-do and Chungcheongbuk-do. only at limestone areas in The lar at 200-300 m above sea level. is found on sunny forest ridges C2a(i). Illegal collection for species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,v); this species. ornamental use may be threatening no regional conservation measures. Nymphoides cor Nymphoides Asterales: Menyanthaceae Nymphoides cor in Gangwon-do and sand dunes or coastal wetlands grows only at Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 148

Vascular plants Vascular plants

149 There found

is ildlife by the W species dleaf forests and This The species is found The species is found on Red List of the Republic of Korea Gangwon-do. The species is regionally protected as . (Makino) Press in Miquel ipo area in Jeju-do. is a perennial herb that grows only in Jeju-do. Linnaeus Daeam Hemsley The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii); D1. aebaek in Gangwon-do. is an indeciduous shrub that about 20 individuals T is an annual herb that 600 to 1,000 individuals is an annual herb that 600 . The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii)c(iv). fs. Mt. is a perennial herb that only a few individuals grow herb that only a few individuals is a perennial ildlife by the law The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally of The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). Damage of assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). The species is W The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). Reclamation of The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). Reclamation ongneup . Y ildlife by the law Pogostemon yatabeanus Lamiales: Lamiaceae Pogostemon yatabeanus 130 m above This species is found in grassy wetlands of lowlands at sea level. this species. wetlands and environment pollution may be threatening The species is regionally protected as Endangered law Lasianthus japonicus Gentianales: Rubiaceae Lasianthus japonicus grow only at the Seogw rocks in tropical or subtropical indeciduous broa moist valley clif habitats Potential threat due to its rarity and development of natural may be threatening this species. Endangered in wetlands. this species. by reclamation may be threatening natural habitats regional conservation measures. are currently no Swertia dichotoma Gentianales: Gentianaceae Swertia dichotoma grow only at Mt. around valleys. people trampling may be threatening Expansion of hiking trails and this species. W Gentiana jamesii Gentiana Gentianales: Gentianaceae Gentiana jamesii at EN EN EN EN

is are There lutea . There species B2ab(iii,iv). This species ildlife by the The species is This W ing this species. EN d species. as . Im and H. Shin Y this an annual herb that assessed lutea Gangwon-do. . is N The species is assessed as E (Loureiro) Merrill var s in threatening var This species is found in wetlands be , populations of Gyeongsangbuk-do . growing on sands and gravels around specie Hayne Daeam may Nakai The There are currently no regional conservation Nakai ex J.-O. Hyun, is a perennial carnivorous plant that grows is a perennial carnivorous is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that herb endemic to Korea is a perennial Mt. is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that about of inflows The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i). fields. Artemisia spp This species is found around forests. This species is soil rice by filicicola of ave been found ng only a few individuals h ions comprisi ongneup rpated in recent years. Y at levee . obanche filicicola obanche Centranthera cochinchinensis (H. Hara) H. Hara Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Centranthera cochinchinensis and was previously known from Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do. However have exti and may be Reduction of natural habitats by wetland development threatening this species. measures. Or Lamiales: Orobanchaceae Or the Gangjin 2,000 individuals grow at Mt. Baegyang in Jeollabuk-do, area in Jeollanam-do, and the Daejeong area in Jeju-do. is parasitic on the banks and rivers. Road construction and reclamation may be threaten The species is regionally protected as Endangere law 5 populat in recent years. of natural habitats B2ab(iii,iv); C2a(ii). Exploration assessed as EN atening this species. nate collection may be thre and indiscrimi regional conservation measures. are currently no Utricularia intermedia Lamiales: Lentibulariaceae Utricularia intermedia only found in shallow highland swamps. by sports facilities and B2ab(i,ii,iii). Destruction of natural habitats landization measures. currently no regional conservation Lamium takeshimense takeshimense Lamium Lamiales Lamiaceae Lamium takeshimense Only about Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. grows only in Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 150

Vascular plants Vascular plants

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ildlife W There are This species is is a perennial This species is found This species is This species is found (Furumi) Holub var diamantiacum . ntly no regional There are curre Red List of the Republic of Korea var Hurusawa Maximowicz .N. Lee The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). Y is an annual or biennial herb that grows is an annual or biennial herb The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). assessed as EN B2ab(iii,iv). The species is is a perennial herb that grows only at the This species is found at rocky areas around Linnaeus N B2ab(iii). Pe The species is assessed as E is an annual herb that was previously known herb that was previously is an annual (Nakai) . The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected sparsely around rocky areas, on ridges, and in flatlands at sparsely around rocky areas, Pseudolysimachion kiusianum diamantiacum Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Pseudolysimachion kiusianum grow at Mt. herb endemic to Korea that only a few individuals Seorak in Gangwon-do. forests of highland ridges. Indiscriminate collection may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. by the law Pedicularis mandshurica Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis mandshurica northern part of Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do. on rocky mountain ridges. Exploration of natural habitats may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. Gyeongsandnam-do and Busan in recent years. and Busan in recent years. Gyeongsandnam-do and ponds. around rivers shment and reclamation tural habitats by river refurbi Destruction of na tening this species. may be threa conservation measures. Pedicularis hallaisanensis Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis hallaisanensis Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do, Mt. Kaya isolated at Mt. Bangtae and d Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. in Gyeongsangnam-do, an found the mountain peak. collection may be threatening this trampling, landslides, and illegal species. Limosella aquatica aquatica Limosella Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Limosella aquatica have been found in and only a few individuals from Seoul EN EN EN EN

er of ildlife ildlife A2ac; W W ongneup of Y to Korea that This species is found This species is ssessed as EN ing this ay be threaten The estimated numb Nakai ad masonries, whereas ast and on ro The species is a The species is assessed as EN C2a(i). This species is found in shallow puddles. This species is found sparsely in wetlands rb endemic is perennial he at tall perennial herb that grows only Nakai There are currently no regional conservation Linnaeus f. (Regel) Maximowicz is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that only The species is assessed as EN B2ab(v). Illegal The species is assessed as ,v); C2a(i). Destruction of natural habitats by of natural habitats ,v); C2a(i). Destruction is a is a perennial herb that grows only at hiza dii dii hiza dorr There are currently no regional conservation measures. dorr . . ca insularis The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected hor ex chor ophularia takesimensis takesimensis ophularia ex c simensis ophularia take ychnis wilfor ychnis wilfor Car Poales: Cyperaceae Car Mt. Daeam in Gangwon-do. of natural The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). Destruction be habitats by sports facilities and landization by soil inflows may threatening this species. measures. Phytolacca insularis Caryophyllales: Phytolaccaceae Phytolac about 100 individuals grow in Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. sea level This species is found on sunny slopes at 30-150 m above or sparsely around houses. threatening Destruction of natural habitats by development may be this species. coast of Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. coast of Ulleung els along the co between grav row on sands. young plants g B2ab(iii,iv)c(iii,iv s m f coastal roads and typhoon construction o species. by the law L Caryophyllales: Caryophyllaceae L ngwon-do. mountainous areas in Ga individuals is less than 300. of tall mountains. medicinal use may be threatening this collection for ornamental and species. by the law Scr Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Scr only at the restored individuals grow about 500 plants including Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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153

e species There are There are The species Th This species . This species is This species is There are currently ildlife by the law W gi Red List of the Republic of Korea Bunge This species is found at shady habitats in This species is found at shady Geor Nakai This species is found around ponds and in Miquel is a perennial herb that only about 100 hreatening this species. 0 duous shrub that about 2 is an indeci is a perennial herb that grows only in is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that is a perennial herb endemic The species is assessed as EN B2ab(ii, iii, iv). eum eum on aur on aur The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii, iv). Reduction of The species is assessed as EN osace cortusifolia osace cortusifolia ysimachia pentapetala ysimachia leucantha ysimachia leucantha ysimachia pentapetala L Primulales: Primulaceae L individuals grow only in Hong Island of Jeollanam-do. is found in wetlands, along roads, and around forests. and is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). Exploration of natural habitats indiscriminate collection may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. L Ericales: Primulaceae L Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. mountainous wetlands. Reclamation of wetlands may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. found in sunny highland shrubberies over 1,600 m above sea level. highland shrubberies over found in sunny C2a(1); D1. Competition assessed as EN B2ab(iii); The species is of natural habitats due to trees and damage for light with neighboring this species. trails may be threatening proximity of hiking as Endangered is regionally protected Andr Ericales: Primulaceae Andr number of individuals occur only at about 10 populations with small Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do. rocky areas. natural habitats may be t no regional conservation measures. Rhododendr Ericales: Ericaceae Rhododendr only at Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do. individuals grow EN EN EN EN

in s EN found is ildlife by the W This species is species There are currently no There are currently no This ssessed a The species is a ed as Endangered Gangwon-do. s at 1,200- lleys with prominent bedrock This species is found in moist grasslands Franchet and Savatier Franchet in N B2ab(iii). The species is assessed as E The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii); area is a perennial herb that only a few individuals herb that only a few individuals is a perennial ction for its rarity may be threatening this species. The species is assessed as EN D1. Indiscriminate Linnaeus iolaceae iolaceae Linnaeus is a perennial herb that only about 200 individuals iduals during ecological e overall number of indiv e sea level. eongwol es. ay be threatening this speci H. Léveillé Y is a perennial herb that only about 50 individuals grow at at 5 locations in Jeju- is a deciduous shrub that grows only the at biflora This species is found in va . iola mirabilis iola biflora iola mirabilis iola V Malpighiales: V V grow sunny deciduous forests. C2a(ii). Illegal colle The species is regionally protect law V Malpighiales: V V Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do. of tall mountains. collection may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. y and swampy habitats. found in sunn species. threatening this collection may be B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate measures. no regional conservation There are currently Salix blinii Malpighiales: Salicaceae Salix blinii do. 1,600 m abov Decline in th succession m regional conservation measures. Hypericum oliganthum oliganthum Hypericum Clusiaceae Malpighiales: Hypericum oliganthum do. nam-do and Gyeongsangnam grow in Jeolla Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 154

Vascular plants Vascular plants

The 155 There

aebaek in T The species forests. The

s This species i ls. densiflora Pinus The species is assessed as EN grows only at Mt. Red List of the Republic of Korea ; D1. Indiscriminate collection may be allich) Brongniart The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). The species is assessed as (W Anmyeon Island of Chungchenognam-do. Siebold and Zuccarini There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional There are currently no regional conservation is a deciduous broadleaf vine that about 50 , once considered extirpated, is a deciduous Hemsley iolaceae Linnaeus populations herb that only about 10 is a perennial The species is found on coastal slopes with silt loam in forests and wetlands, This species is found in swampy is a perennial herb that There are currently no regional conservation measures. chemia racemosa chemia floribunda luding 4 The estimated total is less than 200 individuals, inc chemia racemosa chemia floribunda ividua n comprises about 400 ind gest populatio iola websteri iola websteri iola websteri Ber Rosales: Rhamnaceae Ber Jeollabuk- broadleaf vine that grows only at the Gunsan area in do. restored ones. lowlands below 100 m above sea level. threatening B2ab(iii); C2a(i, ii); D1. Indiscriminate collection may be this species. Ber Rosales: Rhamnaceae Ber individuals grow only in This species is found at lower places in species is assessed as ENC2a(i) threatening this species. measures. lar sea level. valley ridges at 1,000 m above found in moist habitat interference by EN B2ab(iii);C2a(i). Natural is assessed as this species. hiking trails may be threatening construction of regional conservation measures. are currently no Mitella nuda Saxifragales: Saxifragaceae Mitella nuda Gangwon-do. and around valley edges. and indiscriminate collection may be Exploration of natural habitats threatening this species. measures. V V Malpighiales: V Chungcheongbuk-do. Gyeonggi-do, and occur in Gangwon-do, EN EN EN EN

The The that only l habitats and The species is The estimated There are currently This species is found in There are currently no regional rsely in This species is found spa gent (Loureiro) Poiret (Loureiro) This species is found in tall mountains. (Siebold and Zuccarini) Endlicher (Siebold and Zuccarini) . Sar There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional Matsumura is a deciduous broadleaf shrub that about is a deciduous The estimated number of individuals is very is a deciduous shrub or tree that only a few is a deciduous shrub or tree is a small tree endemic to Korea that grows poor ovii is a deciduous tree endemic to Korea ovii There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently alpers Prunus × yedoensis Rosales: Rosaceae Prunus × yedoensis about 5 populations occur at Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. number of individuals is very small. level. deciduous broadleaf forests at 450-900 m above sea species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). conservation measures. measures. Crataegus komar Rosales: Rosaceae Crataegus komar only in Gangwon-do. small and growth is The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii, iv). Illegal collection for ornamental use may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. This species is found on slopes along the lava coast. found on slopes along the This species is tion of natural habitats by b(iii); C2a(i). Destruc assessed as EN B2a may be threatening this of coastal roads and facilities the construction species. Amelanchier asiatica ex W Rosales: Rosaceae Amelanchier asiatica do. individuals grow in Jeju- at 700-1,000 m above sea level. deciduous broadleaf forests 2ab(iv). Collapse of natura species is assessed as EN B ornamental and medicinal use may be indiscriminate collection for threatening this species. Paliurus ramosissimus ramosissimus Paliurus Rosales: Rhamnaceae Paliurus ramosissimus along the coast of Jeju-do. grow only at 6 locations 250 individuals Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 156

Vascular plants Vascular plants

This 157 There

There are gest population ae and S.C. Ko T The lar There are currently no K.H. g) Miquel This species is found in a colony in This species is found in a colony found in shrubberies This species is ae and S.C. Ko Red List of the Republic of Korea This species is found in pastures of T sinuolata is a perennial herb that grows only at . ed to this species. ve been report (Thunber K.H. The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). No assessed as EN B2ab(iv). The species is Nakai sinuolata raub var . is a deciduous shrub that only a few individuals is a deciduous shrub that only is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that grows T in Jeju-do. . is a deciduous shrub that grows only at islands in shrub that grows only at islands is a deciduous The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii, iv). Illegal The species is assessed as EN var . The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii); C2a(i). Natural habitat The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii); C2a(i). Natural The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). Reduction of natural The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). Reduction of eocnide frutescens eocnide frutescens ildlife by the law ycoris × chejuensis ycoris chinensis ycoris chinensis ycoris × chejuensis L Asparagales: Amaryliadacea L 4 locations in Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do. comprises about 500 individuals at Mt. Naejang in Jeollabuk-do. stony valley species is found in groups on mountain slopes and in areas. threatening interference by climbers and localized heavy rain may be this species. W L Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae L only at 5 locations m above sea lowlands and in grasslands around valleys below 300 level. habitats by road construction may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. on mountain bedrocks. on mountain bedrocks. ad threats ha major widespre conservation measures. currently no regional Or Rosales: Urticaceae Or grow in Biyang Island of Jeju-do. a volcanic crater this species. collection may be threatening regional conservation measures. Spiraea chartacea chartacea Spiraea Rosales: Rosaceae Spiraea chartacea of Jeollanam-do. the Shinan area EN EN EN EN

The This This . etland W There are This species The species Cryptomeria This species is found ildlife by the law W ssessed The species is a extinct, is a perennial . The range of natural habitats is very Thwaites . nd sunny coast Nakai There are currently no regional conservation no regional conservation There are currently , once considered is a saprophyte that grows only at the southern B2ab(iv). Exploration of natural habitats and The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). The species is assessed as EN Pallas is a perennial herb that about 650 individuals grow herb that about 650 individuals is a perennial Pallas ex Link is a perennial herb that grows along the coast of Gangwon- is a perennial herb that grows forests with thin herb layer and rich humus. There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii); C2a(ii). Competition Burmannia championii Dioscoreales: Burmanniaceae Burmannia championii slope of Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. small. narrow and estimated number of individuals is very species is found in shady deciduous broadleaf forests or japonica is assessed as EN indiscriminate collection may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures currently Bupleurum latissimum Apiales: Apiaceae Bupleurum latissimum ng restored herb endemic to Korea that about 650 plants, includi individuals, grow only in Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. m above sea species is found at steep and shady habitats at 40-300 level. cies. with other shrubs or vines may be threatening this spe species is regionally protected as Endangered the fertile a is found along by grazing may be Destruction of natural habitats as EN B2ab(v). species. threatening this measures. Iris setosa Asparagales: Iridaceae Iris setosa do and the Pohang area in Gyeongsangbuk-do. in sunny wetlands. collection may be threatening this development and indiscriminate species. Iris dichotoma Iris dichotoma Iridaceae Asparagales: Iris dichotoma of Incheon. and Daecheong Islands only at Baengnyeong Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 158

Vascular plants Vascular plants

. the cies’ 159 . This

2 The extent of ildlife by the of individuals The species is W gional urrently no re his spe The range of t The species is assessed as EN (Makino) Makino and F (Makino) Makino and (Makino) Garay There are c Red List of the Republic of Korea The species is regionally protected as . Lindley is an indeciduous perennial orchid that Makino is a perennial herb that grows at Mt. is a perennial herb that grows The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). The species is assessed as EN . hat grows only at that grows only is a saprophyte There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional is a saprophyte that was previously known hizon The number of individuals is variable yearly and rich humus. sparse herb layer and rich humus. forests with a gest population comprises about 250 individuals. or hizon und in forests with rich humus. ,v). or A2cd; C2a(i)b. Destruction of natural habitats by odia shikokiana r in found at lower shady habitats This species is ildlife by the law The lar te collection N B2ab(iv). Indiscrimina s assessed as E oida shikokiana W ns of he southern coast including Jeju-do and some locatio This montane species is saprophytic on dead plants in shady This montane species is saprophytic . ngwon-do. forestation and road construction may be threatening this species. forestation and road construction may be threatening this Cymbidium macr Asparagales: Orchidaceae Cymbidium mac from t Ga This species is fo assessed as EN af The species is regionally protected as Endangered law measures. Cleisostoma scolopendrifolium Asparagales: Orchidaceae Cleisostoma scolopendrifolium grows only at the southern coastal areas and in Jeju-do. km occurrence (EOO) of the species was calculated as 2,000 species is found in moist rocky areas. B2b(iii,iv)c(iii,iv use depending on the growth habits. Illegal collection for ornamental may be threatening this species. Endangered ted number s is very narrow and estima natural habitat is very small. Cryptomeria japonica The species i tening this species. may be threa conservation measures. Chamaegastr Maekawa Asparagales: Orchidaceae Chamaegastr Baegyang in Jeollanam-do, and Jeju- Naejang Jeollabuk-do, Mt. do. habitats with thick leaf litter rarity and medicinal use may be Indiscriminate collection for its threatening this species. Burmannia cryptopetala cryptopetala Burmannia Burmanniaceae Dioscoreales: tala Burmannia cryptope e of Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. southern slop EN EN EN EN

, s The This There are eya nucifera . The species is orr ay l collection m T There are currently This species is found This species This species is found at The species is assessed a A1(d). Illega . The species is assessed as EN ildlife by the law W . Swartz (Linnaeus) Swartz is regionally protected as The species is regionally (Makino) Schlechter Blume is an indeciduous perennial epiphyte that is an indeciduous perennial is a perennial herb that grows throughout is a perennial is an indeciduous epiphyte that about 100 mental VU C2a(i). Illegal collection for orna Pinus densiflora is a saprozoic orchid that only a few individuals , and ildlife by the law This species is found on trees such as W chis japonica s is assessed as EN The species is assessed as chis japonica obium moniliforme ochilus matsuran obium moniliforme ochilus matsuran Lecanor Asparagales: Orchidaceae Lecanor grow in islands of Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. shady habitats in indeciduous forests. B2ab(iv). Illegal collection may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. Gastr Asparagales: Orchidaceae Gastr individuals grow only in the southern coast of Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju-do. Acer palmatum rarity and EN B2ab(iv); C2a(i). Indiscriminate collection for its ornamental use may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. at well drained shady habitats in mountainous grasslands and in shady habitats in mountainous at well drained forests. this species. be threatening Endangered Dendr Asparagales: Orchidaceae Dendr along the south coast of Korea. about 5,000 individuals grow valleys at 450 m above sea level. species is found on trees in species is assessed as threatening this species. and medicinal use may be regionally protected as Endangered Cypripedium macranthos macranthos Cypripedium Orchidaceae Asparagales: Cypripedium macranthos Ulleung Island and Jeju-do. Korea except Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 160

Vascular plants Vascular plants

rrow 161

ecies is This sp There are currently There are currently There are currently no Red List of the Republic of Korea around grasslands at 1,000 m above around grasslands at 1,000 m indiscriminate collection may be number of individuals is The estimated uyama This species is found in sunny grasslands. T There are currently no regional conservation The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii, iv). ts is very na The range of natural habita Finet (Miquel) H.G. Reichenbach Blume ex Miquel is an indeciduous saprophytic orchid that grows saprophytic orchid that is an indeciduous is a perennial orchid endemic to Korea that only s only at is a deciduous perennial herb that grow is a perennial herb that only a few individuals grow eana The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). Destruction assessed as EN B2ab(iii). Destruction The species is . eana This species is found at shady habitats on the slopes with found at shady habitats on This species is Utricularia racemosa The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate chis kiusiana chis kiusiana chis kiusiana chis cor chis cor eor eor Platanthera minor Asparagales: Orchidaceae Platanthera minor in Chuja Island of Jeju-do. for The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection ornamental use may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. Or Asparagales: Orchidaceae Or in Jeju-do. a few individuals grow at 5 locations at Gotjawal area at 400- This species is found between the rocks with rich humus 600 m above sea level. Community development and threatening this species. measures. very small. thick leaf litter species. may be threatening this of natural habitats measures. no regional conservation Liparis auriculata Asparagales: Orchidaceae Liparis auriculata 5 locations in Jeju-do. dividuals is very small. and estimated number of in found with sea level. this species. collection may be threatening regional conservation measures. Lecanor Orchidaceae Asparagales: Lecanor in Jeju-do. only at 5 locations EN EN EN EN

m- ildlife W The species The species is . This species is , populations in . The species is regionally ildlife by the law This species is found in sunny W Maximowicz (Miquel) H.G. Reichenbach g) Rafinesque . The populations in Gyeongsangna The species is regionally protected as The species is assessed as EN B2ab(v); The species is assessed as EN is a perennial herb that grows only in ildlife by the law . , and Gyeongsangbuk-do o, Gyeonggi-do epiphyte that is an indeciduous perennial W is less than 50 The estimated population size , population of Mt. Deogyu may be extirpated ost rb that 200 individuals at m perennial he Ker Gawler (Thunber eoviride is a is a perennial herb that was previously known from ildlife by the law W This species is found on mature trees in moist valleys at This species is found on mature The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii, v). Indiscriminate The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii, v). Indiscriminate This species is found in sunny and moist grasslands, and found in sunny and moist This species is assessed as EN C2a(i). assessed as ENIllegal collection The species is . , populations at Mt. Chilbo in Gyeonggi-do may be almost Mt. Chilbo in Gyeonggi-do , populations at The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected eintroduced in recent years. Metanarthecium luteoviride Dioscoreales: Nartheciaceae Metanarthecium lut Gyeonggi-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. However were Gyeonggi-do may be almost extirpated and about 30 individuals r do comprise about 350 individuals. grasslands. mountain collection and destruction of natural habitats by widening roads may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered Lilium dauricum Liliales: Liliaceae Lilium dauricum Deogyu in Mt. Baegam and Mt. Daeam in Gangwon-do, and Mt. Jeollabuk-do. However and estimated number of individuals is 250 at most. found on the mountain ridges at 1,400 m above sea level. ntal use may is assessed as EN C2a(i). Illegal collection for orname be threatening this species. Endangered However extirpated. wetlands. s species. l use may be threatening thi for ornamenta as Endangered regionally protected Thrixspermum japonicum Asparagales: Orchidaceae Thrixspermum japonicum grows only in Jeju-do. individuals. 250-350 m above sea level. use may be threatening this D1. Illegal collection for ornamental species. by the law Pecteilis radiata Pecteilis Orchidaceae Asparagales: ata Pecteilis radi ngwon-d grow only in Ga Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 162

Vascular plants Vascular plants

The ound 163

threatens The species The species This species forests. This species is This species is f The species is assessed ous fern that only a few There are currently no regional Sasa quelpaertensis Maximowicz Red List of the Republic of Korea Linnaeus is an indeciduous perennial fern is an indeciduous perennial individuals is very small. is an indecidu ilson There are currently no regional conservation There are no regional conservation measures There are no regional conservation Maximowicz abitats in forests. nd at shady h perennial herb that about 3,000 individuals is a perennial herb E.H. W ycopodiaceae ycopodiaceae Mt. Halla, and spread of blight disease may be is a coniferous tree endemic to Korea that grows at eana eana . tschonoskii There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently s fou This species i ycopodium complanatum ycopodium cryptomerianum ycopodium cryptomerianum rillium tschonoskii tschonoskii rillium ycopodiales: L ycopodiales: L ycopodium cryptomerianum ycopodium complanatum rillium Abies kor Pinales: Pinaceae Abies kor Mt. Gaya in Mt. Deogyu in Jeollabuk-do, Mt. Jiri in Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. in highlands at 1,000-1,900 m above sea level. as EN B2ab(ii, iii, v). Invasion of this species on threatening populations in other areas. conservation measures. L L L individuals grow at Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do. found in sunny grasslands and forests of tall mountains. is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection may be threatening this species. measures. do. may be threatening this EN C2a(i). Road expansion is assessed as species. L L L occur in Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. that only about 5 populations The estimated number of s of deciduous broadleaf is found in lowland valley Indiscriminate collection may be species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). threatening this species. currently T Liliales: Melanthiaceae T and of Gyeonsangbuk- ons occur only in Ulleung Isl in 10 populati EN EN EN EN

There aiwan were The species . T on comprises ildlife by the W gest populati agawa ildlife by the law about 2,000 individuals grow The species is assessed as EN ist This species is found in mo W . 2 The lar . Beauvois (Miquel) Ching The species is assessed as EN C2a(i). Christ) T The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii); The species is found between rocks and This species is This species is found around joint walls is a perennial herb that grows only at the This species is found on trees and rocks in (H. Makino s an red regionally extinct, i , once conside is an indeciduous perennial fern that grows is an indeciduous perennial gerianum ons (Linnaeus) P ionally protected as Endangered ons gerianum OO) of the species was The extent of occurrence (E is a fernlike plant that o. There are currently no regional conservation measures. ow and calculated as 25 m , about 10 young individuals from Japan and , about 10 young osorum buer osorum buer . Psilotum nudum Psilotales: Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum only in Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. less than 250 individuals. of sunny and dry rocky areas. this species. Competition with other epiphytes may be threatening The species is reg law Micr Polypodiales: Polypodiaceae Micr Gotjawal area in Jeju-do. indeciduous broadleaf lowland forests. hreatening B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for its rarity may be t this species. However the wild. reintroduced into moist forests. tree trunks in this species. may be threatening C2a(i). Road expansion as Endangered is regionally protected Colysis simplicifr Polypodiales: Polypodiaceae Colysis simplicifr only in Jeju-d very narr ssed as EN B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate lowlands.The species is asse may be threatening this species. collection for ornamental use measures. are currently no regional conservation Asplenium antiquum antiquum Asplenium Aspleniaceae Polypodiales: iquum Asplenium ant in Seop Island of Jeju-do. herb that grows only indeciduous perennial Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 164

Vascular plants Vascular plants

The This . 165

There are This species i). This species is found ildlife by the law gent W The species is regionally . -green fern that grows only at -green fern that The species is assessed as EN Red List of the Republic of Korea g) Nakai Ruprecht h rich humus in indeciduous broadleaf The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). The species is assessed as EN ildlife by the law eung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. is a summer W (Maximowicz) Sar (Milde) Hieronymus is an indeciduous tree that only about 40 (Thunber y at the Seogwipo area in Jeju-do. is an indeciduous shrub that only about 50 is an indeciduous perennial fern that only a single is an indeciduous perennial essa essa ssessed as EN B2ab(ii The species is a This species is found in colonies alongside mosses in moist found in colonies alongside This species is There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional legal The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii); C2a(i); D1. Il candra glabra candra glabra Michelia compr Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae Michelia compr individuals grow in Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. on riverine slopes with rich humus. C2a(i). Destruction of natural habitats by localized heavy rain and strong wind may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered Sar Chloranthales: Chloranthaceae Sar individuals grow onl is found at humid areas wit forests. species. collection for ornamental use may be threatening this species is regionally protected as Endangered of natural habitats is very narrow and estimated number of individuals is very narrow and estimated of natural habitats is small. s. limestone area conservation measures. currently no regional Selaginella sibirica Selaginellales: Selaginellaceae Selaginella sibirica population occurs in Ull species is found on rocks. by soil erosion may be threatening this Destruction of natural habitats species. Adiantum capillus-junonis capillus-junonis Adiantum Pteridales: Adiantaceae Adiantum capillus-junonis Its range in Gangwon-do and Chungcheongbuk-do. the limestone area EN EN EN EN

The The ams This . including The species The species . There are currently to Korea that 4 to 5 ildlife by the law W ildlife by the law W at 500-900 m above sea level. , in clusters of 2-3 plants, in forests. Komarov H. Léveillé is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional (Loureiro) Baillon (Loureiro) Nakai This species is found between rocks in sunny is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that about is a perennial herb that 2,500 plants is a perennial a perennial herb endemic eanum eanum The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iii). Illegal collection Thalictrum cor Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Thalictrum cor 3,000 individuals grow only at Mt. Seorak and the Pyeongchang area in Gangwon-do. grasslands. plants for medicinal use due to its similar appearance to medicinal species. and construction of hiking trails may be threatening this species is regionally protected as Endangered Cimicifuga heracleifolia Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Cimicifuga heracleifolia grows in Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Chungcheongnam-do. This species is found sparsely for The species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection ornamental use may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. tches, and stre n groups in fallow grounds, di species is found i sea level. coast below 50 m above along the lowland of coastal roads and EN B2ab(iii, iv). Construction is assessed as this species. collection may be threatening indiscriminate as Endangered is regionally protected Corydalis filistipes Ranunculales: Papaveraceae Corydalis filistipes n Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. subpopulations occur only i This species is found along slopes Indiscriminate collection may be species is assessed as EN B2ab(iv). threatening this species. measures. Saururus chinensis chinensis Saururus Piperales: Saururaceae Saururus chinensis rn parts in Jeju-do. duals grow only at southe restored indivi Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

EN EN EN EN 166

Vascular plants Vascular plants

in 167

habitats grows There are grasslands. The species The species that natural VU B2ab(iii,iv). of etland development plant W There are currently no ge population found at ge population This species is found on This species is mountainous in This species is found mainly aquatic exploration There are currently no regional The area of occupancy (AOO) of and Red List of the Republic of Korea annual The species is regionally protected as The species is . sometimes rproduction of seeds, Apart from unde cies. Nakai ged (Bassi ex Linnaeus) Parlatore season VU B2abc(ii,iii,iv). forests with highly moist soil. forests with highly The species is assessed as This species is found at shallow ponds and 500 individuals herb that about 500 individuals is a perennial is an annual herb that grows only at the Paju . Linnaeus eana submer long the coast of is an annual herb that grows a a eana waterways, Richard flowering is estris

ildlife by the law at and estris W cus acutissima rnassifolia Quer fields rainfall in This species is found on sands of the sunny coast. This species is found on sands engeshoma kor engeshoma engeshoma kor rice etland development may be threatening this species. etland development may be threatening this species. ribulus terr ribulus terr Blyxa aubertii Alismatales: Hydrocharitaceae Blyxa aubertii Gyeonggi-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Jeju-do. at The species is assessed as may be threatening this spe conservation measures. Caldesia parnassifolia Alismatales: Alismataceae Caldesia pa area in Gyeonggi-do and Jeju-do. the species is narrow agricultural waterways. W currently no regional conservation measures. the Sancheong area in Gyeongsangnam-do. area in Gyeongsangnam-do. the Sancheong flats b(iii). is assessed as EN B1a heavy this species. may be threatening Endangered T Zygophyllales: Zygophyllaceae T Island of Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju- Gyeongsangbuk-do, Geojedo do. iv). Construction of coastal roads is assessed as EN B2ab(iii)c(iii, this species. and typhoons may be threatening regional conservation measures. Kir Cornales: Hydrangeaceae Kir lar eollanam-do and grow at Mt. Baegun in J VU VU EN EN

This The species is VU B2ab(ii,iii). VU B2ab(iii,iv). There are currently ged perennial aquatic plant ged perennial . This species is found along coasts A2c; B2ab(iii,iv). Destruction of A2c; B2ab(iii,iv). The species is regionally protected as This species is found on sandy soils ged perennial aquatic plant that grows ged perennial aquatic plant that Linnaeus VU tic brackish This species is found at len is a submer The species is assessed as There are currently no regional conservation no regional conservation There are currently (Linnaeus) Borner h. Miki The species is assessed as Ascherson and Graebner ganism by the law is a submer is a monoecious perennial herb that grows isolated is an oceanic angiosperm that grows along intertidal ural habitats and VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv). Reclamation of nat mestone areas in inland. Zostera japonica Alismatales: Zosteraceae Zostera japonica zones of the southwest coast. in intertidal zones. this species. Development of intertidal zones may be threatening There are currently no regional conservation measures. Zostera caespitosa Alismatales: Zosteraceae Zostera caespitosa along the coast throughout Korea. at 3-5 m in water dept Reduction of natural habitats by development and water pollution may be threatening this species. Protected Marine Or populations along the Han River basin have been extirpated. the Han River basin have populations along and benthic regions. areas around rivers species is found at lentic assessed as The species is water pollution may be by river refurbishment and natural habitats species. threatening this measures. Stuckenia pectinata Alismatales: Potamogetonaceae Stuckenia pectinata s along the coast throughout Korea and only at brackish water zone li s in limestone areas. water zones and around stream assessed as this species. water pollution may be threatening no regional conservation measures. Potamogeton perfoliatus perfoliatus Potamogeton Alismatales: Potamogetonaceae perfoliatus Potamogeton Most of the in Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do. that grows only Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 168

Vascular plants Vascular plants

300 169

A2ac; about VU The species that plant aniot) Nakai aniot) This species is found in The species is assessed as The species is V aquatic There are currently no regional There are currently VU B2b(iii)c(iii). Natural habitat gent Red List of the Republic of Korea The species is regionally protected as ands and around forests. . The species is assessed as emer Russanov Linnaeus an There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional There are currently no regional conservation Nakai is a perennial herb that grows along the is

(H. Léveillé and (H. Léveillé y a few individuals is a perennial herb that onl folium grow herb that only a few individuals is a perennial oliata VU B2ab(iii,iv). Indiscriminate collection may be VU B2ab(iii,iv). Indiscriminate lepis ildlife by the law W The species is assessed as ea polylepis ea poly Apocynum lancifolium Gentianales: Apocynaceae Apocynum lanci western coastal line and at the Danyang area in Chungcheongbuk-do. dikes, and This species is found at moist habitats such as rural roads, tidelands. may be interference by human life and water or foreshore pollution threatening this species. measures. Menyanthes trifoliata Asterales: Menyanthaceae Menyanthes trif individuals grow only in Gangwon-do. stream sides and wetlands. B2ab(iii,iv). Destruction of natural habitats by wetland development may be threatening this species. Endangered This species is found in sunny grasslands. found in sunny grasslands. This species is be habitats by grazing may Destruction of natural VU B2ab(iii,iv). species in Jeju-do. threatening this conservation measures. Saussur Asterales: Asteraceae Saussur of Shinan area of Jeollanam-do. grow at 10 locations in islands ssl This species is found in gra is assessed as threatening this species. measures. Ligularia taquetii Ligularia Asterales: Asteraceae Ligularia taquetii and Jeju-do. in Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do, at 10 locations VU VU VU VU

species The ildlife by the The species is W fields.

There are currently no There are currently no VU B2ab(iii,vi,v). Road VU B2ab(iii,vi,v). There are currently no This species is found in grasslands This species is Miscanthus sinensis (Loesener) Kitagawa Maximowicz VU B2ab(iii). Natural habitat interference This species is found around upland edges This species is found around This species is found on mountain slopes. - and Gyeonggi ons occur in Gangwon-do (Linnaeus) Cornaz (Linnaeus) cies. ay be threatening this spe al collection m is an annual herb endemic to Korea that grows is a perennial vine plant that grows only at 10 is a perennial vine plant that t 300 r biennial herb that abou is an annual o A. Kerner The species is assessed as The species is dii is a biennial herb that grows only in Gangwon-do dii VU B2ab(iii). Destruction of natural habitats by human VU B2ab(iii). Destruction of VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for its beautiful protected as Endangered s is regionally ongsangbuk-do. This species is found sparsely in rocky mountains. All the populations of Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do and Mt. Halla of Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do All the populations . Elsholtzia angustifolia Lamiales: Lamiaceae Elsholtzia angustifolia ngbuk- only at 10 locations in Chungcheongbuk-do and Gyeongsa do. assessed as flowers may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. Swertia wilfor Gentianales: Gentianaceae Swertia wilfor and Gye The species is assessed as by climbers may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. do. been extirpated. in Jeju-do have of tall mountains. nd illeg construction a The specie law Pterygocalyx volubilis Gentianales: Gentianaceae Pterygocalyx volubilis locations in Gangwon-do. in at the foot of mountains and is assessed as this species. interference may be threatening regional conservation measures. Halenia corniculata corniculata Halenia Gentianales: Gentianaceae culata Halenia corni ati individuals in 5 popul Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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grows reas a that ildlife by the B2ab(ii,iii,iv). B2ab(ii,iii,iv). W herb VU eongdong This species is found as Y nd ongsangbuk-do, a There are currently no The species is assessed and perennial This species is found at stony or assessed is VU B2ab(iii,iv). Competition with Jincheon Red List of the Republic of Korea The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected annual . Masamune Nakai is a perennial herb that grows in is a perennial herb that species VU B12ab(iii,v). Low genetic diversity and is a deciduous shrub endemic to Korea etland development and illegal collection etland development and illegal The Goesan, floating W This species is found in coastal wetlands, This species (Makino) Makino (Makino) a at onally protected as Endangered Nakai is

fields. is a deciduous shrub endemic to Korea that grows ildlife by the law rice W isolated and There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently The species is assessed as grows . fs. VU B2bc(ii,iii,iv). Forsythia ovata Lamiales: Oleaceae Forsythia ovata only at 10 locations in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do. and on steep species is found in small numbers at sunny rocky areas clif other plants may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. Abeliophyllum distichum Lamiales: Oleaceae Abeliophyllum distichum that Chungcheongbuk-do, and Jeollabuk-do. sea level. or sandy areas at the foot of mountains at 50-160 m above The species is assessed as this species. illegal collection for ornamental use may be threatening The species is regi law -do. Gyeongsangnam swamps, of wetlands may be threatening this and reclamation Development species. Utricularia yakusimensis Lamiales: Lentibulariaceae Utricularia yakusimensis and Jeju-do. Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do, wetlands. around valleys and in mountainous as may be threatening this species. Endangered Utricularia pilosa pilosa Utricularia Lamiales: Lentibulariaceae Utricularia pilosa ations in Gangwon-do, Gye only at 3 loc VU VU VU VU

VU plant aquatic The species is VU B2ab(iii); VU B2ab(iii,iv). (H. Léveillé) H. annual This species is found of Mt. The populations floating This species is found at sunny This species is a The species is assessed as The species is ds in t Geomun and Bogil Islan is antennifera

. areas in es is found at sunny stony . Becker Koidzumi The species is assessed as There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation no regional conservation There are currently s The species is assessed a W is an indeciduous tree that about 1,000 is an indeciduous tree that (Nakai) Nakai (Nakai) antennifera nstruction may be f natural habitats by road co Oliver var . This speci is an annual herb endemic to Korea that only a is a deciduous shrub endemic to Korea that grows shrub endemic to Korea that is a deciduous var eana eana VU B2ab(iii,iv). Competition with other plants may be There are currently no regional conservation measures. rapella sinensis rapella sinensis Euphrasia cor Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia cor few individuals grow at 10 locations in Jeju-do. in sunny grasslands over 1,500 m above sea level. assessed as threatening this species. measures. measures. T Hara Lamiales: Pedaliaceae T Jeju-do. that about 10 populations occur at the southern areas except around old This species is found at lentic streams, waterways, and reservoirs and swamps. Refurbishment of streams and waterways may be threatening this species. Gwanak in Seoul have been extirpated. Gwanak in Seoul foot of mountains. habitats at the by climbers may be Natural habitat interference B2ab(iv); C2a(i). species. threatening this measures. Osmanthus insularis Lamiales: Oleaceae Osmanthus insularis nly a individuals at most grow o One or only a few individuals comprise Jeollanam-do, and Jeju-do. small populations. mountainous forests. C2a(i). Destruction o threatening this species. Forsythia saxatilis saxatilis Forsythia Lamiales: Oleaceae Forsythia saxatilis north central areas of Korea. throughout the Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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levees. species. eongwol, eoncheon plant species Y Y and this The range of The the the . about 30 to 50 at aquatic fields, and rice species. gent There are currently no f natural ,v). Collapse o grows threatening this be emer only VU B2ab(iii). Indiscriminate 0 herb that grows at about 1 ildlife by the law wetlands, and may Gangwon-do, W The species is assessed as The species is assessed as that in in Red List of the Republic of Korea (Maximowicz) Pax fields herb threatening ing gest subpopulation appears compris VU B2ab(v). Illegal collection for its annual is a perennial herb that only a few Koidzumi and Ohwi i,iv VU B2ab(ii,ii areas found (Lamarck) Merrill (Lamarck) be species is found on rocks in sunny habitats. an rice is There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional is a perennial is

The lar This may and perennial Komarov a species omatica omatica Hongcheon is

omatica This s is assessed as and wetlands The species is assessed as in inflorescence valleys with much water flows This species is found in cool small. ssessed as he species is a Silene capitata Caryophyllales: Caryophyllaceae Silene capitata Cheolwon, area in Gyeonggi-do. The specie unusal regionally protected as Endangered threatening this species. measures. Pseudostellaria sylvatica Caryophyllales: Caryophyllaceae Pseudostellaria sylvatica individuals grow at 10 locations of Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do. m above species is found in forests and moist highlands over 1,000 sea level. collection may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. natural habitats is very narrow and estimated number of individuals is is very narrow and estimated natural habitats very T habitats measures. no regional conservation There are currently Pedicularis ishidoyana Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis ishidoyana Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and locations in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do. other populations with about 1,000 individuals, but ones. and on shady mountain slopes. collection for ornamental use may be B2ab(iii); C2a(i). Indiscriminate Limnophila ar Limnophila Lamiales: Scrophulariaceae Limnophila ar nd Busan. ations occur in Jeju-do a only about 5 popul VU VU VU VU

VU n Gangwon- This species on of natural VU B2ab(v). This species is (Masamune) This species is found assessed The species is The species is assessed as nipponica . ntly no regional There are curre g var t only a is an insectivorous plant tha Linnaeus VU B2ab(iii,iv). Destructi The species is assessed as illdenow There are currently no regional conservation is a perennial herb that grows in Gyeonggi-do, W nipponica Thunber alker . . herb that grows only i is a perennial W a deciduous vine plant that only a few individuals (Siebold and Zuccarini) Planchon ex Miquel var cies. ening this spe The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally is There are currently no regional conservation measures. This species is found at grasslands on sunny mountain ridges, at found at grasslands on sunny This species is osera peltata VU B2ab(iii). Indiscriminate collection for ornamental use and Indiscriminate collection VU B2ab(iii). osera peltata ildlife by the law Actinidia rufa Ericales: Actinidiaceae Actinidia rufa grow along the coast of Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. is found in rocky areas. this Indiscriminate collection for ornamental use may be threatening species. W Polygonum amphibium Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae Polygonum amphibium Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do. around old reservoirs and small ponds. B2ab(iii,iv). Refurbishment and reclamation of reservoirs may be threatening this species. measures. between rocks around forests. dry sands, and as near hiking trails habitats due to the location damage of natural t may be threa conservation measures. Dr Ohwi ex. E.H. Caryophyllales:Droseraceae Dr coast of Jeollanam-do. few individuals grow along the of low mountains along the coast. found in groups in sunny wetlands The species is assessed as for ornamental use may be threatening habitats and illegal collection this species. Silene jenisseensis jenisseensis Silene Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllales: nsis Silene jenissee do. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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VU VU 175

, natural ealis Siebold and VU B2ab(iii). Sasa bor This species is found The species is assessed The species is regionally . ilson) Nakai japonicum small indeciduous shrub that W . The species is assessed as The species is assessed as This species is found in sunny bberies. is a Red List of the Republic of Korea ildlife by the law found in groups at watery This species is The species is assessed as The species is W There are currently no regional conservation Hemsley japonicum Linnaeus var . Maximowicz is an annual herb that grows at 10 locations along that grows at 10 locations is an annual herb var (Rehder and E. H. is an indeciduous perennial herb that only about cillata cillata Apart from the competition with erence by climbers may be threatening this species. is a small shrub that about 500 individuals grow only at is a small shrub that about 500 cillata enifolia enifolia There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently ola r ola r VU B2ab(iii). Destruction of natural habitats by construction of VU B2ab(iii). Destruction of ctous rubra ctous rubra Pyr Ericales: Ericaceae Pyr 2 to 3 populations occur in Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do. This species is found in shady forests. may be B2ab(iii). Destruction of natural habitats by road construction threatening this species. measures. Empetrum nigrum Zuccarini ex K. Koch Ericales: Ericaceae Empetrum nigrum grows only at 10 locations in Jeju-do. habitats over 1,400 m above sea level. A2c; B2ab(iii). habitat interf There are currently no regional conservation measures. habitats around valleys. habitats around may be threatening this interference by human access Natural habitat species. Ar Ericales: Ericaceae Ar in Gangwon-do. Mt. Seorak and Ongnyeobong in shru in highland rocky areas and as this species. hiking trails may be threatening protected as Endangered Impatiens fur Impatiens Ericales: Balsaminaceae Impatiens fur tal line. the southern coas VU VU VU VU

sh VU The cher ex The species . (Fis Fernald ctica There are currently no There are currently ar This species is found at This species is The species is found on The species is assessed as ildlife by the law VU B2ab(iii). Natural habitat The species is assessed as W obtusifolia This species is found in rocky . This species is found in bracki is a perennial herb that grows at Mt. The species is regionally protected as is a perennial herb that about 2,000 . tica c Linnaeus ar Linnaeus Linnaeus subsp. There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional by Collapse of natural habitats VU B2ab(iii,iv). is a small shrub that grows only at Mt. Seorak that grows only at Mt. Seorak is a small shrub obtusifolia is an indeciduous shrub that only 2 populations is an indeciduous shrub that . Linnaeus var subsp. opaea var ildlife by the law opaea The species is assessed as W The natural habitats of this species at the Sokcho area The estimated number of individuals at Mt. Seorak in Gangwon- rientalis eur accinium vitis-idaea accinium uliginosum uliginosum accinium rientalis eur accinium vitis-idaea accinium uliginosum T Hooker) Hultén Ericales: Primulaceae T Seorak in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam- do. do comprises more than 7,000. shrubberies. interference by climbers may be threatening this species. is regionally protected as Endangered Glaux maritima Ericales: Primulaceae Glaux maritima individuals grow only at the Pohang area in Gyeongsangbuk-do and Ulsan. in Gangwon-do are disappeared. water zones and in coastal wetlands. B2ab(iii). Destruction of natural habitats by garbage abandonment may be threatening this species. Endangered prominent bedrocks. with strong wind and mountain peaks as species is assessed be threatening this species. strong wind may measures. regional conservation V Ericales: Ericaceae V ngwon-do. occur at Mt. Seorak in Ga mountains. bedrocks around the peak of natural habitats by rock erosion may be VU B2ab(iii,iv). Collapse of threatening this species. measures. V Ericales: Ericaceae V and Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. in Gangwon-do Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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etland W (Nakai) a es is assessed ean VU B2ab(iii,iv); , wild populations , wild populations kor . There are currently no VU B2ab(iii). The speci The number of natural hab is a shrub that grows at about is a shrub that grows at about There are currently no regional There are currently no regional eana Red List of the Republic of Korea A. Gray var The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected nd This species is found at shady a . . kor 2 . This species is found on gravels or dry VU B12a. urczaninow eum var T This species is found at sands and watery assessed as The species is The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species The extent of occurrence (EOO) gest population comprises only about 300 comprises only about gest population Siebold and Zuccarini and Zuccarini Siebold eum Linnaeus is a perennial herb that grows only at limestone The species is assessed as is a small shrub that grows only at 5 locations in that grows only at 5 locations is a small shrub is an annual herb that was previously known from ildlife by the law The lar eongwol and Pyeongchang areas of Gangwon-do and the costal road construction ruction of natural habitats by W with succulent found along the lava coast This species is Y on linifolium There are currently no regional conservation measures. on linifolium ando have been extirpated except restored individuals. extirpated except restored ando have been eongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam- ocations in Gangwon-do, Gy VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection may be threatening this W an Island of Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. However an Island of Jeollanam-do illaea aquatica illaea aquatica T Saxifragales: Crassulaceae T in Jeju-do Seoul and Daegu. Several populations have been found comprises and Busan in recent years and the populations in Busan about 300 individuals. soils around rivers. development may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. conservation measures. Diarthr Malvales: Thymelaeaceae Diarthr areas in the Danyang area in Cheongchungbuk-do. and individuals are small. sands of low mountains in limestone areas. as species. in including restored is less than 1,000 individuals estimated total individuals. individuals. . plants and vine plants C2a(i). Dest may be threatening this species. Endangered Daphne pseudomezer Hamaya Malvales: Thymelaeaceae Daphne pseudomezer 15 l do, and Jeollabuk-do. was calculated as 2,400 km and drained soil in tall mountains. moist habitats with rich humus The species is assessed as Hibiscus hamabo Hibiscus Malvales: Malvaceae Hibiscus hamabo W VU VU VU VU

. The This ildlife W The species (Nakai) T eana This species is found VU B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i). kor . . r he species is regionally T VU B2ab(iii); C2a(i). Natural The populations in Mt. Naejang in is a perennial herb that about 10 This species is found in indeciduous This species is found in indeciduous . The species is regionally protected as eana ildlife by the law (Hemsley) Engler (Hemsley) W kor There are no regional conservation measures Maximowicz va . VU B2ab(iii). Natural habitat interference by is a perennial herb that grows only in Gangwon- is a perennial var The species is assessed as Blume talk damage by rainfall and Rootstalk damage by VU B2ab(iii,v). Nakai ildlife by the law is an indeciduous tree that grows only at southern is an indeciduous tree that The natural habitats are fragmented and number of The natural habitats are fragmented The species is assessed as W is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that grows only at is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that grows only at ollabuk-do, Jeollanam-do, as in Gyeongsangnam-do, Je . . The species is regionally protected as Endangered regionally protected as Endangered The species is eana eana cus gilva cus gilva in groups on mountain slopes, in mainly found in groups on This species is About 600 individuals grow at Mt. Naejang in Jeollabuk-do. About 600 individuals grow at Mt. Naejang in Jeollabuk-do. ycoris sanguinea ycoris sanguinea Iris kor Asparagales: Iridaceae Iris kor 10 locations in Cheongchungbuk-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Jeollanam- do. species is found at lower places on mountain slopes, around forests and valleys. ornamental habitat interference by climbers and illegal collection for use may be threatening this species. protected as Endangered be threatening this species. Endangered L Koyama Asparagales: Amarylidaceae L populations occur along the coast of Jeollabuk-do and Jeollanam-do, and at some locations in inland. Jeollabuk-do comprise about 2,400 individuals. level. in valleys and on mountain slopes at 250-450 m above sea species is assessed as use may be climbers and indiscriminate collection for ornamental threatening this species. currently fertile soil. and in limestone areas with shady habitats, is assessed as may be threatening this collection for ornamental use indiscriminate species. by the law Quer Fagales: Fagaceae Quer coastal are and Jeju-do. young individuals is very small. m above sea level and at rocky areas lowland forests at 75-350 with barren soil. and competition with other trees may Damage of natural habitats Astilboides tabularis tabularis Astilboides Saxifragaceae Saxifragales: Astilboides tabularis do. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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, there The species This species The species is . arious developments forests, and on sunny V This species is found in The species is assessed as VU D(1). Illegal collection A2cd. ildlife by the law densiflora Maximowicz ex M. Okubo W VU rb that grows in Gangwon-do, Maximowicz Red List of the Republic of Korea The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected . . Pinus This species is found on rocks and is an indeciduous perennial herb that is regionally protected as The species is regionally is an epiphytic orchid that only a few There are currently no regional conservation Ker Gawler Fischer VU B2ab(iii). Destruction of natural habitats may Destruction of natural habitats VU B2ab(iii). is a perennial he ildlife by the law ildlife by the law The species is assessed as he Goseong herb that grows only at t is a perennial W W ted luding Jeju-do. Some populations have been extirpa The species is assessed as Bulbophyllum inconspicuum Asparagales: Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum inconspicuum individuals grow in Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju-do. is found in moist forests and on rocks. use may be VU B1ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for ornamental threatening this species. measures. Bulbophyllum drymoglossum Asparagales: Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum drymoglossum the south about 1,000 individuals in 10 to 15 populations grow along coast inc within its natural habitats. mature trees. for ornamental use may be threatening this species. regionally protected as Endangered ulations of Mt. Jiri. rsy about existence of pop is a controve of habitat degradation. Gangwon-do are under danger populations in s of streams. s found at ponds and hill This species i is assessed as this species. be threatening Endangered Iris ruthenica Asparagales: Iridaceae Iris ruthenica Gyeonggi-do, and Cheongchungnam-do. grasslands, hilllocks, lowland sands. may be threatening this species. Endangered Iris laevigata Iridaceae Asparagales: Iris laevigata However and Mt. Jiri in Jeollanam-do. area in Gangwon-do VU VU VU VU

The This C2a(i). only a VU sieboldii . ildlife by the as subaphylla The species is This species is VU B2ab(iv). . W eung Island of assessed This species is found in The species is assessed This species is found at This species is is g) Blume for There are currently no regional is a perennial herb that species is an indeciduous perennial herb is an indeciduous perennial The (H.G. Reichenbach) Garay is a perennial herb that grows in (Thunber subaphylla The species is assessed as The species is . There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional sieboldii R. Brown ex Lindley for R. Brown ex Lindley valleys. for . ecta onalis Maximowicz for ecta is an indeciduous perennial herb that grows at about perennial herb that grows is an indeciduous shallow eflexa eflexa VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for ornamental in eflexa r There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently y known from Ull The populations previousl . VU B2ab(v). Indiscriminate collection for ornamental use may be VU B2ab(v). Indiscriminate gest population comprises less than 150 individuals. flatlands Cyrtosia septentrionalis Asparagales: Orchidaceae Cyrtosia septentri Jeju-do. Cheongchungnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam-do, and lar sea level and found in forests with rich humus at 300-1,000 m above at this species. Illegal collection for ornamental use may be threatening The species is regionally protected as Endangered law threatening this species. measures. Cephalanthera er (Miyabe and Kudô) M. Hiroe Asparagales: Orchidaceae Cephalanthera er few individuals grows in about 10 locations throughout Korea. species is found between shrubs in shady mountains. assessed as use may be threatening this species. conservation measures. lower places in forests. lower places may be threatening this collection for ornamental use Indiscriminate species. Calanthe striata (Decaisne ex Regel) Ohwi Asparagales: Orchidaceae Calanthe striata locations in Jeollanam-do and Jeju- that grows only at several do. lmost extirpated. Gyeongsangbuk-do may be a in warm areas. half-shaded deciduous forests as Calanthe r Calanthe Orchidaceae Asparagales: Calanthe Gangwon-do and Jeju-do. 10 locations in Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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sessed as ies is assessed al use may be , populations in VU B2ab(iv). Overall The spec as The species is The estimated number of The species is assessed as There are currently no regional Red List of the Republic of Korea g) Lindley (Linnaeus) R. Brown This species is found in mountains with This species is This species is found in sunny grasslands This species is found in sunny (Linnaeus) Swartz There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation no regional conservation There are currently is a perennial herb that grows only at 5 is a perennial herb that grows (Linnaeus) R. Brown (Linnaeus) is a perennial herb that grows only at 5 locations (Thunber The species is assessed as The estimated number of individuals is small. is a perennial herb that only about 10 populations is a perennial is an indeciduous perennial herb that was previously epens epens There are currently no regional conservation measures. ju-do. ations in Gyeonggi-do and Je VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection may be threatening this Malaxis monophyllos Asparagales: Orchidaceae Malaxis monophyllos in Gangwon-do. species is found in shady mountainous forests. as species. Liparis nervosa Asparagales: Orchidaceae Liparis nervosa known from Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. However Jeollanam-do have been extirpated within its natural habitats. species is found in lowland forests. B12ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for ornament threatening this species. measures. rich humus over 900 m above sea level. rich humus over mental use may be scriminate collection for orna VU B2ab(iv). Indi species. threatening this measures. Gymnadenia conopsea Asparagales: Orchidaceae Gymnadenia conopsea loc individuals is very small. of tall mountains. number of populations is declining. conservation measures. Goodyera r Goodyera Orchidaceae Asparagales: Goodyera r Korea. occur throughout VU VU VU VU

The species ged in the water with There are currently no s and grasslands of tall essed The species is ass VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate VU B2ac(v): C2(b). Destruction There are currently no regional nly a few individuals nial herb that o . lopes This species is found on valley s regionally protected as regionally protected The species is (Linnaeus) Schlechter (Linnaeus) Nakai The estimated total is less than 10,000 This species is submer is an indeciduous fern that only about 5 is an indeciduous fern that (Linnaeus) Bernhardi ex Schrank and is a peren .H. Chung and H.K. Choi Y ycopodiaceae is an indeciduous fern that only a few individuals is a hydrophyte endemic to Korea that grows at about l mountains s found in grasslands of tal This species i VU B2ab(iii,iv). Collapse of natural habitats by soil VU B2ab(iii,iv). Collapse of ildlife by the law eana W The species is assessed as The species is assessed as eana This species is found in sunny forest rnamental use may C2a(i). Illegal collection for o VU B2ab(iv); ycopodiales: L Huperzia selago Martius L Huperzia selago were grow at Mt. Seorak in Gangwon-do. Several individuals in recent introduced in Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk-do years. mountains. collection may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. Isoetes cor Isoetales: Isoetaceae Isoetes cor 10 locations in Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam- do, and Jeollanam-do. variable as individuals, but the number and size of populations are the water level changes. sandy soil. servoirs of natural habitats by development work on rivers and re may be threatening this species. conservation measures. Gyeongsangnam-do, Mt. Deogyu in Jeollabuk-do, and Mt. Jiri in Mt. Deogyu in Jeollabuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do. . places in coniferous forests and at lower as this species. be threatening Endangered Plagiogyria japonica Cyatheales: Plagiogyriaceae Plagiogyria japonica populations occur in Jeju-do. and around marshes. in indeciduous broadleaf forests is assessed as may be threatening this species. erosion and indiscriminate collection conservation measures. There are currently no regional Neottianthe cucullata cucullata Neottianthe Orchidaceae Asparagales: cullata Neottianthe cu angwon-do, Mt. Gaya in at Mt. Hambaek in G grow at 5 locations Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

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Vascular plants Vascular plants

VU 183

. Mature 2 The area of Apart from the There are currently ,v). There are currently no There are currently VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate The species is assessed as VU B2ab(iii). Global warming There are currently no regional for fs, indiscriminate collection The estimated total is about 200 The estimated total is about VU B2ab(iii,iv mic to Korea that grows only in Red List of the Republic of Korea Linnaeus and, and 500 , 1,000 ones in Ulleung Isl The species is found in shady forests of tall found in shady forests of tall The species is Linnaeus This species is found on riverine or coastal This species is found on riverine is an indeciduous fern that grows only at 5 fern that grows only at is an indeciduous There are currently no regional conservation This species is found at graves in mountainous Nakai is an indeciduous tree that grows at Dong River is an indeciduous tree that (Siebold and Zuccarini) Carrière is a tree ende ycopodiaceae is an indeciduous tree that grows at Mt. Gyebang in assessed as The species is The species is assessed as The species is assessed as This species is found in tall mountains over 1,000 m above sea This species is found in tall mountains over 1,000 m above fs. clif ficulty in growth on steep ycopodium annotinum annotinum ycopodium ycopodiales: L ycopodiales: ycopodium annotinum Picea jezoensis Pinales: Pinaceae Picea jezoensis Jeollanam- Gangwon-do, Mt. Deogyu in Jeollabuk-do, and Mt. Jiri in do. level. may be threatening this species. conservation measures. ornamental use may be threatening this species. ornamental use may be threatening no regional conservation measures. Thuja koraiensis Pinales: Cupressaceae Thuja koraiensis Gangwon-do and northeast parts of Gyeonggi-do. km occupancy (AOO) of the species was calculated as 2,000 individuals are scarce. forests at 750-1,950 m above sea level. may be B2ab(ii,iii,vi,v); C2a(i); D1. Natural habitats in North Korea destroyed by logging. measures. mountains. be threatening this species. collection may measures. regional conservation Juniperus chinensis Pinales: Cupressaceae Juniperus chinensis Ulleung Island of Gyeongsangbuk- and coastal areas of Gangwon-do, do, and the east coast of Korea. individuals in Dong River ones in the east coast. clif dif L L L locations in Gangwon-do. VU VU VU VU

VU There are The species There are currently The species is assessed The extent of occurrence This species is found on This species is found at the The species is assessed as ted. -green fern that grows only at the Hooker VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate (Maximowicz) Milde There are no regional conservation measures herb that only is an indeciduous perennial (Baker) Ching is a summer m is an indeciduous perennial fern that only a few eri The species is found in subalpine zones with a light found in subalpine zones with The species is (Pall.) Regel (Pall.) olongatum eri environmental adaptation Decrease of environmental VU B2ab(iii,iv). olongatum is an indeciduous shrub that grows only at 5 locations shrub that grows only is an indeciduous There are currently no regional conservation measures. . This species is found around partially sunny forests and in mixed This species is found around partially sunny forests and VU B2ab(iv). Exploration of natural habitats may be threatening Athyrium spinulosum Polypodiales: Athyriaceae Athyrium spinulosu Samcheok and Inje areas in Gangwon-do. (EOO) of the species is very limi peak of mountains near hiking trails. may be B2ab(iii, iv). Damage of natural habitats by people trampling threatening this species. currently Athyrium shear Polypodiales: Athyriaceae Athyrium shear and Jeju- individuals grow in Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollanam-do, do. forests with indeciduous and deciduous trees. as this species. breeze and a lot of snow at 900-2,500 m above sea level. of snow at 900-2,500 m above breeze and a lot is assessed as ng this species. c diversity may be threateni by low geneti conservation measures. currently no regional Asplenium pr Polypodiales: Aspleniaceae Asplenium pr in Jeju-do. about 5 subpopulations occur and on valley slopes. moist rocks in indeciduous broadleaf forests The species is assessed as this species. ornamental use may be threatening no regional conservation measures. Pinus pumila Pinus Pinales: Pinaceae Pinus pumila in Gangwon-do. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 184

Vascular plants Vascular plants

185 There

There are individuals The species VU B2ab(iii). cies is assessed This species is rests, especially mental use may be This species is found This species is The spe This species is found in This species is found on The species is assessed as -green perennial herb that grows -green perennial Red List of the Republic of Korea -green fern that only a few The species is assessed as Nakai (Linnaeus f.) Smith plantations. There are currently no regional conservation is an indeciduous perennial fern that only is an indeciduous perennial (Makino) M. Kato (Makino) untains. is an indeciduous perennial fern that only about R. Brown ex Richardson is a summer and natural habitats is very narrow The range of is a summer l habitats v). Destruction of natura VU B2ab(iii,i dia japonica dia japonica There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional Cryptomeria japonica VU B2ab(iii). Collapse of natural habitats may be threatening this VU B2ab(iii). Collapse of natural oodwar oodsia glabella oodsia glabella oodwar W Polypodiales: Blechnaceae W 5 populations occur in Jeollanam-do and Jeju-do. found on valley slopes in indeciduous broadleaf fo in VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for orna threatening this species. measures. W Polypodiales: Blechnaceae W grow at 5 limestone areas in Gangwon-do. rocky areas of tall mo Exploration of natural habitats may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. estimated number of individuals is very small. of individuals is very small. estimated number valleys. forests around lowland in deciduous broadleaf s is assessed a this species. work may be threatening by development conservation measures. currently no regional Diplazium hachijoense Polypodiales: Athyriaceae Diplazium hachijoense in Jeju-do. about 5 subpopulations occur nnexed islands. valley slopes in lowlands and a as species. Deparia okuboana okuboana Deparia Athyriaceae Polypodiales: Deparia okuboana only in Jeju-do. VU VU VU VU

The This This There . ng within VU B2ab(iv). VU B2ab(iv). Illegal ssessed The species is a -green fern that grows in Gangwon- -green fern that The species is regionally protected as . (Linnaeus) Brongniart (Makino) Makino Christ The species is assessed as , once considered regionally extinct, is an (Matsum. ex Makino) C. Christensen ex Makino) (Matsum. oides is an indeciduous fern that grows only at 4 VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv). Reclamation of wetlands This species is found on rocks of valley slopes This species is found on rocks is an indeciduous fern that about 5 populations is an indeciduous fern that about The species is assessed as There are currently no regional conservation There are currently is a summer This species is found on bedrocks in indeciduous oides ged annual aquatic plant that abundant individuals ildlife by the law W There are no regional conservation measures currently gent or submer als are declini erall number of individu VU B2ab(iv). Ov Ceratopteris thalictr Polypodiales: Parkeriaceae Ceratopteris thalictr emer Busan. grow at 5 areas in Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam-do, and species is found in lentic rice fields, levees, and waterways. species is assessed as may be threatening this species. Endangered Loxogramme salicifolia Polypodiales: Loxogrammaceae Loxogramme salicifolia locations in Jeju-do. broadleaf lowland forests. this Indiscriminate collection for ornamental use may be threatening species. eys. n moist mountainous vall species is found i as its natural habitats. measures. Loxogramme duclouxii Polypodiales: Loxogrammaceae Loxogramme duclouxii occur only in Jeju-do. and depressed areas. may be threatening this species. collection for ornamental use measures. are currently no regional conservation Dryopteris tokyoensis tokyoensis Dryopteris Dryopteridaceae Polypodiales: Dryopteris tokyoensis and Jeollanam-do. Chungcheongbuk-do, do, Gyeonggi-do, Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 186

Vascular plants Vascular plants

fs. this 187 There

rows only VU B2ab(iii). threatening be There are currently may VU B2ab(iii,iv). Collapse (Ching) Ching floods VU B2ab(iii,iv). Natural habitat VU B2ab(iii,iv). Natural habitat Red List of the Republic of Korea The estimated number of individuals is an indeciduous fern that grows river al herb that g -green perenni This species is found on valley slopes The species is assessed as by VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for Indiscriminate collection for VU B2ab(iv). Hooker .C. Shieh The number of natural habitats and individuals is an indeciduous fern that grows only in is an indeciduous fern that (Baker) Copeland (Baker) W is a summer The species is assessed as interference is a perennial fern that only a few individuals grow at stone walls in sunny This species is found between There are currently no regional conservation measures. d This species is found at cave entrances in lowlands an The species is assessed as habitat There are currently no regional conservation measures. small. all. This species is found on valley bedrocks and in highland clif found on valley bedrocks and This species is Pseudocyclosorus subochthodes Polypodiales: Thelypteridaceae Pseudocyclosorus subochthodes only at 5 locations in Jeju-do. and in wetlands near streams. Natural species. Pteris nipponica Polypodiales: Pteridaceae Pteris nipponica 3 locations in Jeju-do. are sm depressed areas. threatening of natural habitats and indiscriminate collection may be this species. 1,550-1,900 m above 1,550-1,900 msea some areas in Jeju at about are located at level. assessed as The species is may be threatening this species. ornamental use measures. no regional conservation Cheilanthes chusana Polypodiales: Pteridaceae Cheilanthes chusana Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeju-do. is very lowlands. species. interference by human access may be threatening this measures. are currently no regional conservation Crypsinus veitchii veitchii Crypsinus Polypodiaceae Polypodiales: chii Crypsinus veit Jeju-do. Most populations in Gyeongsangnam-do and at 10 locations VU VU VU VU

the that The , This . plant ildlife grows (Miki) W plant that throughout aquatic However VU B2ab(iii). ensis plant aquatic grows There are currently oze . pumila ildlife by the law Jeju-do. . perennial W that aquatic VU C2a(i)b. Competition ollection for i,v). Illegal c ged perennial The estimated total is 5,500 The estimated total is 5,500 except plant This species is found in groups annual submer Korea floating a ged a ations comprise bred , inland popul aquatic is VU B2ab(ii

The species is assessed as VU B2ab(iii). River refurbishment and is

ver . Gmelin There are currently no regional conservation submer J.F a imm) de Candolle var throughout annual swamps and This species is found at shallow imm) de Candolle var pumila ozeensis is (T

. . (T an Salisbury eberi is The species is assessed as var grows var

eberi ox This species is found at old shallow ponds and reservoirs. found at old shallow ponds This species is ox . The species is regionally protected as Endangered The species is regionally protected frequently Nuphar pumila H.Hara Nymphaeales: Nymphaeaeceae Nuphar pumila that number of natural habitats is small. at lentic ponds and puddles. may be Destruction of natural habitats by wetland reclamation threatening this species. measures. Nuphar pumila Nymphaeales: Nymphaeaceae Nuphar pumila grows in Gyeongsangnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Jeollanam-do. and swamps. species is found in groups at lentic streams, old ponds, The species is assessed as water pollution may be threatening this species. no regional conservation measures. individuals. s assessed as The species i this species. edible use may be threatening ornamental and protected as Endangered species is regionally Euryale fer Nymphaeales: Nymphaeaceae Euryale fer Jeju-do. Korea except Gangwon-do and individuals at most. old reservoirs. water pollution may be threatening this with other hydrophytes and species. by the law Brasenia schr Brasenia Cabombaceae Nymphaeales: Brasenia schr a. Howe throughout Kore Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 188

Vascular plants Vascular plants

, VU VU 189 There

ildlife versity W akhtajan The species The natural Moore) T Moore) This species is found in (S. VU B2ab(v). Indiscriminate The species is assessed as ower places in shrubbery and The species is assessed as s. is a perennial herb that grows only is a perennial Red List of the Republic of Korea ow genetic di Apart from l The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected . Koidzumi hynchum hynchum orr The populations comprise only a few The populations comprise is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that is a perennial herb endemic hynchum (H. Léveillé) Rapaics There are currently no regional conservation no regional conservation There are currently gest population appears comprising about gest population appears comprising Poiret eense is a perennial herb that grows only at orr is a perennial herb that grows in central parts eense okor found in grasslands of broadleaf This species is This species is found in stony deciduous broadleaf This species is found in stony VU B2ab(iii). eanum okor ildlife by the law eanum W This species is found at l The species is assessed as . The species is regionally protected as Endangered Aconitum sibiricum Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Aconitum sibiricum Gwanmobong and Mt. Hambaek in Gangwon-do. habitats of this species are extremely limited. m above moist deciduous forests and mountain valleys at 900-1,200 sea level. collection for ornamental use may be threatening this species. are currently no regional conservation measures. may be threatening this species. may be threatening this species. Endangered Aconitum cor Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Aconitum cor of Korea. grasslands at the foot of mountain this A2cd. Illegal collection for medicinal use may be threatening species. by the law forests over 1,000 m above sea level. forests over and coniferous s is assessed a and wild animals may be natural habitats by climbers destruction of species. threatening this measures. Aconitum austr Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Aconitum austr in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam- grows at about 10 locations do, and Jeollanam-do. individuals and the lar 400 individuals. sea level. forests at 200-600 m above of stony areas within its natural habitats B2ab(iii); C2a(i). Collapse Gymnospermium micr Gymnospermium Berberidaceae Ranunculales: micr Gymnospermium in Gangwon-do. VU VU VU VU

VU There The species s grow only .C. Lee This species is found T The species is assessed as The species is VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate , the number of individuals is , the number The species is assessed as This species is found between s species is found sparsely or in There are currently no regional Ohwi Thi .N. Lee and Y is a perennial herb endemic to Korea Linnaeus s is found in moist deciduous This species is found in is a perennial herb endemic to Korea that There are currently no regional conservation There are currently no regional conservation no regional conservation There are currently discriminate collection for ornamental use . Schmidt is a perennial herb that grows only at Mt. is a perennial herb that grows F A2cd. Indiscriminate collection for its rarity and is a perennial herb that grows in Jeollabuk-do, is a perennial ng this species. cissiflora VU cissiflora The species is assessed as ay be ntal use, and natural habitat interference by climbers m ge groups in valleys at 700-1,500 m above sea level. Pulsatilla tongkangensis Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Pulsatilla tongkangensis about 10,000 individuals in only about 10 population at limestone areas in Gangwon-do. rocks at 200-800 m above sea level. B2ab(iii,iv); C2a(1). In may be threateni conservation measures. Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Megaleranthis saniculifolia n Gangwon- that widely grows along the Baekdu Mountain Range i do, Cheongchungbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam- do, Jeollabuk-do, and Jeju-do. lar is assessed as orname threatening this species. measures. n Jeju-do. small except i at 560 m above sea level. broadleaf forests ornamental use may be Indiscriminate collection for VU B2ab(iii). species. threatening this measures. Anemone nar Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Anemone nar in Gangwon-do. Seorak and Mt. Jeombong ges, stones, and in grasslands of tall sparsely on mountain rid mountains. may be threatening this species. collection for ornamental use measures. are currently no regional conservation Anemone flaccida flaccida Anemone Ranunculaceae Ranunculales: Anemone flaccida and Jeju-do. However Jeollanam-do, Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 190

Vascular plants Vascular plants

is the VU The 191

gent or along species Gangwon- no) (Maki in The occur only H. Hara There are currently is an emer rivers. grows . and Thes pecies is regionally evipes nsis kadzuse VU B2ab(iii,iv). Natural . hout Korea including Jeju- populations that This species is found around species is found mainly This species is found br . tions in Jeju-do . Some popula 2 10 The species is assessed as herb kadzusensis Red List of the Republic of Korea . out is a perennial herb that only a few waterways r Chaix va ab Linnaeus The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the The extent of var aquatic The species is found in sunny mountains ildlife by the law evipes that lentic W br VU B2ab(iii). Development of coasts and VU B2ab(iii). Development Linnaeus var is a perennial herb that grows only at coastal is a perennial herb that grows . plant var . around perennial llus chophy Linnaeus a culated as 32,000 km The species is regionally protected as Endangered areas throughout Korea. and is

The species is assessed as aquatic VU C2a(ii). Decline of individuals by change of farming VU C2a(ii). Decline of individuals osa osa ged fields, ainous This species is found in groups around forests, in mount The populations previously known from Gyeonggi-do and Seoul The populations previously known from Gyeonggi-do and ecies. itat interference by climbers may be threatening this sp iegleb rice ildlife by the law Cicuta vir Apiales: Apiaceae Cicuta vir do. wetlands, and at old reservoirs. B2ab(ii,iii,iv). Use of herbicides for agriculture may be threatening this species. W Thalictrum simplex Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Thalictrum simplex individuals grow at 10 locations throug do. may be almost extirpated. and fields. hab are Indiscriminate collection may be threatening this species.There currently no regional conservation measures. submer coasts. eastern and western l species was ca have been extirpated. and inland areas in assessed as this species. methods may be threatening protected as Endangered Thalictrum petaloideum Ranunculales: Ranunculaceae Thalictrum petaloideum and limestone in limestone areas near the coast. coasts, at low mountains, and species is assessed as tening this species. limestone areas may be threa no regional conservation measures. ulus tri Ranunc W Ranunculaceae Ranunculales: Ranunculus trichophyllus VU VU VU VU

The There are This species . Hu The species is VU B12ab(iv). nd shady places in . Smith) S.Y . Smith) assessed as .W VU B2ab(iii). Construction or (W (Ruprecht and Maximowicz) The species is regionally protected as The species is regionally protected ations About 50 individuals at 4 loc . found along the coasts found along the This species is shrub that grows is a creep deciduous is a shrub that grows throughout the is a shrub that grows throughout The species is Nakai B2ab(iii). Despite abundant individuals, VU B2ab(iii). Despite (Nakai) Nakai is a deciduous shrub that grows only at 10 is a deciduous shrub that grows at only about 10 oist a This species is found at m ildlife by the law . W collection for medicinal use VU B2ab(v); C2a(i). Illegal The species is assessed as ococcus senticosus ococcus gracilistylus gracilistylus ococcus ococcus senticosus tylus ococcus gracilis There are currently no regional conservation measures. There are currently no regional conservation measures. no regional conservation There are currently This species is found at stony areas of tall mountains at 1,200- This species is found at stony areas of tall mountains Deutzia paniculata Cornales: Hydrangeaceae Deutzia paniculata locations in Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. is found between rocks in the mountainous valleys or at the foot of mountains. expansion of hiking trails may be threatening this species. currently no regional conservation measures. may be threatening this species. may be threatening this species. Endangered Oplopanax elatus Apiales: Araliaceae Oplopanax elatus Jeollanam- mountainous regions in Gangwon-do and Mt. Jiri in do. 1,500 m above sea level. atening this Indiscriminate collection for medicinal use may be thre species. and in valleys at 1,400 m above sea level or in the forests. at 1,400 m above sea level and in valleys as species is assessed be threatening this for medicinal use may indiscriminate collection species. Eleuther Maximowicz Apiales: Araliaceae Eleuther . north central areas of Korea have been found in in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do recent survey small valley streams. mountainous valleys and around assessed as Eleuther Apiales: Araliaceae Eleuther only at Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 192

Vascular plants Vascular plants

VU The 193 There

coast. ows isolated in There are currently no no There are currently The estimated number natural The range of There are currently no VU B2ab(iii,iv). Coastal VU B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate The species is assessed as This species is found on lowland Red List of the Republic of Korea g) de Candolle gh) Prain mber of individuals is nd estimated nu (Pallas) de Candolle This species is found mainly between rocks -do. nd Jeollanam This species is found in grasslands of tall This species is found in grasslands r is a perennial herb that g Nakai VU B2ab(iii,v). Natural habitat interference by Natural habitat interference VU B2ab(iii,v). (Thunber species is assessed as (Roxbur is a deciduous shrub that grows only at 14 locations is a perennial herb that only a few individuals grow The is a small tree that grows along the west coast of that grows along the west is a small tree eensis he s found at hillocks around t This species i The species is assessed as eensis Sophora kor Fabales: Fabaceae Sophora kor and in Gangwon-do. Some populations may be almost extirpated comprises only a few individuals. slopes at 200-600 m above sea level. and military B2ab(iv). Indiscriminate collection for ornamental use actions may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. Canavalia lineata Fabales: Fabaceae Canavalia lineata at 10 locations in Jeju-do. along the coast. developments may be threatening this species. regional conservation measures. ry narrow a habitats is ve very small. as species is assessed may be threatening this species. developments measures. regional conservation Astragalus dahuricus Fabales: Fabaceae Astragalus dahuricus and Seoul. Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, of individuals is small. mountains. species. collection for medicinal use may be threatening this measures. are currently no regional conservation Albizia kalkora Albizia Fabales: Fabaceae Albizia kalkora nam-do a Cheongchung VU VU VU VU

VU The There regional no are ing tion and block Three populations There are no regional There VU B2ab(v). Pasture VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv). species. The species is assessed as this The species is regionally protected as . . . Linnaeus Greene de Candolle The populations in Mt. Seorak have been The populations in Mt. Seorak is a deciduous vine plant that 20 to 30 is a perennial herb that grows only at 5 is a perennial herb that grows This species is found on trees and rocks in he herb that grows only at t is an annual This species is found at gravels and moist Linnaeus Severe isola VU B2ab(iv). threatening is an indeciduous perennial herb that about 3,000 be The species is assessed as The species is assessed as The estimated number of individuals is about 8,500. number of individuals is about The estimated ildlife by the law on orientale may on orientale W This species is found at sunny and swampy habitats in This species is found at sunny flow gene oxicodendr oxicodendr T Sapindales: Anacardiaceae T and Baek individuals in only about 5 populations occur in Geomun Islands of Jeollanam-do. mountain ridges. are currently no regional conservation measures. Epilobium hirsutum Myrtales: Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum Island individuals in 4 populations grow in Gangwon-do and Ulleung of Gyeongsangbuk-do. soils around streams and valleys. opment B2ab(iii). Destruction of natural habitats by wetland devel may be threatening this species. Endangered have been found in the Gokseong area of Jeollanam-do and Busan in the Gokseong area of have been found in recent years. forests and lowlands. found around wetlands in This species is ssed as species is asse of conservation measures currently Epilobium angustifolium Myrtales: Onagraceae Epilobium angustifolium pastures in Gangwon-do. extirpated. tall mountains. this species. developments may be threatening conservation measures currently Salomonia oblongifolia oblongifolia Salomonia Fabales: Polygalaceae ongifolia Salomonia obl angyang areas in Jeollanam-do. Shinan and Gw Threatened Species : Second Edition Korean Red List of

VU VU VU VU 194

Vascular plants References

IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria; Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival commission, IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN. 2003. Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels; Version 3.0. IUCN Species Survival commission, IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN. Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. 2010. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 8.0. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in March 2010. Download from http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines. pdf. Kim, C .-S., J.-G. Koh, M.-O. Moon, G.-P. Song, S.-Y.- Kim, J. Kim, D.-S. Kim, J.-H. Tho and K.-M. Song. 2008. Rare Plants of Jeju Island. Korea Forest Research Institute (in Korean). Lee, C. -S. and B.-H. Choi. 2006. Distribution and Red Data of wild orchids in the Korean Peninsula. Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 36: 335-360 (in Korean). Ministry of Environment. 2012. The Biodiversity of Korea (in Korean). National Arboretum. 2008. Rare Plants and Data Book in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2011. Endemic Species of Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2011. National List of Species of Korea, Verterbrate (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2011. Red Data Book of Endangered Amphibian and Reptiles in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2011. Red Data Book of Endangered Birds in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2011. Red Data Book of Endangered Fish in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2011. Red Data Book of Endangered Vascular Plants in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2012. Red Data Book of Endangered Mammals in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2012. Red Data Book of Endangered Mollusks in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2012. Red Data Book of Endangered Insects I in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2013. Red Data Book of Endangered Insects II in Korea (in Korean). National Institute of Biological Resources. 2013. Red Data Book of Endangered Insects III in Korea (in Korean). Sun, B. Y. (ed.) 2011. Red Data Book on the Northeastern Asia (in Korean, unpublished report).

References 195 Annex

1. IUCN Red List Categories

The IUCN uses 11 categories when red-listed species, and of them two categories were used in regional red-listing only (Fig. 2). To make the lists from the various countries easier to read, and to avoid the risk of any confusion of meaning, the IUCN recommend that the English abbreviations of these categories are used, irrespective of the language that is otherwise used. Species assigned to any of the following categories are classified as red lists; Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), Regionally Extinct (RE), Critically Endangered (CR),

+ Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Threatened categories

Critically Endangered (CR) Adequate data Endangered (EN) Extinction risk Vulnerable (VU) Evaluated

Near Threatened (NT)

Least Conceran (LC) - All species Data Deficient (DD)

Not Evaluated (NE)

Fig. 2. Structure of the categories

196 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Endangered (ER), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD), Not Evaluated (NE), and Not Applicable (NA). Among them, species classified as CR, EN, VU are considered as threatened species, and the categories of RE and NA are used only in regional red lists (Fig. 3).

Extinct (EX) : A taxon is defines as Extinct when there is in no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys of known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate time (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

+ Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Threatened Regionally Extinct (RE) categories

Critically Endangered (CR) Adequate data Endangered (EN) Extinction risk Vulnerable (VU) Evaluated Near Threatened (NT) Eligible for Regional Least Conceran (LC) Assessment -

Data Deficient (DD)

Not Applicable (NA) All species Not Evaluated (NE)

Fig. 3. Structure of the categories at regional level

Annex 197 Extinct in the Wild (EW) : A taxon is defined as Extinct in theW ild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in capacity, or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the previous habitat. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys of known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate time (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.

Regionally Extinct (RE) : This category is defined when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual potentially capable of reproduction within the region has died, or has disappeared from the wild in the region, or when, if it is a former visiting taxon, the last individual has died or disappeared in the wild region. The setting of any time limit for listing under RE is left to the discretion of the regional Red List authority, but should not normally pre-date 1500 AD.

Critically Endangered (CR) : A taxon is defined as Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Annex 2), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

Endangered (EN) : A taxon is defined as Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Annex 2), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.

Vulnerable (VU) : A taxon is defined as Vulnerable when the best available

198 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Annex 2), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.

Near Threatened (NT) : A taxon is defined as Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for, or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.

Least Conceran (LC) : A taxon is defined as Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.

Data Deficient (DD) : A taxon is defined as Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicated that the more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that a classification of threatened is inappropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elasped since the last record of the taxon, then a threatened status may well be justified.

Annex 199 Not Evaluated (NE) : A taxon is defined as Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. Not Applicable (NA) : This category is defined for a taxon deemed to be ineligible for assessment as a regional level. A taxon may be NA because it is not a wild population or not within its natural range in the region, or because it is a vagrant to the region. It may also be NA because it occurs at very low numbers in the region (i.e. when the regional Red List authority has decided to use a “filter” to exclude taxa before the assessment procedure), or the taxon may be classified at a lower taxonomic level (e.g. below the level of species or subspecies) than considered eligible by the regional Red List authority. In contrast to other Red List categories, it is not mandatory to use NA for all taxa to which it applies; but is recommended for taxa where its use is informative.

200 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 2. IUCN Red List Criteria

Annex 201 3. Korean Red List of Endangered Species

1) Mammals

Scientific name Category Criterion Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Artiodactyla

Familly Bovidae

Naemorhedus caudatus (Miline-Edwards, 1867) VU C2a(i); D1

Familly Cervidae

Cervus nippon (Temminick, 1838) EN B2ab(iv)

Familly Moschidae

Moschus moschiferus (Linnaeus, 1758) CR C2a(i); D1

Order Carnivora

Familly Canidae

Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 RE

Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A2ad; B2ab(iv); D1

Familly Felidae

Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) RE

Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) RE

Panthera tigris Linnaeus, 1758 RE

Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) VU A2cd

Familly Mustelidae

Lutra lutra Linnaeus, 1758 VU A2c

Martes flavigula(Boddaert, 1785) VU A2cd; B2ab(iii,iv)

Mustela nivalis (Linnaeus, 1766) VU A2cd; B2ab(iii,iv)

Familly Ursidae

Ursus thibetanus Cuvier, 1823 EN C2a(i); D1

202 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Order Chiroptera

Familly Vespertilionidae

Murina ussuriensis Ognev, 1913 EN B2ab(iii)

Myotis formosus (Hodgson, 1835) VU A2cd; D1

Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A2cd; D1

Order Pinnipedia

Familly Otariidae

Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A2d; B2ab(iv)

Zalophus japonicus Peters, 1866 EX

Familly Phocidae

Phoca largha Pallas, 1811 EN A2ad

Order Rodentia

Familly Sciuridae

Pteromys volans Linnaeus, 1759 VU A2c

Annex 203 2) Birds

Scientific name Category Criterion Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Aves

Order Anseriformes

Familly Anatidae

Anser cygnoides Linnaeus, 1758 EN A1c

Anser erythropus Linnaeus, 1758 VU D(1)

Aythya baeri Radde, 1863 EN D(1)

Branta bernicla Linnaeus, 1758 VU C2a(i)

Cygnus columbianus Ord, 1815 VU A1ac

Cygnus cygnus Linnaeus, 1758 VU B1

Cygnus olor Gmelin, 1789 EN A1c

Mergus squamatus Gould, 1864 EN A1c

Tadorna cristata Kuroda, 1917 RE

Order Charadriiformes

Familly Alcidae

Synthliboramphus wumizusume Temminck, 1835 EN A1a

Family Charadriidae

Charadrius placidus Gray and Gray, 1863 VU D(1)

Family Haematopodidae

Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus, 1758 VU A1c

Family Laridae

Larus relictus Lönnberg, 1931 EN D(1)

Larus saundersi Swinhoe, 1871 EN A1ac

Family Scolopacidae

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Linnaeus, 1758 CR D(1)

Numenius madagascariensis Linnaeus, 1766 VU A1c

204 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Tringa guttifer Nordmann, 1835 EN A1c

Order Ciconiiformes

Family Ardeidae

Egretta eulophotes Swinhoe, 1860 EN A1ac

Gorsachius goisagi Temminck, 1835 EN D(1)

Ixobrychus eurhythmus Swinhoe, 1873 VU A1c; D(1)

Family Ciconiidae

Ciconia nigra Linnaeus, 1758 EN D(1)

Ciconia boyciana Swinhoe, 1873 EN A1c

Family Threskiornithidae

Nipponia nippon Temminck, 1849 RE

Platalea leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 VU A1c

Platalea minor Temminck and Schlegel, 1849 VU D(1)

Order Columbiformes

Family Columbidae

Columba janthina Temminck, 1830 VU A1ac; D(1)

Order Falconiformes

Family Accipitridae

Pandion haliaetus Linneaus, 1758 VU D(1)

Accipiter gentilis Linnaeus, 1758 VU D(1)

Accipiter gularis Temminck and Schlegel, 1844 VU D(1)

Accipiter nisus Linnaeus, 1758 VU D(1)

Accipiter soloensis Horsfi, 1821 VU D(1)

Aegypius monachus Linnaeus, 1766 VU D(1)

Aquila chrysaetos Linnaeus, 1758 EN D(1)

Aquila clanga Pallas, 1811 VU A1ac; D(1)

Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809 VU A1ac; D(1)

Annex 205 Scientific name Category Criterion Haliaeetus albicilla Linneaus, 1758 VU D(1)

Haliaeetus pelagicus Pallas, 1811 EN A1c

Milvus migrans Boddaert, 1783 VU D(1)

Pernis ptilorhyncus Temminck, 1821 VU D(1)

Family Falconidae

Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 VU D(1)

Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 VU D(1)

Order Gruiformes

Family Gruidae

Grus japonensis Müller, 1776 EN B1b(i)

Grus monacha Temminck, 1835 VU D(1)

Grus vipio Pallas, 1811 EN B1b(i)

Family Otididae

Otis tarda Linnaeus, 1758 EN D(1)

Family Rallidae

Gallicrex cinerea Gmelin, 1789 VU D(1)

Order Passeriformes

Family Alaudidae

Galerida cristata Linnaeus, 1758 VU D(1)

Family Emberizidae

Emberiza aureola Pallas, 1773 VU A1c

Emberiza sulphurata Temminck and Schlegel, 1848 VU D(1)

Emberiza yessoensis Swinhoe, 1874 VU D(1)

Family Monarchidae

Terpsiphone atrocaudata Eyton, 1839 VU A1c

Family Pittidae

Pitta nympha Temminck and Schlegel, 1850 VU D(1)

206 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Family Sylviidae

Locustella pleskei Taczanowski, 1889 VU D(1)

Order Piciformes

Family Picidae

Dryocopus javensis richardsi Tristan, 1879 RE

Dryocopus martius Linnaeus, 1758 VU A1c

Order Strigiformes

Family Strigidae

Bubo bubo Linnaeus, 1758 VU D(1)

Strix aluco Pallas, 1771 VU A1c

Strix uralensis Pallas, 1771 EN D(1)

Annex 207 3) Amphibians and Reptiles

Scientific name Category Criterion Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Amphibia

Order Anura

Family Hylidae

Hyla suweonensis Kuramoto, 1980 EN B2ab(iv)

Family Microhylidae

Kaloula borealis (Barbour, 1908) VU A2c

Family Ranidae

Rana plancyi chosenica Okada, 1931 VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Order Caudata

Family Hynobiidae

Hynobius yangi Kim, Min and Matsui, 2003 EN B1ab(iii)

Family Plethodontidae

Karsenia koreana Min et al., 2005 VU C2a(i)

Class Reptilia

Order Squamata

Family Colubridae

Elaphe schrenckii (Strauch, 1873) EN A1ac

Sibynophis chinensis (Günnther, 1889) EN D1,2

Family Lacertidae

Eremias argus Peters, 1869 EN A1ac

Order Testudinata

Family Testudinidae

Chinemys reevesii (Gray, 1831) VU B2ab(ii)

Family Trionychidae

Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann, 1834) VU B1ab(i)

208 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 4) Fish

Scientific name Category Criterion Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Actinopterygii

Order Cypriniformes

Family Cobitidae

Cobitis choii Kim and Son, 1984 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Iksookimia pumila (Kim and Lee, 1987) CR B2ab(ii,iii); D2

Koreocobitis naktongensis Kim, Park and Nalbant, 2000 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Family Cyprinidae

Acheilognathus somjinensis Kim and Kim, 1991 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Culter brevicauda Güther, 1868 VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Gobiobotia brevibarba Mori, 1935 VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Gobiobotia macrocephala Mori, 1935 VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Gobiobotia naktongensis Mori, 1935 VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Hemibarbus mylodon (Berg, 1907) VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Kichulchoia brevifasciata (Kim and Lee, 1996) EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Microphysogobio koreensis Mori, 1935 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Microphysogobio rapidus Chae and Yang, 1999 CR B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv); D2

Phoxinus phoxinus Linnaeus, 1758 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Pseudopungtungia nigra Mori, 1935 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Rhodeus pseudosericeus Arai, Jeon and Ueda, 2001 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Rhynchocypris semotilus (Jordan and Starks, 1905) CR D2

Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker, 1871 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Order Gasterosteiformes

Family Gasterosteidae

Pungitius sinensis (Guichenot, 1869) VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Order Perciformes

Annex 209 Scientific name Category Criterion Family Centropomidae

Coreoperca kawamebari Temmink and Schlegel, 1842 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Family Odontobutidae

Odontobutis obscura (Temminck and Schlegel, 1845) CR D2

Order Salmoniformes

Family Salmonidae

Brachimystax lenok tsinlingensis (Li, 1966) VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Order Scorpaeniformes

Family Cottidae

Cottus hangiongensis Mori, 1930 VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Order Siluriformes

Family Amblycipitidae

Liobagrus obesus Son, Kim and Choo, 1987 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Family Bagridae

Leiocassis longirostris Günther, 1864 RE

Pseudobagrus brevicorpus Mori, 1936 EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Class Hyperoartia

Order Petromyzontiformes

Family Petromyzontidae

Lethenteron japonicum (Martens, 1868) EN B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

Lethenteron reissneri (Dybowski, 1869) VU B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)

210 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 5) Insects

Scientific name Category Criterion Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Arthropoda

Class Insecta

Order Coleoptera

Family Aphodiidae

Aphodius languidulus Schmidt, 1922 VU A1ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Family Buprestidae

Chrysochroa coreana Han and Park, 2012 VU A2acd; B1ab(i,ii,iii)

Family Carabidae

Abroscelis anchoralis punctatissima Schaum, 1863 EN A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Acoptolabrus changeonleei (Ishikawa and Kim, 1983) VU A2d; B1ab(i,ii)

Callytron brevipilosa Horn, 1908 VU A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Cicindela coerulea nitida Lichtenstein, 1797 CR A2ac; B1b(iii)

Cicindela obliquefasciata Adams, 1817 VU A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Family Cerambycidae

Acanthocinus aedilis (Linnaeus, 1758) VU D1+2

Callipogon relictus Semenov-Tian-Shansky, 1899 CR A1(a,c); B1,B2(a)

Lamia textor (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Leptepania japonica (Hayashi, 1948) VU D1+2

Megaleptura thoracica (Creutzer, 1799) VU D1+2

Palimna liturata continentalis (Semenov-Tian-Shansky, 1914) VU B1ab(i); D1+2

Rosalia coelestis Semenov-Tian-Shansky, 1911 VU D1+2

Stenygrinum quadrinotatum Bates, 1873 VU A2ba; Bab(i,iii)

Family Cetoniidae

Anthracophora rusticola Burmeister, 1842 VU A2ac; B1ab(i)

Osmoderma opicum Lewis, 1887 VU D1+2

Family Dytiscidae

Annex 211 Scientific name Category Criterion Cybister lewisianus Sharp, 1873 EN A2ac; B1ab(i,ii)

Dytiscus marginalis czerskii Zaitzev, 1953 VU B1ab(i,iii); D2

Hydaticus thermonectoides Sharp, 1884 VU B1ab(i,iii); D2

Family Geotrupidae

Bolbelasmus coreanus (Kolbe, 1886) VU A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Family Gyrinidae

Dineutus orientalis (Modeer, 1776) VU A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Family Hydrophilidae

Ametor scabrosus (Horn, 1873) VU B1ab(i) + 2ab(ii); D2

Family Lucanidae

Leptaulax koreanus Nomura, Kon, Johki and Lee, 1993 VU D1+2

Prosopocoilus astacoides blanchardi (Parry, 1873) VU B1ab(i); D1+2

Family Melolonthidae

Polyphylla laticollis manchurica Semenov, 1900 CR A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Family Scarabaeidae

Gymnopleurus mopsus (Pallas, 1781) RE

Onthophagus gibbulus (Pallas, 1781) EN A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Onthophagus rugulosus Harold, 1885 VU A1ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Onthophagus solivagus Harold, 1886 EN A2ac

Scarabaeus typhon (Fischer-Waldheim, 1923) CR A2ac; B1b(i,iii)

Sisyphus schaefferi (Linnaeus, 1758) CR A2ac; B1ab(i,iii)

Family Silphidae

Nicrophorus dauricus Motschulsky, 1860 VU B1ab(i,iii)

Nicrophorus japonicus Harold, 1877 EN A2ac

Family Tenebrionidae B1ab(i,iii) + Blaps japonensis Marseul, 1879 CR 2ab(ii,iii) Order Ephemeroptera

212 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Family Baetidae

Procloeon halla Bae and Park, 1997 VU B2ab(i,ii,iii)

Order Lepidoptera

Family Hesperidae A1(a,d); B1ab(i); Burara striata (Hewitson, 1867) CR C2a(i) Carterocephalus dieckmanni Graeser, 1888 EN A1(a,d)

Hesperia florinda(Butler , 1878) VU A1(a,d)

Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771) VU A1(a,d) A1(a,d); B1ab(i); Leptalina unicolor (Bremer and Grey, 1853) EN C2a(i) Ochlodes similis (Leech, 1893) VU A1(a,d)

Ochlodes venatus (Bremer and Grey, 1853) VU A1(a,d)

Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1(a,d)

Family Lycaenidae

Arhopala bazalus (Hewitson, 1862) EN A1(a,d); B1ab(i)

Arhopala japonica (Murray, 1875) EN A1(a,d); B1ab(i)

Favonius koreanus Kim, 2006 EN A1(a,d)

Maculinea kurentzovi Sibatani, Saigusa and Hirowatari, 1994 CR A1(a,d); C2a(i)

Maculinea teleius (Bergsträser, 1779) VU A1(a,d); C2a(i)

Neozephyrus japonicus (Murray, 1875) VU A1(a,d); B1ab(i)

Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758) EN B1ab(i) A1(a,d); B1ab(i); Plebejus subsolanus (Eversmann, 1851) CR C2a(i) Protantigius superans (Oberthü, 1914) VU A1(a,d); B1ab(i)

Satyrium latior (Fixsen, 1887) EN A1(a,d)

Satyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782) VU A1(a,d)

Shijimaeoides divina (Fixsen, 1887) CR A1(a,d); C2a(i)

Shirozua jonasi (Janson, 1877) EN A1(a,d); B1ab(i)

Spindasis takanonis (Matsumura, 1906) VU A1(a,d)

Annex 213 Scientific name Category Criterion Thecla betulae (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1(a,d)

Family Nymphalidae

Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1(a,d)

Pyrgus maculatus (Bremer and Grey, 1853) VU

Apatura ilia (Denis and Schiffermüler, 1775) VU A1(a,d,e)

Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1(a,d)

Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758) EN A1(a,d)

Argynnis nerippe C. and R. Felder, 1862 VU A1(a,d)

Argynnis niobe (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1(a,d)

Boloria oscarus (Eversmann, 1844) VU A1(a,d)

Boloria perryi (Butler, 1882) VU A1(a,d)

Boloria thore (Hüner, 1803) EN A1(a,d)

Brenthis daphne (Bergsträser, 1780) VU A1(a,d)

Coenonympha amaryllis (Stoll, 1782) VU A1(a,d)

Coenonympha hero (Linnaeus, 1761) VU A1(a,d); B1ab(i)

Coenonympha oedippus (Fabricius, 1787) VU A1(a,d)

Erebia cyclopius (Eversmann, 1844) VU A1(a,d)

Erebia wanga Bremer, 1864 VU A1(a,d)

Euphydryas davidi (Oberthü, 1881) VU A1(a,d)

Hipparchia autonoe (Esper, 1783) EN A1(a,d); B1ab(i);

Inachis io (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1(a,d,e)

Limenitis homeyeri Tancré, 1881 VU A1(a,d)

Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1(a,d)

Melanargia halimede (Méériè, 1858) VU A1(a,d)

Melitaea ambigua Méériè, 1859 EN A1(a,d); C2a(i)

Melitaea britomartis (Assmann, 1847) CR A1(a,d);

Melitaea protomedia Méériè, 1859 EN A1(a,d)

214 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Melitaea scotosia Butler, 1878 EN A1(a,d)

Mimathyma nycteis (Méériè, 1859) VU A1(a,d)

Neptis tshetvericovi Kurentzov, 1936 VU A1(a,d)

Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758) VU A1(a,d,e)

Nymphalis l-album (Esper, 1780) VU A1(a,d,e)

Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1781) VU A1(a,d,e)

Oeneis mongolica (Oberthü, 1876) VU A1(a,d)

Oeneis urda (Eversmann, 1847) VU A1(a,d)

Seokia pratti (Leech, 1890) EN A1(a,d); C2a(i)

Family Papilionidae

Parnassius bremeri Bremer, 1864 VU A1(a,d)

Sericinus montela Gray, 1852 VU A1(a,d); B1ab(i)

Family Pieridae

Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) CR A1(a,d); C2a(i)

Gonepteryx maxima Butler, 1885 VU A1(a,d); D2

Leptidea amurensis (Méériè, 1859) VU A1(a,d)

Order Odonata

Family Aeshnidae

Boyeria maclachlani (Selys, 1883) VU A2ac; B2ab(ii)

Family Coenagrionidae

Paracercion plagiosum (Needham, 1930) VU B2ab(ii,iii)

Paracercion sieboldii (Selys, 1876) VU A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii)

Family Gomphidae

Asiagomphus coreanus (Doi and Okumura, 1937) VU A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii)

Asiagomphus melanopsoides (Doi, 1943) VU A2ac

Family Libellulidae

Libellula angelina Selys, 1883 EN A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii)

Annex 215 Scientific name Category Criterion Nannophya pygmaea Rambur, 1842 VU A3cd; B2ba(ii,iii)

Family Macromiidae

Macromia daimoji Okumura, 1949 EN A2ca; B2ab(ii,iii)

Order Plecoptera

Family Scopuridae

Scopura gaya Jin and Bae, 2005 VU D2

Scopura jiri Jin and Bae, 2005 VU D2

Order Trichoptera

Family Phryganeidae

Agrypnia pagetana Curtis, 1835 VU A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii)

216 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition 6) Mollusks

Scientific name Category Criterion Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Mollusca

Class Bivalvia

Order Unionoida

Family Unionidae

Anodonta (Anemina) arcaeformis flavotincta(v . Martens, 1905) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Cristaria plicata (Leach, 1815) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Inversiunio verrusosus Kondo, Yang and Choi, 2007 EN B1ab(iii)

Lamprotula coreana (v. Martens, 1905) CR A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Lamprotula leai (Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834) EN A1(a,c); B1ab(iii)

Lanceolaria grayana (Lea, 1834) VU A1(a,d); B2ab(ii,iii)

Solenaia triangularis (Heude, 1885) VU A1(a,d); B2ab(ii,iii)

Order Veneroida

Familly Corbiculidae

Corbicula (Corbicula) colorata (v. Martens, 1905) VU B2ab(iii)

Corbicula (Corbicula) fenouilliana Heude, 1883 EN A1(a,c); B1ab(i)

Corbicula (Corbiculina) papyracea Heude, 1883 VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Family Sphaeriidae

Pisidium (Neopisidium) coreanum Kwon, 1991 VU A1(a,d); B2ab(iii,v)

Family Veneridae

Meretrix lamarckii Gray, 1853 VU A1(a,d); B2ab(iii,v)

Meretrix lusoria (Röing, 1798) VU A1(a,d); B2ab(iii,v)

Class Gastropoda

Family Acanthinulidae

Zoogenetes harpa (Say, 1824) VU B2ab(ii)

Family Alycaeidae

Chamalycaeus kurodai (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) VU B2b(i,ii)

Annex 217 Scientific name Category Criterion Family Bradybaenidae

Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) VU B2ab(ii)

Aegista (Aegista) gottschei fusanica (Pilsbry, 1926) VU B2ab(ii)

Aegista (Aegista) proxima (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata (Pilsbry, 1926) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Aegista (Aegista) pyramidata hebes (Pilsbry, 1926) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Aegista (Aegista) tenuissima (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa Kuroda, 1936 VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Chosenelix problematica (Pilsbry, 1926) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Euhadra dixoni (Pilsbry, 1900) VU B2ab(ii)

Euhadra herklotsi (v. Martens, 1860) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Karaftohelix adamsi (Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944) CR A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Koreanohadra koreana (Pfeiffer, 1846) EN A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Koreanohadra kurodana (Pilsbry, 1926) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Lepidopisum verrucosum (Reinhardt, 1877) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Nesiohelix samarangae Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943 VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Trishoplita ottoi Pilsbry, 1926 VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Family Camaenidae

Satsuma myomphala (Martens, 1865) CR A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Family Cionellidae

Cochlicopa lubrica (Müler, 1774) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(i,iii)

Family Clausiliidae

Euphaedusa aculus mokpoensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) EN A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Euphaedusa fusaniana uturyotoensis Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Paganizaptyx miyanagai (Kuroda, 1936) EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Paganizaptyx miyanagai ullundoensis Kwon and Lee, 1991 EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Reinia variegata (A. Adams, 1868) EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

218 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Family Cyclophoridae

Cyclophorus herklotsi v. Martens, 1861 VU A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Cyclotus (Procyclotus) campanulatus v. Martens, 1865 VU A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Nakadaella micron (Pilsbry, 1900) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Nobuea elegantistriata Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943 EN A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Platyraphe minutus quelpartensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Family Diplommatinidae

Arinia chejuensis Kwon and Lee, 1991 EN A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Diplommatina (Sinica) kyobuntoensis Kuroda and Miyanaga, 1943 VU B2ab(ii)

Diplommatina chejuensis Kwon and Lee, 1991 VU B2ab(ii)

Family Discidae

Discus elatior (A. Adams, 1858) EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Discus pauper (Gould, 1859) VU B2ab(ii)

Family Ellobiidae

Ellobium chinense (Pfeiffer, 1954) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Family Enidae

Mirus junensis Kwon and Lee, 1991 CR A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Family Fissurellidae

Tugalina (Scelidotoma) vadososinuata hoonsooi Choe, Yoon and Habe, 1992 VU A1(d); B2ab(i,v)

Family Gastrocoptidae

Gastrocopta (Sinalbinula) jinjiroi Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 VU B2ab(ii)

Family Haliotidae

Nordotis gigantea Gmelin, 1971 VU A1(d); B2ab(i,v)

Nordotis madaka Habe, 1979 VU A1(d); B2ab(i,v)

Family Helixarionidae

Bekkochlamys quelpartensis (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1908) VU B2ab(ii)

Macrochlamys fusanus Hirase, 1908 VU B2ab(ii)

Annex 219 Scientific name Korean name Category Criterion Macrochlamys hypostilbe Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909 VU B2ab(ii)

Parakaliella fusaniana (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) VU B2ab(ii)

Parakaliella obesiconus (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1909) VU B2ab(ii)

Parasitala miyanagai Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 VU B2ab(ii)

Sitalina chejuensis Kwon and Lee, 1991 VU B2ab(ii)

Sitalina circumcincta (Reinhardt, 1883) VU B2ab(ii)

Sitalina japonica Habe, 1964 VU B2ab(ii)

Yamatochlamys lampra (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1904) VU B2ab(ii)

Family Neritidae

Clithon retropictus (v. Martens, 1879) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

Family Pleuroceridae

Koreanomelania nodifila(v . Martens, 1886) EN A1(a,d); B2ab(iii,iv)

Koreoleptoxis globus ovalis Burch and Jung, 1987 VU A1(a,d); B2ab(iii)

Family Punctidae

Punctum dageletense Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Punctum depressum Kuroda and Hukuda, 1944 EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Family Ranellidae

Charonia lampas sauliae (Reeve, 1844) VU A1(d); B2ab(i,v)

Family Spirostomatidae

Spirostoma japonicum japonicum (A. Adams, 1867) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Family Streptaxidae

Sinoennea iwakawa (Pilsbry, 1900) EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Family Strobilopsidae

Strobilops (Eostrobilops) coreana (Pilsbry, 1926) VU B2ab(ii)

Strobilops (Eostrobilops) hirasei (Pilsbry, 1908) VU B2ab(ii)

Family Vertiginidae

Columella edentula (Draparnaud, 1805) VU A1(a,c); B2ab(iii)

220 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Korean name Category Criterion Family Viviparidae

Cipangopaludina japonica (v. Martens, 1860) EN B1ab(iii)

Sinotaia quadrata (Benson, 1842) VU B2bc(ii,v)

Family Zonitidae

Retinella radiatula coreana Kwon and Lee, 1991 EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Retinella radiatula radiatula (Pilsbry and Hirase, 1904) EN A1(a,c); B2ab(ii)

Class Scaphopoda

Order Dentaliida

Family Dentaliidae

Fissidentalium (Pictodentalium) vernedei (Sowerby, 1860) VU B2ab(ii)

Annex 221 7) Vascular plants

Scientific name Category Criterion Kingdom Plantae

Class Alismatidae

Order Alismatales

Family Alismataceae

Caldesia parnassifolia (Bassi ex Linnaeus) Parlatore VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Family Hydrocharitaceae

Blyxa aubertii Richard VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Family Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton alpinus Balbis EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus VU A2c; B2ab(iii,iv)

Stuckenia pectinata (Linnaeus) Borner VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Family Zosteraceae

Zostera caespitosa Miki VU B2ab(ii,iii)

Zostera geojeensis H. Shin, K.-H. Cho and Y.-S. Oh EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)

Zostera japonica Ascherson and Graebner VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Class Asteridae

Order Asterales

Family Asteraceae

Anaphalis sinica Hance var. sinica EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Anaphalis sinica Hance var. morii (Nakai) Ohwi EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Aster altaicus Willdenow var. uchiyamae Kitamura EN B2ab(iii)c(iii,iv,v)

Dendranthema coreana (H. Léveillé and Vaniot) Voroschilov EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Dendranthema zawadskii (Herbich) Tzvelev var. lucida (Nakai) J.H. Pak EN B2ab(iii,iv) B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i); Leontopodium hallaisanense Handel-Mazzetti CR D1 Ligularia taquetii (H. Léveillé and Vaniot) Nakai VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Saussurea polylepis Nakai VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Family Campanulaceae

222 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Adenophora palustris Komarov EN B2ab(iii)

Codonopsis minima Nakai CR B2ab(v)

Family Menyanthaceae

Menyanthes trifoliata Linnaeus VU A2ac; B2ab(iii,iv)

Nymphoides coreana (H. Léveillé) H. Hara EN B2ab(iii)

Order Dipsacales

Family Caprifoliaceae

Zabelia tyaihyonii (T.H. Chung ex Nakai) Hisauti and H. Hara EN B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)

Order Gentianales

Family Apocynaceae

Amsonia elliptica (Thunberg) Roemer and Schultes EN B2ab(iv)

Apocynum lancifolium Russanov VU B2b(iii)c(iii)

Cynanchum amplexicaule (Siebold and Zuccarini) Hemsley EN B2ab(iii)

Family Gentianaceae

Gentiana jamesii Hemsley EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Halenia corniculata (Linnaeus) Cornaz VU B2ab(iii,iv,v)

Pterygocalyx volubilis Maximowicz VU B2ab(iii)

Swertia dichotoma Linnaeus EN B2ab(iii)c(iv)

Swertia wilfordii A. Kerner VU B2ab(iii)

Family Rubiaceae

Lasianthus japonicus Miquel EN B2ab(iii); D1

Order Lamiales

Family Lamiaceae

Dysophylla yatabeana (Makino) Press EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Elsholtzia angustifolia (Loesener) Kitagawa VU B2ab(iv) B2ab(iii,iv); Lamium takeshimense Nakai EN C2a(ii) Family Lentibulariaceae

Annex 223 Scientific name Category Criterion Utricularia intermedia Hayne EN B2ab(i,ii,iii)

Utricularia pilosa (Makino) Makino VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Utricularia yakusimensis Masamune VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Family Oleaceae

Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai VU B12ab(iii,v)

Forsythia ovata Nakai VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai VU B2ab(iv); C2a(i)

Osmanthus insularis Koidzumi VU B2ab(iii); C2a(i)

Family Orobanchaceae

Orobanche filicicolaNakai ex J.-O. Hyun, Y. Im and H. Shin EN B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)

Family Pedaliaceae

Trapella sinensis Oliver var. antennifera (H. Léveillé) H. Hara VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Family Scrophulariaceae

Centranthera cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Merrill var. lutea (H. Hara) H. Hara EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Euphrasia coreana W. Becker VU B2ab(iii,iv) B2ab Limnophila aromatica (Lamarck) Merrill VU (ii,iii,iv,v) Limosella aquatica Linnaeus EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurusawa EN B2ab(iii)

Pedicularis ishidoyana Koidzumi and Ohwi VU B2ab(iii); C2a(i)

Pedicularis mandshurica Maximowicz EN B2ab(iii)

Pseudolysimachion kiusianum (Furumi) Holub var. diamantiacum (Nakai) Y.N. Lee EN B2ab(iv) A2ac; B2ab Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai EN (iii,iv); C2a(i) Class Caryophyllidae

Order Caryophyllales

Family Caryophyllaceae

Lychnis wilfordii (Regel) Maximowicz EN B2ab(v)

Pseudostellaria sylvatica (Maximowicz) Pax VU B2ab(iii)

224 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Silene capitata Komarov VU B2ab(v) B2ab(iii,v); Silene fasciculata Nakai CR C2a(i); D1 Silene jenisseensis Willdenow VU B2ab(iii)

Family Droseraceae

Drosera peltata Thunberg var. nipponica (Masamune) Ohwi ex. E.H. Walker VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Family Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca insularis Nakai EN C2a(i)

Family Polygonaceae

Polygonum amphibium Linnaeus VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Class Commelinidae

Order Poales

Family Cyperaceae

Carex chordorrhiza Linnaeus f. EN B2ab(iii)

Class Dilleniidae

Order Brassicales

Family Brassicaceae

Arabis serrata Franchet var. hallaisanensis (Nakai) Ohwi CR B2ab(iii,iv)

Order Ericales

Family Actinidiaceae

Actinidia rufa (Siebold and Zuccarini) Planchon ex Miquel VU B2ab(v)

Family Balsaminaceae

Impatiens furcillata Hemsley VU B2ab(iii)

Family Diapensiaceae

Diapensia lapponica Linnaeus var. obovata F. Schmidt CR B2ab(iii)

Family Ericaceae

Arctous rubra (Rehder and E. H. Wilson) Nakai VU B2ab(iii)

Empetrum nigrum Linnaeus var. japonicum Siebold and Zuccarini ex K. Koch VU A2c; B2ab(iii)

Annex 225 Scientific name Category Criterion Pyrola renifolia Maximowicz VU B2ab(iii)

Rhododendron aureum Georgi EN B2ab(iii); C2a(i); D1

Vaccinium uliginosum Linnaeus VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Vaccinium vitis-idaea Linnaeus VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Family Primulaceae

Androsace cortusifolia Nakai EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Glaux maritima Linnaeus var. obtusifolia Fernald VU B2ab(iii)

Lysimachia leucantha Miquel EN B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Lysimachia pentapetala Bunge EN B2ab(iv)

Trientalis europaea Linnaeus subsp. arctica (Fischer ex Hooker) Hultén VU B2ab(iii)

Order Malpighiales

Family Clusiaceae

Hypericum oliganthum Franchet and Savatier EN B2ab(iv)

Family Salicaceae

Salix blinii H. Léveillé EN B2ab(iii)

Family Violaceae

Viola bifloraLinnaeus EN D1

Viola mirabilis Linnaeus EN B2ab(iii); C2a(ii)

Viola raddeana Regel CR B2ab(iii); C2a(i); D1

Viola websteri Hemsley EN B2ab(iii); C2a(i)

Order Malvales

Family Malvaceae

Hibiscus hamabo Siebold and Zuccarini VU B2ab(iii,iv); C2a(i)

Family Thymelaeaceae

Daphne pseudomezereum A. Gray var. koreana (Nakai) Hamaya VU B12a

Diarthron linifolium Turczaninow VU B2ab(iv)

Order Saxifragales

226 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Family Crassulaceae

Tillaea aquatica Linnaeus VU B2ab(iii)

Family Paeoniaceae

Paeonia obovata Maximowicz CR C2a(i)

Family Saxifragaceae

Astilboides tabularis (Hemsley) Engler VU B2ab(iii,v)

Mitella nuda Linnaeus EN B2ab(iii)

Class Hamamelidae

Order Fagales

Family Fagaceae

Quercus gilva Blume VU B2ab(iii,v); C2a(i)

Order Rosales

Family Rhamnaceae

Berchemia floribunda(W allich) Brongniart EN C2a(i); D1 B2ab(iii); C2a(i,ii); Berchemia racemosa Siebold and Zuccarini EN D1 Paliurus ramosissimus (Loureiro) Poiret EN B2ab(iii); C2a(i)

Rhamnus taquetii (H. Léveillé and Vaniot) H. Léveillé CR B2ab(iii,iv)

Family Rosaceae

Amelanchier asiatica (Siebold and Zuccarini) Endlicher ex Walpers EN B2ab(iv)

Cotoneaster wilsonii Nakai CR B2ab(ii); C2a(i)

Crataegus komarovii Sargent EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Prunus yedoensis Matsumura EN B2ab(iv)

Spiraea chartacea Nakai EN B2ab(iv)

Spiraea insularis (Nakai) H. Shin, Y.D. Kim and S.H. Oh CR B2ab(ii); C2a(i)

Family Urticaceae

Oreocnide frutescens (Thunberg) Miquel EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Class Liliidae

Annex 227 Scientific name Category Criterion Order Asparagales

Family Amaryllidaceae

Lycoris chejuensis K.H. Tae and S.C. Ko EN B2ab(iii)

Lycoris chinensis Traub var. sinuolata K.H. Tae and S.C. Ko EN B2ab(iii); C2a(i)

Lycoris sanguinea Maximowicz var. koreana (Nakai) T. Koyama VU B2ab(iii)

Family Iridaceae

Iris dichotoma Pallas EN B2ab(v)

Iris koreana Nakai VU B2ab(iii); C2a(i)

Iris laevigata Fischer VU B2ab(iii)

Iris ruthenica Ker Gawler VU A2cd

Iris setosa Pallas ex Link EN B2ab(iii)

Family Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum drymoglossum Maximowicz ex M. Okubo VU B2ab(iv)

Bulbophyllum inconspicuum Maximowicz VU B2ab(iv)

Bupleurum latissimum Nakai EN B2ab(iii,iv); C2a(ii)

Burmannia championii Thwaites EN B2ab(iv)

Burmannia cryptopetala Makino EN B2ab(iv)

Calanthe reflexaMaximowicz VU B2ab(iv)

Calanthe striata R. Brown ex Lindley for. sieboldii (Decaisne ex Regel) Ohwi VU B2ab(v)

Cephalanthera erecta (Thunberg) Blume for. subaphylla (Miyabe and Kudô) M. Hiroe VU B2ab(iv)

Chamaegastrodia shikokiana (Makino) Makino and F. Maekawa EN B2ab(iv)

Cleisostoma scolopendrifolium (Makino) Garay EN B2ab(iii,iv)c(iii,iv,v)

Cremastra unguiculata (Finet) Finet CR B2ab(iii,v)

Cymbidium kanran Makino CR A2d; B2ab(iv)

Cymbidium lancifolium Hooker CR B2ab(iii); D1

Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindley EN A2cd; C2a(i)b

Cypripedium guttatum Swartz CR B2ab(iv); C2a(i,ii); D1

228 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Cypripedium japonicum Thunberg CR C2a(ii)b

Cypripedium macranthos Swartz EN A1(d)

Cyrtosia septentrionalis (H.G. Reichenbach) Garay VU B2ab(iv); C2a(i)

Dendrobium moniliforme (Linnaeus) Swartz EN C2a(i)

Gastrochilus matsuran (Makino) Schlechter EN B2ab(iv); C2a(i)

Gastrochilus japonicus (Makino) Schlechter CR C2a(i); D1

Goodyera repens (Linnaeus) R. Brown VU B2ab(iv)

Gymnadenia conopsea (Linnaeus) R. Brown VU B2ab(iv)

Kuhlhasseltia nakaiana (F. Maekawa) Ormerod CR A2acd; C2(a)

Lecanorchis japonica Blume EN B2ab(iv)

Lecanorchis kiusiana Tuyama EN EN B2ab(iii)

Liparis auriculata Blume ex Miquel EN EN B2ab(iv)

Liparis nervosa (Thunberg) Lindley VU B12ab(iv)

Malaxis monophyllos (Linnaeus) Swartz VU B2ab(iv)

Neofinetia falcata(Thunber g) Hu CR A1acd; C2a(i)

Neottianthe cucullata (Linnaeus) Schlechter VU B2ab(iv); C2a(i)

Oberonia japonica (Maximowicz) Makino CR B2ab(v); C2a(i)

Oreorchis coreana Finet EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Platanthera minor (Miquel) H.G. Reichenbach EN B3ab(iv)

Peristylus densus (Lindley) Santapau and Kapadia CR B2ab(v)

Pecteilis radiata (Thunberg) Rafinesque EN C2a(i)

Sedirea japonica (H.G. Reichenbach) Garay and H.R. Sweet CR A1ad

Thrixspermum japonicum (Miquel) H.G. Reichenbach EN B2ab(v); D1

Order Liliales

Family Liliaceae

Lilium dauricum Ker Gawler EN C2a(i)

Metanarthecium luteoviride Maximowicz EN B2ab(iii,v)

Annex 229 Scientific name Category Criterion Trillium tschonoskii Maximowicz EN C2a(i)

Zigadenus sibiricus (Linnaeus) A. Gray CR B2ab(iii); D1

Class Lycopodiopsida

Order Cyatheales

Family Plagiogyriaceae

Plagiogyria japonica Nakai VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Order Isoetales

Family Isoetaceae

Isoetes coreana Y.H. Chung and H.K. Choi VU B2ac(v); C2(b)

Order Lycopodiales

Family Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium cryptomerianum Maximowicz EN B2ab(iii)

Huperzia selago (Linnaeus) Bernhardi ex Schrank and Martius VU B2ab(iv)

Lycopodium annotinum Linnaeus VU B2ab(iv)

Lycopodium complanatum Linnaeus EN B2ab(iv)

Order Ophioglossales

Family Ophioglossaceae

Mankyua chejuense B.-Y. Sun, M.H. Kim and C.H. Kim CR B1ab(iii)c(v)

Order Pinales

Family Cupressaceae

Juniperus chinensis Linnaeus VU B2ab(iii,iv,v) B2ab Thuja koraiensis Nakai VU (ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(i); D1 Family Pinaceae

Abies koreana E. H. Wilson EN B2ab(ii,iii,v)

Picea jezoensis (Siebold and Zuccarini) Carrière VU B2ab(iii)

Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Order Polypodiales

230 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Family Aspleniaceae B2ab(iii); Asplenium antiquum Makino EN C2a(i) Asplenium prolongatum Hooker VU B2ab(iv)

Asplenium wrightii Eaton ex Hooker CR D1

Family Athyriaceae

Athyrium sheareri (Baker) Ching VU B2ab(iv)

Athyrium spinulosum (Maximowicz) Milde VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Deparia okuboana (Makino) M. Kato VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Diplazium hachijoense Nakai VU B2ab(iii)

Family Blechnaceae

Woodsia glabella R. Brown ex Richardson VU B2ab(iii)

Woodwardia japonica (Linnaeus f.) Smith VU B2ab(iv)

Family Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris tokyoensis (Matsum. ex Makino) C. Christensen VU B2ab(iv)

Family Loxogrammaceae

Loxogramme duclouxii Christ VU B2ab(iv)

Loxogramme salicifolia (Makino) Makino VU B2ab(iv)

Family Parkeriaceae

Ceratopteris thalictroides (Linnaeus) Brongniart VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Family Polypodiaceae

Colysis simplicifrons (H. Christ) Tagawa EN B2ab(iv)

Crypsinus veitchii (Baker) Copeland VU B2ab(iv)

Microsorum buergerianum (Miquel) Ching EN B2ab(iv)

Family Pteridaceae

Cheilanthes chusana Hooker VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Pteris nipponica W.C. Shieh VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Family Thelypteridaceae

Annex 231 Scientific name Category Criterion Pseudocyclosorus subochthodes (Ching) Ching VU B2ab(iii)

Order Psilotales

Family Psilotaceae

Psilotum nudum (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois EN C2a(i)

Order Pteridales

Family Adiantaceae

Adiantum capillus-junonis Ruprecht EN B2ab(iii)

Order Selaginellales

Family Selaginellaceae

Selaginella sibirica (Milde) Hieronymus EN B2ab(iv)

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Chloranthales

Family Chloranthaceae

Sarcandra glabra (Thunberg) Nakai EN B2ab(iii); C2a(i); D1

Order Magnoliales

Family Magnoliaceae

Michelia compressa (Maximowicz) Sargent EN C2a(i)

Order Nymphaeales

Family Cabombaceae

Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmelin VU B2ab(iii,v)

Family Nymphaeaceae

Euryale ferox Salisbury VU C2a(i)b

Nuphar pumila (Timm) de Candolle var. pumila VU B2ab(iii)

Nuphar pumila (Timm) de Candolle var. ozeensis (Miki) H. Hara VU B2ab(iii)

Nymphaea minima Nakai CR B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Order Piperales

Family Saururaceae

232 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Scientific name Category Criterion Saururus chinensis (Loureiro) Baillon EN B2ab(iii,iv)

Order Ranunculales

Family Berberidaceae

Gymnospermium microrrhynchum (S. Moore) Takhtajan VU B2ab(iii)

Family Papaveraceae

Corydalis filistipesNakai EN B2ab(iv)

Family Ranunculaceae

Aconitum austrokoreense Koidzumi VU B2ab(iii); C2a(i)

Aconitum coreanum (H. Léveillé) Rapaics VU A2cd

Aconitum sibiricum Poiret VU B2ab(v)

Anemone flaccidaF . Schmidt VU B2ab(iii)

Anemone narcissifloraLinnaeus VU B2ab(iv)

Cimicifuga heracleifolia Komarov EN B2ab(iv)

Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi VU A2cd

Pulsatilla tongkangensis Y.N. Lee and T.C. Lee VU B2ab(iii,iv); C2a(i)

Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix var. kadzusensis (Makino) Wiegleb VU B12a

Thalictrum coreanum H. Léveillé EN B2ab(iv)

Thalictrum petaloideum Linnaeus VU B2ab(iii)

Thalictrum simplex Linnaeus var. brevipes H. Hara VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Class Rosidae

Order Apiales

Family Apiaceae

Cicuta virosa Linnaeus VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Pterygopleurum neurophyllum (Maximowicz) Kitagawa CR B2ab(iii); C2a(i); D1

Family Araliaceae

Eleutherococcus gracilistylus (W.W. Smith) S.Y. Hu VU B2ab(iii)

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ruprecht and Maximowicz) Maximowicz VU B2ab(v); C2a(i)

Annex 233 Scientific name Category Criterion Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai VU B12ab(iv)

Order Cornales

Familly Hydrangeaceae

Deutzia paniculata Nakai VU B2ab(iii)

Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai EN B1ab(iii)

Order Fabales

Familly Fabaceae

Albizia kalkora (Roxburgh) Prain VU B2ab(iii)

Astragalus dahuricus (Pallas) de Candolle VU B2ab(iv)

Astragalus membranaceus (Fischer) Bunge var. alpinus Nakai CR B2ab(iii)

Canavalia lineata (Thunberg) de Candolle VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Euchresta japonica Hooker f. ex Regel CR B2ab(iii); D1

Sophora koreensis Nakai VU B2ab(iii,iv)

Familly Polygalaceae

Salomonia oblongifolia de Candolle VU B2ab(iv)

Order Myrtales

Familly Onagraceae

Epilobium angustifolium Linnaeus VU B2ab(v)

Epilobium hirsutum Linnaeus VU B2ab(iii)

Order Sapindales

Familly Anacardiaceae

Toxicodendron orientale Greene VU B2ab(ii,iii,iv)

Order Zygophyllales

Familly Zygophyllaceae

Tribulus terrestris Linnaeus EN B2ab(iii)c(iii,iv)

234 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Index arranged to alphabetical order

A Anodonta (Anemina) arcaeformis flavotincta 122 Abeliophyllum distichum 171 Anser cygnoides 54 Abies koreana 163 erythropus 58 Abroscelis anchoralis punctatissima 90 Anthracophora rusticola 98 Acanthocinus aedilis 97 Apatura ilia 105 Accipiter gentilis 61 Aphantopus hyperantus 105 gularis 61 Aphodius languidulus 95 nisus 62 Apocynum lancifolium 169 soloensis 62 Aporia crataegi 90 Acheilognathus somjinensis 78 Aquila chrysaetos 57 Aconitum austrokoreense 189 clanga 62 coreanum 189 heliaca 63 sibiricum 189 Arabis serrata var. hallaisanensis 139 Acoptolabrus changeonleei 96 Arctous rubra 175 Actinidia rufa 174 Argynnis aglaja 93 Adenophora palustris 147 nerippe 105 Adiantum capillus-junonis 165 niobe 105 Aegista (Aegista) chejuensis 125 Arhopala bazalus 92 (Aegista) gottschei fusanica 125 japonica 92 (Aegista) proxima 126 Arinia chejuensis 120 (Aegista) pyramidata 126 Asiagomphus coreanus 112 (Aegista) pyramidata hebes 126 melanopsoides 113 (Aegista) tenuissima 126 Asplenium antiquum 164 Aegista (Plectotropis) diversa 127 prolongatum 184 Aegypius monachus 62 wrightii 144 Aglais urticae 104 Aster altaicus var. uchiyamae 147 Agrypnia pagetana 114 Astilboides tabularis 178 Albizia kalkora 193 Astragalus dahuricus 193 Amelanchier asiatica 156 membranaceus var. alpinus 145 Ametor scabrosus 100 Athyrium sheareri 184 Amsonia elliptica 148 spinulosum 184 Anaphalis sinica var. morii 146 Aythya baeri 54 sinica var. sinica 146 Androsace cortusifolia 153 B Anemone flaccida 190 Bekkochlamys quelpartensis 132 narcissiflora 190 Berchemia floribunda 155

Index arranged to alphabetical order 235 racemosa 155 Cheilanthes chusana 187 Blaps japonensis 88 Chinemys reevesii 73 Blyxa aubertii 167 Chosenelix problematica 127 Bolbelasmus coreanus 99 Chrysochroa coreana 96 Boloria oscarus 106 Cicindela coerulea nitida 87 perryi 106 obliquefasciata 96 thore 93 Ciconia boyciana 56 Boyeria maclachlani 112 nigra 56 Brachimystax lenok tsinlingensis 83 Cicuta virosa 191 Branta bernicla 58 Cimicifuga heracleifolia 166 Brasenia schreberi 188 Cipangopaludina japonica 122 Brenthis daphne 106 Cleisostoma scolopendrifolium 159 Bubo bubo 67 Clithon retropictus 134 Bulbophyllum drymoglossum 179 Cobitis choii 78 inconspicuum 179 Cochlicopa lubrica 129 Bupleurum latissimum 158 Codonopsis minima 139 Burara striata 88 Coenonympha amaryllis 106 Burmannia championii 158 hero 107 cryptopetala 159 Coenonympha oedippus 107 Columba janthina 61 C Columella edentula 136 Calanthe reflexa 180 Colysis simplicifrons 164 striata for. sieboldii 180 Corbicula (Corbicula) colorata 123 Caldesia parnassifolia 167 fenouilliana 118 Callipogon relictus 87 Corbicula (Corbiculina) papyracea 124 Callorhinus ursinus 49 Coreoperca kawamebari 80 Callytron brevipilosa 96 Corydalis filistipes 166 Canavalia lineata 193 Cotoneaster wilsonii 141 Canis lupus 45 Cottus hangiongensis 83 Carex chordorrhiza 152 Crataegus komarovii 156 Carterocephalus dieckmanni 91 Cremastra unguiculata 141 Centranthera cochinchinensis var. lutea 150 Cristaria plicata 123 Cephalanthera erecta for. subaphylla 180 Crypsinus veitchii 187 Ceratopteris thalictroides 186 Culter brevicauda 81 Cervus nippon 46 Cybister lewisianus 90 Chamaegastrodia shikokiana 159 Cyclophorus herklotsi 129 Chamalycaeus kurodai 125 Cyclotus (Procyclotus) campanulatus 129 Charadrius placidus 59 Cygnus columbianus 59 Charonia lampas sauliae 135 cygnus 59

236 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition olor 54 sulphurata 65 Cymbidium kanran 141 yessoensis 65 lancifolium 142 Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum 175 macrorhizon 159 Epilobium angustifolium 194 Cynanchum amplexicaule 148 hirsutum 194 Cypripedium guttatum 142 Erebia cyclopius 107 japonicum 142 wanga 107 macranthos 160 Eremias argus 72 Cyrtosia septentrionalis 180 Euchresta japonica 145 Euhadra dixoni 127 D herklotsi 127 Daphne pseudomezereum var. koreana 177 Euphaedusa aculus mokpoensis 119 Dendranthema coreana 147 fusaniana uturyotoensis 119 zawadskii var. lucida 147 Euphrasia coreana 172 Dendrobium moniliforme 160 Euphydryas davidi 108 Deparia okuboana 185 Euryale ferox 188 Deutzia paniculata 192 Eurynorhynchus pygmeus 53 Diapensia lapponica var. obovata 140 Diarthron linifolium 177 F Dineutus orientalis 100 Falco peregrinus 64 Diplazium hachijoense 185 subbuteo 64 Diplommatina (Sinica) kyobuntoensis 130 Favonius koreanus 92 chejuensis 130 Fissidentalium (Pictodentalium) vernedei 136 Discus elatior 120 Forsythia ovata 171 pauper 130 saxatilis 172 Drosera peltata var. nipponica 174 Dryocopus javensis richardsi 53 G martius 66 Galerida cristata 65 Dryopteris tokyoensis 186 Gallicrex cinerea 64 Dytiscus marginalis czerskii 99 Gastrochilus japonicus 142 matsuran 160 E Gastrocopta (Sinalbinula) jinjiroi 131 Egretta eulophotes 56 Gentiana jamesii 149 Elaphe schrenckii 72 Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia 176 Eleutherococcus gracilistylus 192 Gobiobotia brevibarba 81 senticosus 192 macrocephala 82 Ellobium chinense 131 naktongensis 82 Elsholtzia angustifolia 170 Gonepteryx maxima 111 Emberiza aureola 65 Goodyera repens 181

Index arranged to alphabetical order 237 Gorsachius goisagi 56 K Grus japonensis 57 Kaloula borealis 71 monacha 64 Karaftohelix adamsi 117 vipio 57 Karsenia koreana 72 Gymnadenia conopsea 181 Kichulchoia brevifasciata 79 Gymnopleurus mopsus 87 Kirengeshoma koreana 167 Gymnospermium microrrhynchum 189 Koreanohadra koreana 118 kurodana 128 H Koreanomelania nodifila 121 Haematopus ostralegus 59 Koreocobitis naktongensis 78 Halenia corniculata 170 Koreoleptoxis globus ovalis 135 Haliaeetus albicilla 63 Kuhlhasseltia nakaiana 143 pelagicus 57 Hemibarbus mylodon 82 L Hesperia florinda 101 Lamia textor 97 Heteropterus morpheus 102 Lamium takeshimense 150 Hibiscus hamabo 177 Lamprotula coreana 117 Hipparchia autonoe 94 leai 118 Huperzia selago 182 Lanceolaria grayana 123 Hydaticus thermonectoides 99 Larus relictus 55 Hyla suweonensis 71 saundersi 55 Hynobius yangi 71 Lasianthus japonicus 149 Hypericum oliganthum 154 Lecanorchis japonica 160 kiusiana 160 I Leiocassis longirostris 77 Iksookimia pumila 77 Leontopodium hallaisanense 139 Impatiens furcillata 175 Lepidopisum verrucosum 128 Inachis io 108 Leptalina unicolor 91 Inversiunio verrusosus 118 Leptaulax koreanus 100 Iris dichotoma 158 Leptepania japonica 97 koreana 178 Leptidea amurensis 111 laevigata 179 Lethenteron japonicum 81 ruthenica 179 reissneri 83 setosa 158 Libellula angelina 95 Isoetes coreana 182 Ligularia taquetii 169 Ixobrychus eurhythmus 60 Lilium dauricum 162 Limenitis homeyeri 108 J populi 108 Juniperus chinensis 183 Limnophila aromatica 173

238 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Limosella aquatica 151 Mergus squamatus 54 Liobagrus obesus 80 Metanarthecium luteoviride 162 Liparis auriculata 161 Michelia compressa 165 nervosa 181 Microphysogobio koreensis 79 Locustella pleskei 66 rapidus 77 Loxogramme duclouxii 186 Microsorum buergerianum 164 salicifolia 186 Milvus migrans 63 Lutra lutra 48 Mimathyma nycteis 109 Lychnis wilfordii 152 Mirus junensis 117 Lycopodium annotinum 183 Mitella nuda 155 complanatum 163 Moschus moschiferus 46 cryptomerianum 163 Murina ussuriensis 47 Lycoris × chejuensis 157 Mustela nivalis 48 chinensis var. sinuolata 157 Myotis formosus 49 sanguinea var. koreana 178 Lynx lynx 45 N Lysimachia leucantha 153 Naemorhedus caudatus 47 pentapetala 153 Nakadaella micron 129 Nannophya pygmaea 113 M Neofinetia falcata 143 Macrochlamys fusanus 132 Neottianthe cucullata 182 hypostilbe 132 Neozephyrus japonicus 103 Macromia daimoji 95 Neptis tshetvericovi 109 Macrophysogobio koreensis 79 Nesiohelix samarangae 128 Maculinea kurentzovi 89 Nicrophorus dauricus 101 teleius 103 japonicus 91 Malaxis monophyllos 181 Nipponia nippon 53 Mankyua chejuense 144 Nobuea elegantistriata 120 Martes flavigula 48 Nordotis gigantea 131 Megaleptura thoracica 97 madaka 132 Megaleranthis saniculifolia 190 Numenius madagascariensis 60 Melanargia halimede 109 Nuphar pumila var. ozeensis 188 Melitaea ambigua 94 pumila var. pumila 188 britomartis 89 Nymphaea minima 145 protomedia 94 Nymphalis antiopa 109 scotosia 94 l-album 110 Menyanthes trifoliata 169 xanthomelas 110 Meretrix lamarckii 124 Nymphoides coreana 148 lusoria 124

Index arranged to alphabetical order 239 O Pernis ptilorhyncus 63 Oberonia japonica 143 Phoca largha 47 Ochlodes similis 102 Phoxinus phoxinus 79 venatus 102 Phytolacca insularis 152 Odontobutis obscura 78 Picea jezoensis 183 Oeneis mongolica 110 Pinus pumila 184 urda 110 Pisidium (Neopisidium) coreanum 124 Onthophagus gibbulus 90 Pitta nympha 66 rugulosus 101 Plagiogyria japonica 182 solivagus 91 Platalea leucorodia 60 Oplopanax elatus 192 minor 60 Oreocnide frutescens 157 Platanthera minor 161 Oreorchis coreana 161 Platyraphe minutus quelpartensis 130 Orobanche filicicola 150 Plebejus argus 92 Osmanthus insularis 172 subsolanus 89 Osmoderma opicum 99 Plecotus auritus 49 Otis tarda 58 Pogostemon yatabeanus 149 Polygonum amphibium 174 P Polyphylla laticollis manchurica 87 Paeonia obovata 140 Potamogeton alpinus 146 Paganizaptyx miyanagai 119 perfoliatus 168 miyanagai ullundoensis 119 Prionailurus bengalensis 48 Palimna liturata continentalis 98 Procloeon halla 101 Paliurus ramosissimus 156 Prosopocoilus astacoides blanchardi 100 Pandion haliaetus 61 Protantigius superans 103 Panthera pardus 45 Prunus × yedoensis 156 tigris 46 Pseudobagrus brevicorpus 81 Paracercion plagiosum 112 Pseudocyclosorus subochthodes 187 sieboldii 112 Pseudolysimachion kiusianum var. diamantiacum 151 Parakaliella fusanianar 133 Pseudopungtungia nigra 78 obesiconus 133 Pseudostellaria sylvatica 173 Parasitala miyanagai 133 Psilotum nudum 164 Parnassius bremeri 111 Pteris nipponica 187 Pecteilis radiata 162 Pteromys volans 49 Pedicularis hallaisanensis 151 Pterygocalyx volubilis 170 ishidoyana 173 Pterygopleurum neurophyllum 145 mandshurica 151 Pulsatilla tongkangensis 190 Pelodiscus sinensis 73 Punctum dageletense 121 Peristylus densus 143 depressum 121

240 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition Pungitius sinensis 82 Shirozua jonasi 93 Pyrgus maculatus 102 Sibynophis chinensis 72 malvae 103 Silene capitata 173 Pyrola renifolia 175 fasciculata 139 jenisseensis 174 Q Sinoennea iwakawa 121 Quercus gilva 178 Sinotaia quadrata 136 Sisyphus schaefferi 88 R Sitalina chejuensis 133 Rana plancyi chosenica 71 circumcincta 133 Ranunculus trichophyllus var. kadzusensis 191 japonica 133 Reinia variegata 120 Solenaia triangularis 123 Retinella radiatula coreana 122 Sophora koreensis 193 radiatula radiatula 122 Spindasis takanonis 104 Rhamnus taquetii 140 Spiraea chartacea 157 Rhodeus pseudosericeus 80 insularis 141 Rhododendron aureum 153 Spirostoma japonicum japonicum 135 Rhynchocypris semotilus 77 Stenygrinum quadrinotatum 98 Rosalia coelestis 98 Strix aluco 67 uralensis 58 S Strobilops (Eostrobilops) coreana 135 Salix blinii 154 (Eostrobilops) hirasei 136 Salomonia oblongifolia 194 Stuckenia pectinata 168 Sarcandra glabra 165 Swertia dichotoma 149 Satsuma myomphala 117 wilfordii 170 Satyrium latior 93 Synthliboramphus wumizusume 55 w-album 104 Saurogobio dabryi 80 T Saururus chinensis 166 Tadorna cristata 53 Saussurea polylepis 169 Terpsiphone atrocaudata 66 Scarabaeus typhon 88 Thalictrum coreanum 166 Scopura gaya 113 petaloideum 191 jiri 113 simplex var. brevipes 191 Scrophularia takesimensis 152 Thecla betulae 104 Sedirea japonica 144 Thrixspermum japonicum 162 Selaginella sibirica 165 Thuja koraiensis 183 Seokia pratti 95 Tillaea aquatica 177 Sericinus montela 111 Toxicodendron orientale 194 Shijimaeoides divina 89 Trapella sinensis var. antennifera 172

Index arranged to alphabetical order 241 Tribulus terrestris 167 Trientalis europaea subsp. arctica 176 Trillium tschonoskii 163 Tringa guttifer 55 Trishoplita ottoi 128 Tugalina (Scelidotoma) vadososinuata hoonsooi 131

U Ursus thibetanus 47 Utricularia intermedia 150 pilosa 171 yakusimensis 171

V Vaccinium uliginosum 176 vitis-idaea 176 Viola biflora 154 mirabilis 154 raddeana 140 websteri 155 Vulpes vulpes 46

W Woodsia glabella 185 Woodwardia japonica 185

Y Yamatochlamys lampra 134

Z Zabelia tyaihyonii 148 Zalophus japonicus 45 Zigadenus sibiricus 144 Zoogenetes harpa 125 Zostera caespitosa 168 geojeensis 146 japonica 168

242 Korean Red List of Threatened Species : Second Edition

Korean Red List Government Publications Registration Number : 11-1480592-000718-01

of Threatened Species

Korean Red List of Threatened Species Korean Red List Second Edition of Threatened Species Second Edition