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The Solar System What’S in Our Solar System?

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The Solar System What’S in Our Solar System? The Solar System What’s in Our Solar System? • Our Solar System consists of a central star (the Sun), the eight planets orbiting the sun, several dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteors, interplanetary gas, dust, and all the “space” in between them. • Solar System: a star (sun) together with all the objects revolving around it (planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and so on). What’s in Our Solar System? • The word solar comes from the Latin solaris, meaning “of the sun.” Sol is the Latin word for “sun.” • The eight planets of the Solar System are named for Greek and Roman Gods and Goddesses. Planetary System Planetary System: a planet with its moon(s), • The Earth and moon are a planetary system. • The word planet comes from a Greek word meaning “wandering.” To the ancients, the five visible planets to the naked eye appeared to move, unlike the other fixed stars that were “fixed.” • Orbit: the path followed by a planet, asteroid, or comet around a star, or a moon around a planet. The word comes from the Latin orbita, meaning a “wheel track.” Planets, Dwarf Planets, Moons, Asteroids, and Comets • Planet: a large body, spherical because of its own gravity, orbiting a star and not sharing its orbit with any other large bodies. • Dwarf Planet: a planet-like body that orbits the sun and does not clear its orbital zone of other massive bodies, and is not a moon. • Moon: object revolving around a planet. The word moon is from an ancient German root meaning “moon” or “month.” Planets, Dwarf Planets, Moons, Asteroids, and Comets • Asteroid: a rocky or metallic object a few feet or a few miles in dimeter. It may orbit alone or be in a belt of many other asteroids. The word asteroid comes from the Greek aster (“star”) and -oid (“-like”). They have no atmosphere or water. • Meteor: small rocky or metallic object heated to incandescent vapor as it falls or streaks into Earth’s atmosphere. Those streaks are called “shooting stars.” – Meteoroid: meteor in space – Meteorite: meteor that survived its passage through the atmosphere and strikes the ground. The Greek root for rock is “-ite.” • Comet: icy object that, when passing close enough to its star, displays a tail of evaporated material. The word comet comes from the Latin stella cometa, meaning “long-haired star”, referring to the tail. Composition and Structure of the Solar System The Solar System consists of: • The sun • Eight planets, including Earth • At least five dwarf planets, including Pluto • Over 100 moons • Large numbers of asteroids and comets Geocentric = Earth Centered (Aristotle, Ptolemy) Heliocentric = Sun Centered (Copernicus, Galileo) *Copernicus was the first astronomer to accurately describe out solar system. Composition and Structure of the Solar System • The sun is the largest object in our solar system. It’s the center of our solar system, and all other objects in our solar system revolve around it. • The cause of this arrangement is gravity. Gravity is a property of space and time that causes both weight and orbits. The word gravity comes from the Latin gravitas, meaning “weight” or “heaviness.” Because of gravity, small objects either drops onto larger, heavier objects or orbit around them. Composition and Structure of the Solar System The 8 Planets in order from -Most of the asteroids in our solar the sun outward: system are in two belts. • Mercury -Asteroid Belt: lies between the • Venus orbits of Mars & Jupiter. • Earth • Mars -Kuiper Belt: collection of icy objects that orbit beyond Neptune. • Jupiter • Saturn -Oort Cloud: a huge zone of icy • Uranus objects lying far beyond the Kuiper Belt. When something disturbs one • Neptune of these objects, it fall in toward the sun in elongated orbit and becomes a comet. Most of the comets in our solar system originate in the Oort Cloud. Motions of the Planets • Revolution: the planets all revolve around the sun in a single plane, like a disc. • Rotation: Each planet rotates on its axis. The axis is an imaginary rod running through the center of the planet and each of the geographic poles. – Axis is a Latin word meaning “axle.” – The axes of the planets are tilted varying amounts to the common plane of revolution. – Earth’s axis is tilted about 23.5° - this is what causes the seasons. Inner and Outer Planets • Inner Planets: • Outer Planets – Mercury – Jupiter – Venus – Saturn – Earth – Uranus – Mars – Neptune – Pluto The Relative Size of the Planets in the Solar System The Scale of the Solar System The illustration on the previous slide is not true to scale. In fact, it is wildly out of scale. To understand the true scale of the solar system, imagine the Earth is the size of your classroom globe, THEN: -The sun, at the center of the solar system, is a sphere 14 stories tall. -Mercury is a grapefruit and 1.25 miles from the sun. -Venus is a beach ball and 2.25 miles from the sun. -Earth, the size of a globe, is 3 miles from the sun. *The moon is a baseball and 40 feet from Earth. -Mars is a dodgeball and 4.5 miles from the sun. -Jupiter is as wide as five vans and 15.5 miles from the sun. -Saturn is as tall as a basketball hoop and 29 miles from the sun. -Uranus is as tall as the average male 8th grader (5’4) and 57 miles from the sun. -Neptune is as tall as the average male 6th grader and 90 miles from the sun. *Light takes 8 minutes to reach Earth, and 4 hours to reach Neptune. It takes light less than 3 seconds to travel from the Earth to the moon and back. The 8 Planets of the Solar System • Planets are categorized according to composition and size. There are two main categories of planets: – small Rocky Planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars): rocky planets also known as “terrestrial planets” meaning earth-like. Terra is Latin for “earth.” These planets are composed mainly of rocks and metals. When the solar system was forming the heavier elements tended to collect closer to the sun. Venus, Earth, and Mars have atmospheres composed of gases. Earth is unique because it has a large amount of water. Rocky planets, being heavy, rotate more slowly. – Gas Giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune): composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. Uranus and Neptune are sometimes called “ice giants,” because they contain ices of water, ammonia, and methane. Each of the gas planets has a small solid core. Being lighter, they rotate faster, this casues high winds andhuge storms. The gas planets have rings and multiple moons. The Sun • Diameter: 865,000 miles (109 times greater that Earth) • Distance from Earth: 93 Million Miles – This is know as 1AU (astronomical unit) and is used to measure interplanetary and interstellar distances. • Rotation: rotates on its axis in about 25 earth days. • Characteristics: – The sun is a fairly ordinary main sequence star. – Its very bright – 85% brighter than other stars in our galaxy – Its white in color, however it looks yellow because of our atmosphere. – Surface Temp: 10,000°F – Core Temp: 27 Million °F • A star’s temperature determines its “color.” The coldest stars are red. The hottest stars are blue. • Composition: 75% Hydrogen & 25% Helium The Sun • Other Facts: – The solar system is in a spiral arm of the Milky Way Galaxy. – The sun is located about 25,000 ly from the galactic center. – It orbits the galaxy in about 230 million years – The sun burns hydrogen in a process called nuclear fusion, in which hydrogen is converted to heat and light. Remember stars produce light. Planets reflect light. – The sun has a huge magnetic field that produces sunspots, solar flares, and the northern lights. – The sun contains 99.8% of all mass in our solar system. • Mythology: – The sun was worshipped as a god, often the principal god in most ancient societies. – The Romans celebrated the sun’s birthday as Sol Invictus (“unconquered sun”) about the same time as our Christmas. – Scientific observation began with ancient Hindus, Babylonians, and Greeks. Characteristics of Small Rocky Planets • They are made up mostly of rock and metal. • They are very heavy. • They move slowly in space. • They have no rings and few moons (if any). • They have a diameter of less than 13,000 km (8,077 miles). Mercury Diameter: 3,000 miles (3/8 size of Earth) – Smallest planet in the solar system – Smaller that the moons Ganymede and Titan Distance from Sun: 3 Million Miles (0.39 AU) Rotation: The period of rotation (one Mercury day) is 58.6 earth days. Orbit: the orbital period (one Mercury year) is ¼ earth year (88 earth days) Composition: Mercury is 70% metallic and 30% rocky material, with a dense iron core. Mercury Characterisitcs: • The surface temperature varies from -300°F (Nighttime) to 800°F (Daytime). • Mercury is the most heavily cratered body in the solar system. • Caloris Basin, on of the largest impact craters in the solar system, is 960 miles in diameter. Caloris is the Latin word for “heat.” • Mercury’s axis has 0° of tilt. Polar craters are in constant shadow and contain ice. • Mercury has no moons, no rings, no atmosphere, and a small magnetic field. Mythology and Observation • The Greeks and Romans named the planet after their swift-footed messenger god, Hermes/Mercury, because of its fast paced across the sky. • Mercury has been visited by the space probes Mariner 10 in 1974, and Mesenger in 2008 Venus • Diameter: 7,500 miles – Only slightly smaller that Earth; Venus is sometimes called “Earth’s sister.” • Distance from Sun: 67 Million miles (0.72 AU) • Rotation: Venus rotates once every 243 earth days, by far the slowest of the planets.
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