NASA Press Kit National Aeronautics and 251hAnniversary October 1983 Space Administration 1958-1983 >\ Our First Quarter Century of Achievement ... Just the Beginning i RELEASE ND: 83-132 September 1983 NOTE TO EDITORS : NASA is observing its 25th anniversary. The space agency opened for business on Oct. 1, 1958. The information attached sumnarizes what has been achieved in these 25 years. It was prepared as an aid to broadcasters, writers and editors who need historical, statistical and chronological material. Those needing further information may call or write: NASA Headquarters, Code LFD-10, News and Information Branch, Washington, D. C. 20546; 202/755-8370. Photographs to illustrate any of this material may be obtained by calling or writing: NASA Headquarters, Code LFD-10, Photo and Motion Pictures, Washington, D. C. 20546; 202/755-8366. bQy#qt&*&Mary G. itzpatrick Acting Chief, News and Information Branch Public Affairs Division Cover Art Top row, left to right: ffComnandDestruct Center," 1967, Artist Paul Calle, left; ?'View from Mimas," 1981, features on a Saturnian satellite, by Artist Ron Miller, center; ftP1umes,*tSTS- 4 launch, Artist Chet Jezierski,right; aeronautical research mural, Artist Bob McCall, 1977, on display at the Visitors Center at Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, Calif. iii OUR FIRST QUARTER CENTER OF ACHIEVEMENT A-1 -3 SPACE FLIGHT B-1 - 19 SPACE SCIENCE c-1 - 20 SPACE APPLICATIQNS D-1 - 12 AERONAUTICS E-1 - 10 TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION F-1 - 5 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS G-1 - 5 TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION H-1 - 5 NASA INSTALLATIONS 1-1 - 9 NASA LAUNCH RECORD J-1 - 49 ASTRONAUTS K-1 - 13 FINE ARTS PRQGRAM L-1 - 7 S IGN I F ICANT QUOTAT IONS frl-1 - 4 NASA ADvIINISTRATORS N-1 - 7 SELECTED NASA PHOTOGRAPHS 0-1 - 12 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 AC 202 755-8370 For Release: 1958-1983 OUR FIRST QUARTER CENTURY OF ACHIEVEMENT--JUST THE BEGINNING BY James M. Beggs NASA Admi n i s t rat o r (Editor's Note: These comments on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's 25 years were prepared by Mr. Beggs for the October issue of NASA Activities, which is published monthly by NASA for the information of the Agency's employees.) A- 1 "We celebrate 25 years of reaching for excellence and achieving it in space and aeronautics. The nation's investment in our work has produced a steady stream of new technological discoveries which have benefited everyone on earth. And the returns on this investment will be even greater in the future as we continue our work." James M. Beggs OUR FIRST QUARTER CENTURY OF ACHIEVEMENT--JUST THE BEGINNING James M. Beggs NASA Admi n i s t r a to r We did not get to our present position of leadership in space by accident. We got there because we had the imagination to dream great dreams and the national will to fulfill them. We got there because the partnership of government, industry and our universities, built up over the years, created a scientific and high technology base second to none. We got there for the good comnon sense reason that we have learned to build on our achievements as we go along -- and to learn from our experience. As Shakespeare wrote: "Experience is by industry achieved and perfected by the swift course of time." A- 2 We have had our struggles and our successes in the program over the swift course of NASA's 25-year lifetime. And they have been open for all the world to see, beginning with the launch of our first satellite, Explorer 1. They range from the succession of planetary explorers -- the Mariners, the Pioneers, the Vikings and the Voyagers; through the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs to the development of the Shuttle. All would never have been possible had we not built on past experience. And, largely because we have done so, we became the leaders . With the Shuttle, we are making dramatic and timely progress in learning to live and work in space. It is a truly impressive vehicle, and as time goes on, we are finding that its performance surpasses even the expectation of its designers. But the Shuttle allows us to stay in space for only a short time. And while we can extend that time to about a month, we cannot extend it to long-duration, long-endurance space flight. To do work of long duration, to do all the things we have always dreamed of doing beyond low earth orbit, we will need a space station. A- 3 I believe that a Space Station is, indeed, an idea whose time has come. Sooner or later, this country is going to take the next logical step in space and will build one. And the sooner we do so, the better it will be for us, because a space station is essential if we are to maintain our preeminence. J see a Space Station as an essential stepping stone to the future. With it, and with the use of an orbital transfer vehicle, which we will ultimately develop to move us to geosynchronous orbit, we will be able to operate routinely some 22,000 miles above the earth. And from there, perhaps we will begin to realize Wernher von Braun's great dream of going back to the moon to build a base, and from that base, mounting a manned expedition to Mars. I believe that we will be able to accomplish all of these things within the next 25 years so that when NASA celebrates its Golden Anniversary in the year 2008, we will look back on our first quarter century of achievement as just the beginning. 25th Aiiniversar y 1958-1983 Space Flight B-1 SPACE FLIGHT by Victor Seigel On American Independence Day, July 4,1982, NASA astronauts Thomas K. Mattingly I1 and Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., landed their Space Shuttle orbiter Columbia on a concrete airstrip at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. Their nearly flawless eight-day earth-orbital mission successfully concluded the orbital flight tests of NASA's Space Transportation System (STS), which was then declared operational. President Reagan, who was at Edwards to greet the returning Columbia and its crew, likened the flight to the historic "golden spike" that inaugurated transcontinental railroading. Declaring STS operational on Independence Day was symbolic because the system literally frees people to perform economically in space a host of beneficial activities that until recently were considered impracticable. Now the world's first operating spaceline, STS, is designed to provide regular trips for people and cargo between the ground-and earth orbit. It can also serve as a platform in space from which to launch and retrieve spacecraft, conduct experiments, make observations and assemble large structures such as space stations, multi-purpose space platforms, solar-powered electric- generating facilities and huge erectable communications antennas that can lead to another quantum jump in world communications. Like an airline, STS has flight vehicles and ground facilities. It includes two operational spaceports: one at Kennedy Space Center, Fla., and the other being readied at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif. Most of the components of its primary vehicle, the Space Shuttle, can be flown repeatedly. The Shuttle orbiter provides airline-like comfort for as many as seven people, including crew and passengers, as they live and work in space. It enables them to dress in ordinary clothing, breathe earth-like air and eat meals, almost as they do on earth. For cargo, the orbiter has a spacious payload bay 18.3 meters (60 feet) long and 4.6 m (15 ft.) in diameter. The bay can carry satellites for launch from the orbiters; a complete manned laboratory such as Spacelab, built by the European Space Agency; equipment for conducting a large variety of scientific and technological experiments and processes; and a Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System to deploy or retrieve satellites or move cargo around the bay. The total weight of the orbiter's payload will be as high as 29,500 kilograms (65,000 pounds). In a typical mission, the Shuttle is launched by its two solid-rocket boosters and the orbiter's main engines. The spent boosters later separate and parachute into the ocean where they are recovered for reuse. The external fuel tank is jettisoned just before orbit, reenters the atmosphere and breaks up over a remote area. The orbiter conducts its mission in space. After atmosphere entry, the delta-winged orbiter is piloted like a glider to a dead-stick landing on an airstrip. It is refurbished and reused. The Space Shuttle represents a revolutionary departure from the single-service cone-shaped bodies of Mercury, Gemini ,and Apollo. The cone-shaped design was chosen because it provided the highest ratio of payload to weight; the blunt ends generated maximum lift and drag during reentry and flight through the atmosphere; and they permitted use of available ballistic missile experience. B- 2 The heat shields of these craft were made of a material that was destroyed as it protected the craft from the reentry inferno. In contrast, the Shuttle orbiter is covered by tiles designed both to protect the craft from heating and to last from flight to flight. This sweeping change, involving perfecting the tiles and bonding them to the craft, was among the new technological frontiers that had to be crossed in Shuttle development. Organized in 1958, Mercury was America's pioneering manned space flight program. Even today, with the accumulated experience of 25 years, engineers and scientists recognize that manned space flights can never be considered routine and that unexpected hazards can occur.