XX. No. 4. 25 CENTS A COPY OCTOBER, 1920. ;Ile MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE o759thl of* ofthe CI IC
FED STATES AUSTRALASIA HAWAII ORIENT TTcersr. JAVA b 014 .b_ti .1. f IN .
CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD Volume XX. No. 4.
CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1920.
Art Section—Pacific Scenes - - - - 316 South American Camel - - - - 317 By Edward Albes of the Pan-American Union Staff The Japanese Moral Spirit - - - - - - 325 By a Government Official Hawaii at Random - - - - - - 329 By C. T. Rodgers The Single Tax on Land in Australia - - - 333 By Dr. Elwood Mead A Trip Through China 337 By W. C. Hodgkins Mesa Verde, the Gateway to the Pacific National Parks 341 By Stephen G. Mather ) The Bow and Arrow in Hawaii - - - - 345 By Joseph S. Emerson, The Story of Quinine - - - - 349 By Edward Albes of the Pan American Union Staff A Palm-Clad Mountain Isle - - - - - 355 By Mrs. W. A. Holman Some New Zealand Notes - - - - - 359 By C. W. McMurran Mauna Loa's Eruption 363 By Keoki Pukaua The Truth About Alaska 367 By Governor Thomas Riggs, Jr. Industrial Education in the Philippines - - - 371 By Luther Parker The Whence of the Polynesian - - - 375 By Howard B. Case Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union - - - - - 381 New Series. No. 12.
.111, glib-Fart& Magazine Published by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolulu T. H. Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Yearly subscriptions in the United States and possessions, $2.50 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $2.75. For all foreign countries, $3.00. Single copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice.
Permission is given to republish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. -,...c Hawaii is the first turning to the left after leaving San Francisco, and here are glimpsed the first coconut trees of the tropics. Hawaii being just within the line. All is not coconut groves in Hawaii; there are native forests and waterfalls everywhere, even within the corporate limits of Hono- lulu, the Capital City.
ee. In Hawaii the groves of coconut palms also serve as feeding ground for the poultry that is raised, and if water is near by there is a duck pond. In Australia there are forests of great area and the Australians delight in roaming them, for the climate is one of the most inviting and agreeable in the world. The Polynesian race has peopled almost the entire island area of the tropical Pacific. It is one great family distributed over half the water area of the ocean. Such totem poles are found in Alaska, New Zealand. many of the South Sea isles, and wherever the Polynesian has found his way, even in South America.
ec" The scenic pride of America's Pacific coast is El Capitan Rock in Yosemite Park, where the picturesque wonders of the new world are assembled. The scenic glory of Japan is Fujiyama Mountain, pictured in al- most every art creation of the Japanese. It is their sacred mountain and chief delight. Down in the Solomons, what there is of dress is artistic. The scant costuming lends itself to the surroundings and is de- manded by the climate. In Japan the costuming of the men is as stately and artistic as are the forests of Cryptomeria that make beautiful many parts of the Island Empire. There is one lone hot spring in Hawaii, on the slopes that come down from the Volcano of Kilauea, and here the tourist de- lights to disport himself. Parts of New Zealand abound in hot springs. Some of them boil and erupt, so that one must be careful as to which he selects for his morning bath. Modern masonry bridges span primitive streams and rushing cas- cades in Hawaii; the autoist may ride from Hilo over one of the scenic roads of the world, In California the motorist has roads cut through the forests of giant redwoods, where it is never mid-day, but ever pleasant twilight.
sC ag&E In the South Sea Island the Coconut Crab steals the milk of the coconut, but he yields a delicious meat as food and is much sought after. Edited by Alexander Hume Ford. 11.r filth-Part& filagazittr Official Organ of the Pan-Pacific Union.
Volume XX. OCTOBER, 1920. Number 4 I I I
The South American Camel By EDWARD ALBES of the Pan-American Union Staff.
UST where the writer, when quite the mental whisper, "Not goat, but a a small boy, received the impres- camel." j sion that black alpaca coats and The trouble is, the animal does not dresses were made from the woven hair look like a camel in any feature but its of a species of goat is a mystery to him. neck, and there have been quite a num- However he may have obtained the mis- ber of others, many of them more fa- • information, it certainly made quite an miliar with the alpaca and llama than is impression, for to this day when some- the writer, who have had more or less thing is said of the animal known as the difficulty in assigning to these animals alpaca the image of a goat appears be- their proper zoological status. For in- fore his mind's eye, and it is with some stance, one of the best accounts of the effort that he pulls himself together with four species of the American genus of
317 318 THE MID-PACIFIC
Typical Llama head and neck. The ordinary height of the Llama is from 4 to 41/2 feet, but owing to the long neck and loftily held head he ap- pears taller than he really is. THE MID-PACIFIC 319
the family of Camelidae that has been species that we have to deal. Of these published in English is embodied in a two species, the llama and alpaca, are little work published in London in the tame ; the other two, the guanaco and year 1811 under the title "An Historical the vicuna, are wild—in fact, rather ex- and Descriptive Account of the Peruvian cessively wild. The two former were Sheep called Carneros de la Tierra, by domesticated by the indigenous races of William Walton." Thus Walton called the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes—how them sheep, notwithstanding the fact many centuries ago no one knows. To that he knew they were related to the the Peruvians of the earliest times of the camels. Incas, perhaps a thousand years before The distinct kinds of Peruvian sheep the discovery of America by Columbus, called by the Spaniards Carneros de la the llama was as well established a beast Tierra, or country sheep, are four viz. : of burden as was the camel to the Arabs the Llama and Alpaca, domestic animals when Christ was born. No doubt those and beasts of burden, and the Huanaco old builders of the megalithic ruins on and Vicuna, which are wild, and never the southern shore of Lake Titicaca, yet tamed but in some solitary instances. where now stands the little village of Though they all appear to be interme- Tiahuanacu, used the llama to carry diate species between the camel and the their lighter loads and wove their gar- sheep, and as it were, a delicate mixture ments from the fur of the alpaca. At and blending with the stag, yet we con- any rate, there was no record of a time sider them respectively as perfectly dis- when the Incas or their antecedents did tinct in their genus, as is the ass from not have the tamed llama, so that the do- the horse, notwithstanding that alliances mestication of the camels of the New are made between them, so that, though World, like that of the camels of the their generic denomination is the same, Old, must have first taken place in the the races are different, and differ in their days of hoary antiquity. perceptible characters. Without being If there had been any account of the descended from the camel, they have taming of the llama in Incaic legends some marks of exterior resemblance, and or traditions unquestionably such an are possessed of some of his properties, important fact would have been men- without having any of his deformities. tioned by some of the old Spanish 'Our contemporaneous zoologists, how- chroniclers, such as Padre Acosta, in ever, have about settled the matter of whose "Historia Natural y Moral de las classification by giving to the South Indias" appears an excellent descrip- American genus of camels the name Au- tion of the llama as a domesticated chenia, defined by the Century Diction- beast of burden. In the "Comentar- ary as "a genus of ruminants, of the ios Reales de los Incas" of the Inca family Camelidae, representing in the Garcilaso de la Vega is also to be New World the camels of the old, but found a good account of the domesti- having no hump. The genus includes cated animals of the Peruvians, includ- four important and well-known quad- ing the llama and alpaca. The Inca rupeds indigenous to South America— Garcilaso, who was the son of an Inca namely, the llama (A. llama), the gua- princess and one of the Spanish con- aco (A. huanaco), the alpaca (A. pa- quistadores, had spent the early years cos), and the vicuna (A. vicuna.) of his life in Peru, knew the language It is with the Carneros de la Tierra, of the Peruvians thoroughly, and was or South American genus with its four familiar with their traditions and every 320 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 321
feature of their lives. He went to that of a fallow deer in shape, but Spain in 1560, and some time there- tapers greatly at the loins, like that after published his celebrated "Comen- of the greyhound. The animal is tarios," perhaps the most interesting very clean-limbed ; the hoof is cleft work dealing with the history, customs, and the fore parts are armed with two forms of government and religion, and indurated, black, horny, hooked spurs, Peruvian activities of all kinds, that somewhat resembling the talons of a has ever been penned. bird of prey, which serve to support The ordinary height of the llama him on the snow-covered rocks and is from 4 to 41/2 feet at the shoulder, steep declivities of his Andean home. although exceptionally fine specimens His feet are large, the soles being reach a height of 5 feet, while the somewhat round and composed of a length of the body is about the same. soft substance, and from the fetlock Owing to the long neck and lofty head down are very pliable. he appears taller than he really is. The The tail is 8 to 10 inches long, the eyes are large, black, rather prominent fleshy part much smaller than that of and usually soft and expressive in ap- a sheep, and is covered with wool and pearance. The muzzle is rather long hair mixed, the latter predominating. and somewhat" pointed, the snout dark Only when aroused and gamboling in or mouse colored, nostrils nearly al- his pasture grounds does the animal ways dilated and situated considerably carry his tail raised ; at other times above the end of the. snout. The up- it is carried "tucked in" or pendulous. per lip is cleft, like that of the camel The whole body is covered with a soft or hare, with a split wide enough to coat of woolly hair that does not curl reveal the fore teeth when the animal or drop off as does that of the camel. feeds ; the lower lip is generally pen- The most and finest wool, as well as dulous. One incisor and one canine the least mixed with hair, is on the tooth are found on each side of the back and rump of the animal, while upper jaw, but in the lower there are the longest hair is found on the flank six incisors and two canine, while five and on the center part of the belly. grinders are inserted on the two sides In color the llama varies about as of each mandible. much as does the horse, light brown, The ears of the llama are pointed, dun, gray, dark brown predominating, about 4 inches long, the edges general- but under the belly he is uniformly ly tipped with white, and quite hairy white. within. When the animal is in active The llama, as well as the three other motion the ears are nearly always car- species of the genus, ruminates and ried erect, like those of an alarmed chews its cud as does a cow. horse, but when lying down or in ex- Like the camel, it is capable of abstaining pressing resentment the ears are from drink for a long time, instances couched backward on the head. The being known where the only moisture head is covered with a soft, mouse- it received for weeks at a time was colored down, very short and fine to- from the green food consumed. The ward the end of the muzzle. The neck meat of the kid llama is quite palat- is from 2 to 2% feet long, slender, able, having the taste of young goat arched, and in motion resembles that rather than mutton, but as the animal of a swan. The body is much like increases in age the flesh becomes 322 THE MID-PACIFIC In this connection it tough and more or less tasteless. The mixed color. female has usually only one kid, and is interesting to note that the Incas, the limited quantity of milk secreted who possessed great flocks of these by the mother is generally only suf- animals, segregated them by colors, ficient to nourish its young, so that evidently to prevent in the easiest man- llama milk has no domestic uses. Its ner the mixing of different colors at wool is much inferior to that of the shearing time. In regard to this prac- alpaca, although it has sometimes been tice Garcilaso de la Vega wrote : To discriminate the immense number of used as an adulterant by mixing it these sheep kept on their estates by the with the alpaca shearings. For prac- Incas, the flocks were divided according tical purposes the llama of today, like to their respective colors. The parti- colored one was called murumuru, and if its progenitors of the times of the from it a fawn was born differing in color Incas, is used as a beast of burden, from its dam, it was taken away as soon and its chief value is found in that as weaned, and put to pasture with the flock of its own color. In this manner they sphere rather than as a source of sup- distinguished their herds, keeping an ac- ply of either meat or wool. count of them by means of the quipus, or knots with which they counted, the threads The alpaca, the second domesticated of which were of the same color as the species of the genus Auchenia, was flock. In the highlands clothing was made known as the "paco" (sometimes as from paco wool, which the• Incas ordered to be collected from their estates and dis- "paco llama") among the Peruvians. tributed among the people, who manufac- No doubt the connection of the Span- tured three kinds of cloth, viz.: the haves- ca, the coarsest quality, used by the lower ish definite article "el" with the name clahses; the cumpi, a second class, worn "paco" is responsible for the present by the nobles and public functionaries; version, "el paco" having been cor- while the third and finest cloth was se- served for the royal family and their fav- rupted to "alpaca." In structure and orites. The finer qualities were of all general characteristics it closely re- colors and of various designs; women spun sembles the llama but with sufficiently the yarn and wove the coarser kinds, but the finest were made by men. pronounced differences to make it a distinct species. While the llama may Early in the nineteenth century Mr. be crossed with the alpaca, just as in William Walton, who had made an ex- the case of the horse and the ass, the haustive study of the alpaca on its na- progeny is sterile. tive heath, became an ardent advocate of a movement to introduce this valu- Owing to its long, glossy fleece the able animal into the. British Isles as an alpaca is the most important and most adjunct to the sheep industry of the valuable of the South American camels. country. It is because of the abundance of this long fleece that the animal looks so It was not, however, for its qualities much fatter than the llama or its wild as a wool-bearing animal alone that relatives, the guanaco and vicuna. It Mr. Walton advocated the introduction hangs in long, more or less tangled, of the alpaca into Britain. He insisted strands down the sides, rump and that its flesh was an excellent article breast, the strands being from 8 to 12 of food among the Peruvians, and and even at times to 16 inches in length. quotes Zarate as declaring that "llama This fleece is of a variety of colors, and alpaca meat is extremely whdle- ranging from white through varying some, and as palatable as that of fat shades of dun, cinnamon, brown, to sheep in Castile." Walton himself com- black, individuals being frequently of ments as follows : THE MID-PACIFIC 323
The quality of alpaca meat could not of Chile and Argentina seem to be the indeed fail to be good, when the cleanli- ness of the animal, the nature of its food, only parts of the world where these and the neat and delicate manner in which animals will thrive. The high pla- it feeds, are considered. Andes sheep eat teaus of the Andes, the native habitat nothing but the purest vegetable sub- stances, which they cull with the greatest of the llama and alpaca, at an eleva- care, and in habitual cleanliness surpass tion of from 8,000 to 12,000 feet above every other quadruped. With their flesh the Peruvians to this day prepare a jerked the level of the sea, present the pecul- meat, called charque which, stewed with iar conditions of climate, atmosphere, rice or onions and tomatoes, makes an ex- and vegetation under which the or- cellent dish. On their farms it in fact holds the place that bacon does on ours, ganisms of these animals have been de- and also serves for a sea voyage. To pre- veloped, and these conditions seem es- pare it the meat is separated from the sential to their successful production. bones and cut into long slips, with a due proportion of fat adhering to each, and Their wild relative, the vicuna, thrives all the coarse bits rejected. In this state at even greater elevations, being found it is slightly salted, dried in the sun, and chiefly in regions that are from 12,000 then smoked; by which process, however, it becomes so hard and dry that it requires to 15,000 or more feet above sea level steeping in water for several hours before an generally above the snow line. it is used. Andes sheep eat very much like the venison ones cured in North In 1916 Peru exported alpaca wool America, and certainly the dried tongues to the value of £556,956 ($2,709,591) ; are superior to those of the reindeer. llama wool to the value of £2,398 For over 30 years Walton continued ($0,666) ; and vicuna wool to the his efforts to interest the British sheep value of £47 ($218). The latest fig- raisers in the introduction of alpaca ures available from Bolivia show an breeding. It was his idea that the export from that country of alpaca highlands of Scotland afforded condi- wool to the; value of 162,605 bolivianos tions of climate and vegetation so sim- ($63,415) and of vicuna wool to the ilar to the Andean regions to which value of 11,978 bolivianos (4,671). they are native that it would only be The guanaco, sometimes written necessary to introduce a few individuals huanaco, is the larger of the two wild of the species to start a new industry. species of Auchenia, but smaller than Numerous attempts were made at this the llama. Its habitat is more ex- time, and frequently repeated since tensive than that of the llama, or for then, and in a few isolated instances that matter of any of the other species, the animals imported survived and for it is found from the higher eleva- produced progeny, chiefly in zoological tions of the Andes of Peru and Bolivia gardens and on some private estates, down to the southernmost sections of but these successes were so few and Chile and Argentina, considerable num- results so poor that no tangible econ- bers of guanacos having been found omic effect was produced. The llama even beyond the Strait of Magellan on and alpaca, not only in England and the island of Tierra del Fuego. Some Scotland but in France, Spain, Ger- authorities hold that the llama is many, Austria, and even in Australia, merely a domesticated variety of the in all of which countries similar at- tempts have been made, remain objects guanaco, while others insist that the of curiosity rather than of commercial differences between them are sufficient and economic value. Apparently the to constitute each a species. Walton, Andean regions of Peru, Bolivia, and who made a very thorough study of Ecuador, and to a more limited extent these animals, held that they are dis- 324 THE MID- PACIFIC tinct species and notes the following and the upper gums, like those of the characteristic differences : alpaca, black in color. The limbs are "The height of the full-grown guan- slender and delicate, and seem exces- aco is but seldom over 372 to 4 feet, sively long for the body ; the small and, like the alpaca, the body is longer feet are cleft and have spurs on the in proportion to height than is that fore part similar to those of the llama. of the llama ; its color is invariably a The fleece of the vicuna is uniformly reddish brown, although -a few in- of a russet, or reddish brown color stances of white individuals have been and is finer, silkier, and more valuable It recorded ; the back of the guanaco is than is that of even the alpaca. somewhat more arched than that of extends from the fore shoulder all the llama, its coat shaggier, its feet along the back, rump, and upper smaller, face rounder, snout shorter, flanks, comparatively little hair being body less tapering at the waist, and mixed with the wool, except under the the callosity on the sternum which belly, where the hair grows longer and characterizes both the llama and al- the fleece is of a whitish color. paca entirely wanting. Naturally also, The animal inhabits the loftiest re- the whole bearing of the wild animal gions of the Peruvian, Bolivian, and is more alert and aggressive, and in- Ecuadorean Andes. It is extremely stead of timidly yielding, an old male timid, has never been domesticated ex- guanaco will fight and spit its cud at cept in rare instances when caught ex- an enemy upon the least provocation." tremely young and raised as a pet in The vicuna, the smallest of the genus some native family, and has been the Auchenia, is fast disappearing notwith- prey of the hunter from the earliest standing recent efforts of the Peruvian Incaic periods down to the recent years and Bolivian Governments to protect when the above-named countries insti- tuted legal measures for its protection. it. In stature the animal is rarely over 3 feet tall, while the length of Owing to the laws against hunting the the body is about the same. It has vicuna and killing the timid creature the same arch in the waist that charac- for its pelt, and to its greatly dimin- terizes the llama, its head is larger in ished numbers in accessible regions, proportion to the size of its body, is the export of its beautiful fleece has rounder, and tapers suddenly to a small become negligible, as shown by the snout and very small mouth with the figures quoted above in connection with usual cleft upper lip. The forehead the export of alpaca wool. From an is higher, and the whole head is cov- economic point of view, therefore, the ered with a longer and curlier down vicuna may be considered as the least than is that of the llama or alpaca, important of the four species of ani- and its color is invariably a reddish brown. The nostrils are small, teeth mals that represent the Camelidae in similar to those of the other species, the New World. The Japanese Moral Spirit By A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL.
N THE eighteenth century, when the years old that he was determined to open warriors were most flourishing, the a series of moral lectures at his own I education of the common people in home in Kyoto. On the doors was post- Japan was at its lowest point. It was ' ed a placard :—"A moral lecture ; free about this time that there lived a man admission ; everybody welcomed." This of the name of Ishida-Baigan in the prov- was the beginning of the widely famed ince of Tamba. Although he belonged system of moral lectures of a popular na- to the class of commoners, yet his fath- ture, called the "Shingakudowa." Such er took great care in his education. When scholars as Teshima-Toan and Nakaza- he was twenty-three years old, he was wa-Doji were educated by this pioneer sent to Kyoto to serve as an apprentice moralist. The Shingaku lectures have in a dry goods store. While faithfully since become so popular, that, more than discharging his daily duties as an ap- two hundred halls have been built at prentice, he did not neglect his studies. different localities. The different feu- Every moment in which he was free dal lords were glad to invite the moralists from work was devoted to study in which and to listen to their lectures. This Shin- a Buddhist priest, Ryoun by name, as- gaku school of moralists has had a vast sisted him. He gradually discovered influence over the common people, and how base and mean were the merchants especially, the merchant class. of that time in character and in deal- There are now many schools for me- ings. It was when he was forty-five chanics in Japan, but mention will be
325 326 THE MID-PACIFIC made of only one, a night school in the In 1900, when the Crown Prince was city of Kobe. Only one year and half married, the towns and villages of the is required to finish the course, but the country tried to commemorate the event method used by the school is so effec- in some way or other. The municipality tive that the graduates are in demand of Tokyo decided to establish a charity- everywhere. Some years ago an em- school at the slum quarter in the dis- ployee of the Sanyo Railway Company trict of Fukagawa. The children are not was admitted to the school. At first, he only furnished with books and stationery could not read even a single letter. But but with baths, medicines, etc., and the after eighteen months' training, he was teachers are their hair-dressers. The turned out as a good designer who then children are also encouraged to save found ways to put his ideas into prac- money, and this money-saving habit of tise. It was at the Fifth Industrial Ex- the little ones has come to influence their hibition that a machine invented by him parents, so that the slum quarter of Fu- attracted the attention of the public. It kagawa is now known as a money-saving was a contrivance to prevent the jolting quarter. of a train at a sudden stop. When this At the time of the transfer of the ad- machine was later compared with a sim- ministration of the country from the Sho- ilar one invented in Germany, it was gunate to the present Government, the found that it was in no wise inferior to former social order was also in the pro- the latter. cess of dissolution. The old standards were thrown away, and there were as Kinomoto is a little village in the pre- yet no new ones to take their place. The fecture of Shiga. It consists of only six younger generation, especially, was in a hundred houses, and yet is proud of its lamentable state. It was at this juncture library containing more than seven thou- that some far-sighted men conceived the sand volumes. Bunya Sugino, the foun- idea of organizing young men's associa- der of the library, was born in a poor tions, some of which have been exercising family, and could noti pursue regular their healthy influence until today. In studies. When he was a young man, he Kawanuma, Fukushima, a man called left his home for Tokyo, with the object Mataichiro Saito, in the hope of intro- of finding some means to enable him to ducing better manners, organized an as- pursue his studies. Obtaining access to sociation in the village of Nishi-haga. a library in the metropolis, he studied The members pledged themselves to re- law with intense application. He ap- frain from gambling and other evil hab- plied for a lawyer's license and passed its, and to make an united effort to cul- the examination. He could not forget tivate the spirit of industry and self-gov- his boyhood in his native place. The de- ernment. The neglected parts of the lo- sire to help the needy grew stronger, and •cality were turned into paddy fields or was at last realized in the Kohoku Li- gardens, while the profits resulting from brary to which he still contributes sever- this work were used in such public works al hundred yen every year. In connec- as schools, village offices, police stations, tion with this library, we are glad to etc. The ditches and canals were also state that many public libraries have been repaired. The self-government feature established in different localities, since of this association has told upon the lo- the Russo-Japanese War, and that most cality, which has since been greatly im- of them are the result of curtailing use- proved as to its morals. less expenses. T. Shiodome-mura, Saitama, Giichi THE MID-PACIFIC 327
Takahashi who rendered valuable ser- Choshiro Kawamura is one of the vices as headman for more than ten most public-spirited persons in the pre- years realized the necessity of elect- fecture of Gifti, whose works have been ing the best man to this important office. a great deal thought of by the public. In the person of Shiichiro Tanaka, he Among many enterprises undertaken by found the proper man to fill the posit:on, him, the "Kan-o-kai" (the cherry-party) and recommended him to the people. is the most successful and worthy of spe- When the new headman was elected, he cial notice. For many years he has been gladly helped him as his assistant. The contributing several hundred yen to- people have come to call the assistant 'the wards charitable works with the money titleless headman." The united effort of curtailed from his household expenses ; these two officials has been directed to besides he has given several articles in- the organization of different industrial dispensable to the daily life' o seventy of and economic leagues, one of which bears the weaker persons of the village. But the name of "five Rin" or "five cardinal unsatisfied with this, he put into practice virtue" league ;—five rin is half a sen, his long-cherished idea of the cherry- and go-rin, meaning five rin has t!le party to which he invites the poor peo- same sound as the two characters that ple and gives them both physical and rt.present the cardinal virtues. mental consolation. In the flower sea- Let us not forget to take notice of an son these poor folks of the village gather interesting instance found in Kamashi- together on a certain bright day for an ma-shinden, near the city of Nagoya. outing in Ogaki park and enjoy the warm Formerly, the place was a sandy beach sunshine and the sight of blooming cher- extending from Nagashima to the port ry flowers. Rich entertainments and dif- of Kuwana. It was, however, reclaimed ferent amusements are arranged by the later, by order of the lord of Owari, and members of the Kawamura family them- has since been turned into farms. A selves, while priests are invited for re- family, Kaniye by name, has since been ligious preachings. Thus the feeble mem- the landlord, for it was this family that bers of the community enjoy themselves redeemed the shore. The three hundred the whole day long, mingling with young people of the village are said to be the and old, under the blooming flowers and decendants of those who were employed return home with brightness and hope- by the family in this work. Such being fulness in their smiling faces. the case, the relation between the fam- When Buddhism was at its height, va- ily and the villagers has been peaceful rious charitable institutions were found- and harmonious for the past two hundred ed by benevolent Buddhists. The Lepers' and seventy years. The residence of the Asylum at Nara is said to have been Kaniye family is open to the people, with founded by the Empress Komyo. The its orchards and gardens. Different of- great Chinese scholar and social reform- fices connected with the industries and er, Sato-Shinyen urged the Tokugawa other affairs of the village are found in government to establish certain charity the compound, evening classes and other works. The Kosaikwan, a large institu- meetings being held in one of the houses. tion founded through his influence, is The residence is thus practically the said to have consisted of an orphanage headquarters of the village. This beau- and a nursery. One of his works, "Se- tiful relation between them reminds us crets of Planting and Gardening," was of similar relations found in York and at first intended to be a representation to other estates in England. the Tokugawa authorities, urging. them 328 THE MID-PACIFIC to lay out an orchard in the locality of would prefer to become black-smiths, Urawa, on the river of Arakawa. The while others were artisans in lacquer scheme is minutely described in the work work. They were also instructed by lec- for the author desired to turn 150 chobu tures on practical ethics by the chaplain, (367.6 acres) of waste land in that lo- Nakazawa-Doji. In the city of Niigata, cality into a big orchard. The scheme there was founded some years ago what was planned in order to give employment is called the Sekizen Kumiai (Benev- to the unemployed, for it was his be- olent League). Each member deposits lief that the misconduct of the common one sen and five rin a day for the period people is mostly owing to want of em- of five years, after which the same pol- ployment. He was also very much in- icy is repeated. At first there were only terested in the moral condition of the three hundred and fifty members, but people. He would often visit different now there are fifty thousand and odd, families, giving advice and instruction, the sum of the accumulated funds and even admonition, if necessary. If amounting to 780,000 yen. Nearly all any were found to be lazy, or to be act- of the towns and villages within the pre- ing against his counsels, he would de- fecture, have more or less members. The prive them of their employment. The league uses its funds for different en- cultivation of filial virtues and of dili- terprises, and also for the support of gence in agriculture are said to have hospitals and other charity works. Nor been his two principles. Although he does it neglect their moral welfare, and was a strict disciplinarian, he did not prominent scholars are often invited to neglect to provide for the entertainment give lectures to them. On the occasions of his people. At the center of the or- of its tenth and fifteenth anniversaries, chard was erected a hall where on fes- it published tracts, urging the people to tival days, he would invite his people and be diligent and frugal, instead of spend- entertain them with feasts. The or- ing money in festivities. Besides, for chard of this moralist was practically a the intellectual development of villagers, garden city in miniature. it began io advance school expenses for Toward the end of the 18th century the pcor and established a library and Matsudaira-Sadanobu assumed the im- many circulating libraries which are portant office of premiership in the To- now circulating among towns and vil- kugawa Shogunate. From the beginning lages of the prefecture. of his administration, he had much trou- All the foregoing instances of good ble with tramps and petty thieves. He works, and others that we could enumer- hit upon the idea of employing them in ate, clearly show that the primary cause the work of reclamation at the isles of lies in sincere and earnest character. Ishikawa and Tsukuda. When the work When we consider how great and far- was completed, he allowed the inmates reaching is the influence of devoted men to live on the land. They were divided and women, we realize the 'royal road to into sections. each consisting of twenty members, controlled by a petty official. wealth and properity in the local com- According to their taste, or ability, they munities is the cultivation of a strong were made to learn some industry. Some moral character in each individual. HawaHawaiiii At Random By C. T. RODGERS, M. D.
O the dwellers of the North, the all that pertained to it, in the name of his myriad islands and archipelagoes master, the king of Spain. T which dot the broad expanse of One of the most distinct recollections the Pacific, vaguely summarized by our of my own school days is of a rude wood grandfathers as the South Sea Islands, cut in an old geography purporting to have always been, in a large degree, a represent the destruction by the Sand- region of poetry and romance. wich Islanders of their idols. In the No genuine boy could fail to follow center was a colossal image, grotesque with enthusiastic delight the story of and hideous, surrounded by heaped-up Cook and Vancouver, Magellan and La fagots and curling flames, while around Perouse, or of Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the outside of the fire a group of lank the first European to reach the Pacific and long-limbed black men with white from across the American continent, and breech-cloths capered nimbly about in who, one memorable autumn day in the a kind of Polynesian can-can. Certainly year 1513, waded, sword in hand, waist- the artist had drawn liberally on his im- deep into the sea, and in the grandilo- agination, for the image portrayed re- quent fashion of the time, took formal sembled a genuine Hawaian idol about as and solemn possession of that ocean and much as it did the Egyptian sphinx, and 329 330 THE MID-PACIFIC the lean black dancers were a sorry cari- tury can altogether vulgarize the unique cature upon the muscular and well-devel- natural and social atmosphere If the Pa- oped Kanakas. Ofic archipelagoes, nor cle.troy the True, the extension of steamship lines nameless charm which still clings to these and telegraphs into this once unknown fortunate isles. realm, the incursions of the ubiquitous The Hawaian Islands, with which this and often unsentimental globe-trotter, article has to deal, do not come properly and the establishment of regular and fre- under the head of the South Sea Islands, quent mail communications with such being situated in from nineteen to twen- points as Tahiti, Samoa, Fiji and Hono- ty-two degrees north latitude. Their im- lulu, have somewhat dissipated the halo portance, commercially and politically, is which naturally surrounds the distant due very largely to the fact that, in ad- and the unknown, and rubbed off a lit- dition to having a fine climate, rich soil, tle of the gilding with which the over and magnificent scenery, they are the imaginative had decked a region beauti- only considerable group in the whole - ful enough and. interesting enough in North Pacific, from the Isthmus to Chi- itself to need no such adventitious decor- na and Japan in one direction, and from ation. our Northwest coast to Australia in the But the romance is by no means all other. Take a map of the Pacific and dissipated, nor likely to be. Still the draw lines from the islands to the princi- mention of the South Seas calls up, ir- pal points on the American and Asiatic resistibly and promptly, a picture of coasts, and it will be seen that Hawaii, lovely islands, clothed in the richness of if not the hub of the universe, is certain- tropical verdure or crowned with sharp ly the hub of the Pacific. From Hono- and rugged volcanic peaks, of palm lulu the lines to San Francisco, British groves and cocoanuts, and of fringing Columbia, Panama, Nicaraugua, New coral reefs on which the long swell of Zealand, Australia, China, Siberia and the indigo-blue Pacific breaks evermore Japan, all diverge like the spokes of a in snow-white foam ; pictures of the hos- great wheel. pitable and kindly Hawaiian, of the dig- The distance from San Francisco to nified and courteous but ferocious and Honolulu, which is the capital and chief cruel Fijian, of lands where nature is seaport of the Islands, is twenty-one hun- bounteous, life simple, and artificial dred miles, and the time seven days. wants few, of laughing and rollicking Leaving San Francisco, a day or so brown people tumbling about for hours generally suffices to take the tourist clear in the breakers, of skillful swimmers and of the rough and blustering weather wonderful surf-riders, of nut-brown which frequently, but by no means al- maidens with pearly teeth and lustrous ways, vexes the California coast. Thence- eyes, and of Herman Melville's interest- forth, unless for people abnormally sus- ing and amiable Marquesan cannibals. ceptible to sea-sickness, the voyage is a Imagination, of course, has done its share perpetual delight. Indeed, except for in painting the picture, and here, as else- two or three months in the year, the where, distance has lent enchantment, weather is apt to be charming through- but after making every allowance, the out. Day by day the ocean grows bluer, fact still remains that neither steam nor and the air is more balmy, the rough elcetricity, nor railways, nor any or all and choppy sea of the coast is exchanged the multitudinous unsightly and utilita- for the long and regular swell of mid- rian contrivances of the nineteenth cen- ocean, and the ship swaying gently to the THE MID-PACIFIC 331
waves plows her steady way, throwing the hands of white foreigners, mostly the white spray from her prow with a Americans and British, and a sprinkling rhythmical swish which is soothing and of Portuguese. The native Hawaiian restful to nerves tired and worn with the has no talent for trade ; when he under- everlasting rush and drive of American takes it, except in the smallest way, he life. Early on the morning of the sev- generally fails. In fact it is scarcely an enth day the land is generally in sight, exaggeration to say that he has no busi- and by the middle of the forenoon the ness in him. As there are exceptions to steamer is safely moored at the wharf all general rules, so we occasionally find in Honolulu, and the passengers landed a native who shows business apitude and in what has come to be familiarly known capacity, but such exceptions are few as the "Paradise of the Pacific." and far between, and, on investigation, Coming suddenly from the quiet of are almost certain to be found accom- the ocean, the crowd on the wharf, and panied by some cross of foreign blood. the bustle in the business portion of the . The retail shops are numerous, rather town, seems at first like a return to the in excess than otherwise of the wants of busy life left two thousand miles be- the population, and are well supplied hind. But the traveler soon finds that, with all kinds of American and Europe- with all this seeming similarity, there is an goods. The ladies who may feel an still a material difference. He comes to interest in the matter can be assured that realize that every day in Honolulu is not shopping can be done in Honolulu quite like steamer day, and that similar crowds satisfactorily, and at reasonable prices. on the wharf and around the postoffice Indeed one is sometimes puzzled to un- and newsdealer's will not be seen again derstand how such stocks of silks, laces, until the next recurrence of a like event. embroideries, fancy goods, and jewelry Honolulu contains a. motley popula- as one sees in the shop windows are ever tion. There are natives, Americans, Eu- disposed of—and paid for—in so limited ropeans of various kinds, Chinese, Jap- a community. There is a tremendous anese, negroes, and scattering represen- amount of business done in Honolulu. tatives of all races and colors, and also specimens of almost every imaginable Owing to business of all kinds being combination and crossing of these heter- so exclusively in the hands of foreign- ogeneous materials. Truly, fearful and ers, the business portion of Honolulu wonderful are the pedigrees of some of presents an appearance not strikingly these people. There are families here in different from that of many cities of whose veins is known to flow the min- about the same size elsewhere. Substan- gled blood of Caucasian, Polynesian, ne- tial buildings of brick, stone, and con- gro, Chinese, and American Indian. It crete line the sides of streets moderate will be readily seen that herein is abun- in width and not altogether straight, but dant material to interest the philanthro- approximating a generally rectangular pist, the statesman, the ethnologist, the plan. A person accustomed to the busi- student of social science and of men and ness architecture of Chicago and other manners as well as the lover of the pic- places where land is costly and lateral turesque and the seeker after the out- space priceless will be struck with the landish. entire absence of lofty buildings. Cot- With the exception of the Chinese and tages and the smaller class of dwellings Japanese, almost the entire wholesale are mostly of one story, and the more and retail business of the country is in expensive and pretentious residences of 332 THE MID- PACIFIC two, with liberal provision of verandas, human achievement, and a field for the as befits a semi-tropical climate. development and exhibition of life and The general appearance of the better character. class of private residences and their sur- I have said that the population is roundings is decidedly attractive, as in- mixed ; how very much so can be seem deed it ought to be in a town with a good by the following summary, which is water supply, and in a climate where from the Governor's Report, estimated there is neither snow nor frost, and in June, 1918: where, with a moderate amount of trou- ble one can have roses in his garden and Hawaiian 22,850 strawberries on his table every month in Part Hawaiian 16,100 the year Portuguese 24,250 In the residential section, every house, Spanish 2,270 high or low, has at least a bit of front Porto Rican 5.200 yard, and many of them handsome and Other Caucasian 30,400 carefully tended grounds in which royal Chinese 22,250 palms, roses, lilies, hibiscus, bougain- Japanese 106,800 villea, and a profuse mixture of the veg- Filipinos 20,400 etation of the temperature and tropical All others 5,660 zones flourish luxuriantly. But, however, attractive the prospect Total 256,180 may be by day, its highest charm can only be realized when viewed by the The Islands are a racial experimental magic light of the tropical moon. Then laboratory for the scientists of the world. the whole landscape is indeed trans- The Americans, Hawaiians and Portu- formed. All the rough places. are made guese control the local Territorial Gov- smooth, and every beauty of sea and ernment ; out of the large Japanese pop- sky, of stately palm and graceful shrub- ulation there are less than 100 voters. bery, is brought out in its most poetic The boys and girls of all races go to guise and with its most irresistible school together, grow up together and charm. enter business together, all under Amer- After all, the most interesting thing ican supervision and American influence. about any country is the people who live Statehood is a much discussed subject, in it. This world, with all its beauties and it is not improbable that it will not and glories, its wonders and its myste- be long before the starry field of Old ries, owes its importance, so far as we Glory is increased by a new star repre- can see, to its affording a theatre for senting the "State of Hawaii !" Making land worth while.
The Single Tax on Land in Australia By DR. ELWOOD MEAD.
HE intelligence, care and money high prices obtained for hay and pas- devoted to the improvement of the ture. Tstud flocks of Australia have to be Formerly when there was a shortage seen to be understood. Values have of feed in one section it was met by been created that are worth the effort. shifting stock to some other pastoral A few years ago a stud ram sold for district, but, as the unused country is $32,000. Five thousand dollars is nev- occupied and fully stocked, this alter- er an unusual price for an animal. The native no longer exists. The safest plan pedigree and reputation of some of now is to ship hay from the irrigated these flocks run back for half a century areas or send the stock there. and give them great money value. One In 1914 farmers sold hay grown on station has averaged over $400,000 a irrigated farms for $80 a ton. Flock year from its sales of pure blood sheep owners paid from $50 to $100 rental for over a long period. Flocks of this kind the use of alfalfa pastures for six must be fed regardless of cost, and when months. In 1919 alfalfa hay again sold a dry season comes and the grass fails for $80 a ton, and again the rental of al- there is nothing equal to alfalfa to car- falfa fields for a period of six months ry them through the critical period. A reached $100 an acre. These high prices drought even over a limited area of coun- grow out of the urgent need and because try means to the grower of alfalfa the the distance of Australia from any other "cutting of a melon," because of the farming country makes the cost of ship- 333 334 THE MID-PACIFIC
Taking up land to make it valuable.
ping hay from other countries prohibi- ing a dam 240 feet high, 160 feet wide tive. The benefits that come to the at the base and 18 feet wide at the top. farmer from receiving high prices are The lake thus created covers 12,740 small compared to the benefits to Aus- acres. tralia in protecting these priceless flocks Water from the reservoir flows down from death or injury. the river 220 miles to the diversion weir, In America, irrigation works have where gravity canals carry it out to 350,- been built by private capital or by the 000 acres of land bought by the govern- Federal Government under the Reclama- ment from private owners. Years ago tion Act. In Australia, all the works of the government had sold this land to any size have been built and are oper- stockmen in tracts of about 100,000 ated by the states. The .few private acres. The stockmen paid about $5 an works are insignificant in size. acre and it was bought back by the gov- The Murrumbidgee scheme, the larg- ernment at from $10 to $20 an acre. est irrigation work in New South Wales, Having bought the land, the government was built by the state to utilize the Mur- made a contour survey, located the dis- rumbidgee River. The flow of the river tributing ditches, the main roads, fixed is regulated by the Burrinjuck Reser- the route for the railroad and the places voir. To provide for this the Govern- for towns, put out a nursery, established ment bought a large tract of land on an experimental farm, built a sawmill the upper portion of the stream, and on to provide lumber, burned bricks for this has created a reservoir by build- houses, subdivided the land into farms, THE MID-PACIFIC 335
Irrigated land in Australia. and brought a town planning expert about their farms as if they held them from America to lay out the two future by a fee-simple title. This result is cities and the smaller towns. About 20 helped by the fact that when the reval- million dollars was spent on this prepa- uation comes in twenty-five years it is ratory work. Having laid the founda- to be based on the unimproved value of tion for a fine rural life as far as hu- the land and not on values created by man foresight could, the government the cultivators. opened the land for settlement. One result of this tenure is that ten- In turning this land over to settlers antry and land speculation are both elim- the government adopted .a form of land inated. There is no opportunity to make tenure unknown in the United States. a quick turn by selling out at a profit. The settler who takes a farm does not Settlers are selected by a board of prac- pay for it. Instead, the government tical men. They are not urged to take fixes the value of the farm, to stand un- land, but are told plainly of the hard- changed for twenty-five years, and on ships and trials that are likely to be en- this value the settler pays a yearly countered. Every settler must have charge of 2 1-2 per cent. This charge some capital of his own. He is not al- is both a rent and tax, as there are no lowed to gamble on government funds. other taxes. The settler has a full con- The board believes that this capital trol of the land as if he had a freehold should not be less than from $1,500 to title. On his death his children inherit $2,000. it, but with the condition that the owner The government lends a settler from must live on the land and cultivate it. $2,500 to $4,000 to help improve and The owners of these farms make and pay equip his farm. The settler must first for all improvements and seem to feel spend his own money, then the govern- 336 THE MID-PACIFIC ment will loan him up to 80 per cent of small surface ditches run—in some cases the value of the improvements he has 200 miles—parallel to each other down made. When this loan has been spent the slopes or the country. By excavat- on other improvements the settler can ing a basin or throwing a dam across a make a further loan on these, but lim- depression, tanks holding 50 cubic yards ited as before stated to $2,500 in some of water are made. The government op- cases and $4,000 in others. erates the supply channels and fills these The two chief towns, Leeton and tanks once or twice a year. They fur- Griffin, of the Murrumbidgee area are nish water needed for household and live models of city planning. There is a civic stock. In some instances limited irri- centre, broad, straight streets for busi- gation has been permitted also. ness, winding streets for residences and The greatest irrigation work in Vic- in each block a playground for chil- toria is on the Goulburn river. A weir dren. raises the water 45 feet. The. top line The factory district is segregated and of the weir is 695 feet in length, with connected with the railroads by switches a further structure 230 feet long to reg- so as to make the cost of transfers as ulate the flow into the channels, which light as possible. Small towns have carry the water over an area of nearly been laid out with the same attention tO one million acres, only a part of which comfort and efficiency. The govern- is irrigated. The western channel is ment provides plans for farm houses 150 miles long, 110 feet wide on the bot- and, where asked to do so, constructs tom and seven feet deep. them. Butter, cheese and bacon fac- In all, the state of Victoria has spent tories have been built, and when or- over twenty million dollars building ir- chards come into bearing fruit canning rigation works. These are owned and factories are erected. operated by the state, and the charges The butter and bacon factories at Lee- for water are adjusted to provide 4 per ton paid settlers over a quarter of a cent interest on the cost and the ex- million dollars in 1918. The older fac:. penses of operation. The price of wa- tories are self-supporting. The newer ter is unusually low, varying from $1.20 ones are regarded as justified by the to $1.44 an acre-foot. markets they have created for settlers' The Victorian government has bought products. Settlers sit on the boards of large areas of privately owned land, directors of these factories in order to subdivided and sold it to settlers on get training in managing them as co-op- longtime payments at a low rate of in- erative undertakings in the future. terest. In order to prevent speculation, Victoria was the first Australian state the government required the settler or to make large use of irrigation. In the some member of his family to live on northern part of this state a great area his farm and cultivate it for at least of fertile land has no surface streams eight months in the year, unless excused and the underground water is not fit for cause by the state authorities. The for household use. It is a country that state lends settlers up to $2,500 with grows good grain crops, affords good which to make improvements, at 5 per pasturage for livestock and only needed cent interest and 20 years' time in which water for household purposes to make to repay it. it a valuable agricultural district. To The law has worked well in practice provide this the government built reser- and people of small means have been voirs in the mountains and from these enabled to become home owners. zmzcana0-18n6511=comEt=carnmep A Trip Through China
(Continued.)
By W. C. HODGKINS.
URING the week which we spent heaviest loads, two-wheeled trucks or in Hongkong, we did not see° a drays are used. These are simply D horse. We were told that some stout platforms, rather long and nar- of the British officers have polo ponies row, upon which the load is so packed and there may be a few other horses that it will very nearly balance upon on the island, but there are none in its single pair of wheels. Then, with general use. Some specimens of the one man holding to the rear end of humped cattle of India were used for the platform to preserve the balance, drawing the water carts used for two, three, or four others seize the sprinkling the streets and a very few ends of ropes attached to the forward motor cars were seen at rare inter- end of the vehicle and draw it along. vals. An electric tramway runs thru All ordinary loads are carried upon the waterfront district, but does not the shoulders of the porters. A large cover the city generally and serves for table, a bookcase, or a piano will be passengers only. carried by four men, two stout pieces All the rest of the transportation is of bamboo being run through lashings performed by the Chinese laborers, who passed around the piece of furniture are a husky looking set of fellows for and one end of each pole being then the most part, though one sees a good many who look hardly up to their supported upon the shoulder of a work, and there' are many women and porter. Somewhat smaller burdens children who work in the same way, will be carried by two men, using one on the lighter jobs. For the very bamboo pole in a similar way ; and
337 338 THE MID-PACIFIC still lighter loads are carried by one gray, and utterly lacking in attempt man, woman, or child, but always di- at ornament or architectural distinc- vided into two parts hanging from the tion ; so that the place might be lik- ends of the inevitable pole, .which for ened to a layer of mud which, in dry- such work, however, is made a good ing, has cracked up into fragments deal lighter so as to have a little spring into which holes and chambers have to it as the porter walks along. been excavated by swarms of indus- The Chinese population of Hongkong trious insects who inhabit them. seems to be industrious and reasonably Very few of the streets seem to have well-behaved and far outnumbers the any great length. As the bearers foreigners there. force their way through the crowds As we were compelled to wait for in the narrow lanes, keeping up all a week at Hongkong before we could the time a din of shouting to warn get passage to Manila, we took the op- people to stand aside, they are con- portunity of paying a visit to the tinually swinging around corners, now great Chinese city of Canton, which to the right, now to the left, in places is said to be the largest in all China where there is scarcely room for the and is certainly one of the most im- poles of the chairs to clear the build- portant in the way of manufacturing ings before and behind as they make and of foreign commerce. Canton is the turn, and encountering many a situated on the Pearl River and is black look from Chinese jostled in about eighty miles from Hongkong, passing. with which place it is connected by a The streets are lined on each side railway and by several lines of with shops of all kinds, those for the steamers. sale of various kinds of food being We took a night boat on the English especially noticeable. The vegetable line and arrived at Canton early in shops are of quite pleasing appear- the morning. We had engaged our ance but some of the meat shops are guide, an absolute necessity in this less attractive, with their display of place, through the steamboat company the carcasses of certain animals which before leaving Hongkong and he was are not esteemed as food among Amer- on hand to meet us. Shortly after icans and Europeans. Some of the breakfast we started out in three sedan shops had live fish swimming around chairs, each of which was carried by in tubs, the water in which was kept three hearers, with the guide's chair aerated by a small jet falling from a in the lead. The surface of Canton tank above which was occasionally re- is very nearly level but chairs are filled from the fish tub. Portions of necessary because the streets are too fish cut up and displayed on the narrow to permit 'rickshaws to pass ; stands were usually smeared with and three bearers are needed for each blood, which is supposed to make them chair on account of the distances to look fresh and attractive. be traversed and the speed at which Many of the shops where silks, the men walk. jewelry, etc., are sold are quite elab- In many respects Canton is a very orately decorated within, though so strange sort of place. Although so absolutely unattractive on the outside. large and wealthy a city, all of the A very frequent arrangement is to have buildings look just about alike, low, the shop partially divided by a carved THE MID-PACIFIC 339
grill or screen about halfway back In the late afternoon, we left Can- from the street, most of the stock be- ton on the same steamer which had ing in the front part, while the back brought us there, glad to have seen part seems to serve as a sort of of- so strange a place but not desirous of fice or sanctum for the proprietor. The ever repeating our visit. We enjoyed screen and the part of the shop be- the trip through the Pearl River delta hind it are generally decorated in gold until night cut off the view and at leaf and colors, often at very great about midnight we arrived at Hong- expense. kong but did not go ashore until morn- Work of all kinds goes on in little ing, when we returned to our old room shops all open to the street. Joiners at the "Astor House." and cabinet makers are working on "blackwood" furniture, jewelers are After that, we were busy in making decorating silver, brooches with bits preparations for our approaching de- of feathers laid on with wonderful parture from Hongkong for Manila skill, carpenters are making the curious and on the morning of Saturday, Jan- and expensive Chinese coffins, weav- uary 24, rode down to Blake .Pier in ers are making marvelous brocades on our last 'rickshaws and took the Astor rickety looms composed apparently of House launch for the opposite side a few sticks of bamboo and of a of the harbor, where the steamer on bundle of pieces of twine, and so on which we had engaged passage, was lying at the Kowloon pier. through all the list of trades and oc- cupations. And with them all, that That body of water has somewhat of constant Chinese odor, composed of a reputation for rough seas and we no one knows how many different found it not undeserved but got scents, which brings to mind Coleridge's through the two days, and a little "Ode to the City of Cologne." more, of this trip without any very Among other sights of Canton we serious discomfort, though some of the v;sited the city wall, two pagodas, and passengers got duckings by waves en- several temples. One of th _ pagodas tering open air ports. was quite a fine specimen. The worst effect of the rough water The foreign settlement at Canton is was that it made the steamer lose built upon an artificial island called time, so that it was after dark on Mon- "Shameen," which is separated from day evening when we reached Manila the native city by a canal and which and we thus lost the opportunity of seems comparable to a vision of Para- , getting a view of the city from the dise after visiting the Inferno when harbor and were also subjected to the one comes to it from the old city. It annoyance and inconvenience of hav- has fine buildings, grassy lawns, and ing our baggage examined on deck and shaded walks. The bridges across the canal are guarded and have gates in a poor light and then of getting into which are closed at night and the na- a launch and being landed in a strange tives are allowed to cross only under city after dark and, as it proved, at certain conditions. an unaccustomed landing place. 340 THE MID—PACIFIC
Alr:.4,7ei. :‘ •
Cliff Palace, the largest and most common of the Mesa Verde ruins, lies under the roof of an enormous cave, which arches 50 to 100 feet above it. There were prob- ably 200 rooms in this group, secular or living rooms, and sacred or ceremonial chambers called kivas. A. drawing showing the constructive detail of the Sun Temple, discovered by Dr. Fewkes in the summer of 1915.
Mesa Verde, the Gateway to the Pacific National Parks
By STEPHEN G. MATHER.
ESA Verde National Park is in whose irrigation lakes and brilliantly the extreme southwestern corner green fields are set off nobly against M of Colorado. In 1906 it was the distant Rico Mountains. To the set aside by an act of Congress from west are the La Salle and Blue Moun- the Ute Reservation in order to pre- tains in Utah, with the Ute Mountains serve the prehistoric antiquities it con- in the immediate foreground. In the tains. Of the innumerable mesas or park are numerous canyons and a study small isolated plateaus rising abruptly of the ruins in each canyon offers to for hundreds of feet from the bare and the visitor an experience of interest and often arid plains in the southwestern pleasure. section of the United States, this is one The credit for having first discovered of the largest and best known. Its name, these ruins belong to two herdsmen. Mesa Verde, is the Spanish for Green Richard and Alfred Wetherill. It hap- Table, so called because it is covered pened one December day in 1888 while with stunted cedar and pinon trees in they were riding together through the a region where trees are few. The pinon wood on the mesa in search of park is about 77 square miles in area. stray cattle.. They penetrated through The highest spot on the Mesa is Point the dense scrub and came to the edge Lookout, over 8,000 feet in altitude. of a small but deep canyon, and there, The western edge is a fine bluff 2,000 under the overreaching cliffs of the op- feet above the Montezuma Valley, posite side, apparently hanging above 341 342 THE MID-PACIFIC a great precipice, they saw what' they had also one or more rooms which may thought was a city with towers and be styled the living rooms, and other walls. They explored it a bit more inclosures for granaries or storage of closely and called it Cliff Palace. • corn. All these different rooms taken This is the most celebrated of the together constitute the houses that be- Mesa Verde ruins ; it is the largest longed to one clan. and most prominent. Its name is real- The conviction that each kiva denotes ly a misnomer, for it was not a palace a distinct social unit, as a clan or a at all, but a village consisting of a family, is supported by a general sim- group of houses with a total of about ilarity in the masonry of the kiva walls 200 rooms for family living and 22 and that of adjacent houses ascribed to round kivas or sacred rooms for wor- the same clan. From the number of ship. Spruce Tree House was the these rooms it would appear that there next important exploration. This little were at least 23 social units or clans district was undoubtedly a town of im- in Cliff Palace. The kivas were the portance, harboring at least 350 inhab- rooms where the men spent most of itants. It originally contained about the time devoted to ceremonies, coun- 130 rooms, built of dressed stone laid cils, and other gatherings. In the in adobe mortar with the outside tiers social conditions prevalent at Cliff chinked with chips of rock and pottery. Pa;lace the religious fraternity was Balcony House, containing some 25 limited to the men of the clan. rooms, some of which are in almost It is not without interest to specu- perfect condition, and Tunnel House, late as to the problems and customs of with 20 rooms and 2 kivas, are among these cliff dwellers. Their life must the better known and most accessible have been a difficult one in this dry of the other ruins. It has been com- country. Game was scarce and hunt- puted that there are over 300 ruined ing arduous. The Mancos River buildings inthe park, of which not yielded a few fish. The earth con- more than 100 are known to science. tributed berries or nuts. Water was The arrangement of houses in a cliff rare and found only in sequested places dwelling of the size of Cliff Palace, near the heads of the canyons. Never- for example, is characteristic and in- theless the inhabitants cultivated their timately associated with the distribution farms and raised their corn, which they of the social divisions of the inhabi- ground on flat stones called "metates." tants. The population was composed They baked their bread on flat stone of a number of units, possibly clans, griddles and boiled their meat in well- each of which had its own social or- made vessels, some of which were artis- ganization more or less distinct from tically decorated. They confidently the others, a condition that appears in believed that they were dependent up- the arrangement of rooms. The rooms on the gods to make the rain fall and occupied by a clan were not necessarily the corn grow. They were a religious connected, although generally neighbor- people NN ho worshipped the sun as the ing rooms were distinguished from one father of all the earth and as the another by their uses. Thus, each mother who brought them all their ma- clan had its men's rooms, which were terial blessings. ceremonially called the "kiva." Here They possessed no written language the men of the clan practically lived, and could only record their thoughts engaged in their occupations. Each clan by a few symbols, which they painted THE MID-PACIFIC 343 on their earthenware jars or scratched fortress, but a religious structure, Dr. on the rocks. As their sense of beauty Fewkes presents the following state- was keen their art, though primitive, ment in a recent contribution to Art was true, rarely realistic, and generally and Archaeology : symbolic. Their decoration of cotton "Perhaps the feature which has had fabrics and ceramic work might be more weight than any other charac- called beautiful when judged by the teristic in an interpretation of the tastes of today. They fashioned axes, meaning of this building is a symbol spear points, and rude tools of stone ; existing on the upper surface of one they wove sandals and made attractive of the corner stones. This object is basketry. inclosed on north, south and east sides The Mesa Verde tribes probably had by walls, but is open on the west. The little culture when they first climbed figure on top of the stone inclosed in these precipitous rocks and found shel- this way is the leaf of a fossil palm ter in the natural caves under the over- of the Cretaceous period. hanging floor of the mesa. Then with It would appear, then, that the rock passing generations they took to con- upon which this fossil is found was, structing rude buildings. Ladders in early prehistoric• times a shrine, con- were substituted for zigzag trails ; adobe nected with solar or sky-god worship, supplanted caves ; brick and stone suc- long before it became the corner stone ceeded adobe. Not content with rude of a temple, and was frequented by and rough buildings they shaped stones the priests of the neighboring cliff ' into regular forms, ornamented them houses in their worship of the rain with design, and laid them one on an- god, who made the corn germinate other. Their masonry resisted the des- and watered its growing plants. Later tructive forces of centuries of rain and in time, but long before the recorded snow beating upon them. history of Colorado began a building Evidencing this advance in the cliff was constructed about this shrine, the dwellers' civilization is the remarkable stone with the fossil palm leaf became Sun Temple which Dr. J. Walter the corner stone of a. large building, Fewkes, of the Smithsonian Institution, which on account of the resemblance of unearthed during the summer of 1915, the symbol to the sun is called Sun on a great mound on the top of the Temple." mesa. This was an important discov- In this connection it is of interest ery. It suggests the period when the to note that Dr. Fewkes has made tribes had begun to emerge from the announcement of another discovery caves and build upon the surface. Dr. during the summer of 1916. From Fewkes believes the Temple was built among the group of mounts known as about 1300 A. D. and marked the final the Mummy Lake group he has brought stage in Mesa Verde development. The to light for the first time a new type structure occupies a commanding posi- of prehistoric building, a type repre- tion convenient to many large inhabited sentative of a considerable region. cliff dwellings. Its masonry •shows When this building was excavated, growth in the art of construction and forty domiciliary rooms and four cir- its walls are embellished by geometri- cular ceremonial kivas were found on cal figures carved in rock. In reaching the ground floor. The former were the conclusion that this structure was mainly two stories in height. A row not a house for temporal needs nor a of rooms to the north of one of the 344 THE MID-PACIFIC kivas shows evidences of a third story, gion are quite enthusiastic over the dis- which would probably have brought the covery of two such remarkable struc- original number of rooms to more than tures within the short period devoted fifty. To the south of this kiva is a to the work, and feel that there is great court supposed to have been a much more to be brought to light of dance plaza and still inclosed by the remnants of a wall. genuine historic and archaeologic in- The explorers in the Mesa Verde re- terest. The Bow and Arrow in Hawaii By JOSEPH S. EMERSON.
-J1Smt■ e.
HEN the ancestors of the Poly- he found no wild game on land, the native nesian race left their homes on sportsman had ample scope for his W the mainland of Southern Asia prowess in the sea, which abounded with and began their wonderful voyages in every kind of fish, and shark-hunting the Pacific Ocean, they left behind them became the prime sport of king and the lion, the tiger and other large game. chiefs. Those who finally found their way to Naturally there was no use for the Hawaii brought with them the pig, the bow and arrow against such game, and dog, the cat and probably the iole or these weapons were never used by the rat, as well as the common fowl. Though Hawaiians in war. As a pastime for
345 346 THE MID-PACIFIC boys and for men who were not able to place which was known to contain many pursue the shark, the bow and arrow iole ; the servants surround this tract and became a fit weapon for shooting the drive the iole in large numbers to a spot iole, a rodent larger than a mouse. yet made bare for the purpose, where their much smaller than the rat with which we young masters have a fine opportunity are now familiar. The little brown Poly- to transfix them with their arrows as nesian iole is now supposed to be extinct they come into the open space. on these Islands. The last specimen I "Pikoi-ka-alala" is the name celebrat- heard of was caught in a trap and ex- ed in Hawaiian mythology as the most hibited in Honolulu as a curiosity nearly famous and accomplished of archers. forty years ago. Before the introduction The feat which gave him distinction, and by Vancouver in 1792 of horned cattle, which is a favorite with the old story- the iole was the largest wild animal on tellers, is somewhat as follows : While these Islandi, and hunting it with bows standing with his bow and arrows on the and arrows was a favorite pastime for Island of Molokai, this demi-god saw the younthful sons of high chiefs. an iole on the slope of Haleakala on The bow, kakaka, was usually made Maui, some score of miles distant. Draw, from the dense and elastic oo l of ing his bow, he took deliberate aim and the ulei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, one shot his magic arrow, which immediately of the Rosaceae), which was also fash- passed out of sight. Taking a canoe ioned into the oo, or native digger, for with his attendants, he pulled across the cultivating the ground. The string was channel and as if by instinct came to the of olona, made from the fibre of the very spot on the side of the mountain Touchardia latifolia, a plant very greatly where the iole lay, pierced through the prized by the old Hawaiians, as it furn- heart. ished the material for their superb fish Nearly forty years ago, I was at a lines and nets. grass house occupied by a native of up- The "pua" or tassel of the sugar cane, wards of ninety years of age with his a plant "found at the discovery of the wife. This house was situated in a Islands in possession of the natives," lonely place, far from the haunts of furnished a most excellent arrow, the foreigners. Various utensils of a re- word "pua" being used indiscriminately markably antique Hawaiian character for arrow, the flower or tassel of the adorned the single room which made his sugar cane, or any flower in general. home. Hanging from a peg was a bow Pointed with a sharp piece of bone or of mulberry wood, which abounded in hard wood, it became an admirable mis- that vicinity, and by its side an arrow, sile when shot from the bow to transfix both of which he had long used for keep- the agile iole. ing his premises clear of mice. Wishing A splinter of human shin bone was to test his marksmanship, I set up a esteemed as the best material to tip the small chip about sixteen feet away from arrows employed in this aristocratic him, requesting him to consider it a sport, yet sportsmanlike ardor was not mouse and to treat it accordingly. With intense enough to reconcile a .high-born his almost palsied hand he applied the chief to the thought of having his own arrow to the string, which he drew back anatomy treated with such indignity. and held for some moments in position, But now for our rat-hunting. A num- carefully sighting his object ; then, at ber of young chiefs, each armed with the right moment, making due allowance his bow and arrows, would repair to a for the trembling of his hand, he let fly THE MID -PACIFIC 347
the arrow with such accuracy as to strike lowing particulars will be of interest. the center of the chip. Again I set up The bow made and used by Kapulupulu, the chip and again he hit it with equal the aged man referred to, was simply a precision. rude mulberry stick, 22% inches long I persuaded him to part with these and about Y8 of an inch in diameter, such and also with some other cherished pos- as a child might have made. sessions, and they are all now in the A string of hau bark was hastily tied Bishop Museum, Honolulu; but as I rode to a notch at each end of the stick. There off with my newly acquired treasures his was nothing neat or finished about it. poor old wife began to wail at the The shaft of the arrow was a light, thought of parting from the things s:ender stick, 19 inches long, rudely which she had used for so many years. sharpened to a point. Fifty years ago, one of the favorite The total length of the entire arrow. sports of Hawaiian youth was Ke'a pua. which was unfeathered, was 22% inches. It was played with the sugar cane arrow Besides this there is in the Bishop already mentioned, tipped with the blunt Museum but one other specimen of a head of a nail. The player grasped the Hawaiian bow. This was made for me arrow near its butt and then hurled it in the year 1885 by an aged native after parallel with the surface of the ground, the model of those he saw in use in his against which it glanced like a bullet in boyhood. It was made of an ulei stick, ricochet, sometimes even making quite 45 inches long and 9-16 of an inch in a flight before it again touched the diameter, rudely bent into the form of a ground. bow by a coarse olona string tied to the The introduction of letters, in the two ends. The sugar cane arrow, now early part of the last century, turned the lost, was tipped with a piece of kauwila attention of the people away from their wood, the same material as that of which old customs, and the use of the bow and the ancient spears were made. arrow was forgotten, together with the In conclusion we may say that bounti- other athletic games, a real loss to the ful Nature furnished the ancient Ha- physical wellbeing of the people. At waiians with a most beautiful arrow, the present time there remain scarcely requiring no art on his part to adapt it any who have a distinct idea about the to this use, while his bow was small in old games. size and of the crudest workmanship, in For the information of those who may marked contrast with the work of savage desire to know more about the bow and tribes who used the bow as a weapon of arrow used by the Hawaiians, the fol- war. 348 THE MID-PACIFIC
Chinchona trees in Java, of the species chinchona succirubra, are said to be the largest that have ever grown on plantations. Valuable species of Chinchonae were brought from Peru, successfully planted in the experi- mental gardens and became the nucleus of the great chinchona planta- tions of Java.
AW. A Tea and Chinchona Plantation in the Far East, showing chinchona in the back- ground behind the building.
The Story of Quinine By ERWARD ALBES of the Pan-American Union Staff.
NOTE.—In this article is shown the lady's illness having reached one Don value of scientific cultivation to the Juan Lopez de Canizares, the Spanish health of the world at large, and the Corregidor of Loxa, who dwelt some fact that science can successfully 230 miles, south of Quito in what is change the habitat of plants and now the Republic of Ecuador, he dis- trees. This article is an object les- patched a parcel of a certain kind of son in the possible value of Pan powdered bark to her physician, Juan Pacific Scientific Conferences.— de Vega, with the assurance that it Editor. was a sovereign remedy and a never failing specific in cases of intermittent NCE upon a time nearly 300 fever. He knew this to be true froni years ago in her viceroyal castle both experience and observation, for O in Lima, Peru, a lady lay ill of about eight years prior to this event a fever. She was the Countess Ana, he had suffered from a severe attack wife of Don Luis Geronimo Fernandez of fever, and an old Indian of Mala- de Cabrera Bobadilla y Mendez, fourth cotas had revealed the secret of the Count of Chinchon, a descendant of the remarkable properties of this bark in proud and greatly noted Catalonian curing him. Since then he had ob- family of that name. News of the served its effects in other cases—so
349 350 THE MID-PACIFIC he knew whereof he spoke. The rem- distributed by the Cardinal de Lugo edy was tried, and the countess was to members of the fraternity through- cured. The name given by the ab- out Europe. It thus became known origines to the tree on which grew as "Jesuits' bark," or sometimes as this remarkable bark was "quina-quina." "Cardinal's bark," one result of which In the Quichua tongue—the language nomenclature was that for a long time of the Incas—when the name of a its use was opposed by many Protes- plant was thus duplicated it indicated tants and correspondingly favored by that it had some curative or medicinal Roman Catholics. As people grew in properties. intelligence, however, and the fact In 1640 the Count of Chinchon, who dawned upon them that the religious was at the time viceroy of Peru, re- tenets held by the purveyor had very turned to Spain with his wife, who little to do with the curative proper- took with her a quantity of the healing ties of a drug, this powdered bark be- bark and thus was the first person to gan to be regarded as one of the great- introduce this wonderful specific into est blessings known to man. Under Europe. Incidently it is said that her the name of Peruvian bark, and some- erstwhile physician, the Juan de Vega times "quinquina," its use gradually alluded to above, turned an honest spread notwithstanding the violent op- penny occasionally by selling some of position of certain thick-headed and the bark at the rate of Too reals per ultra-conservative physicians, and by pound. Be that as it may, to com- the middle of the eighteenth century its memorate the great service rendered virtue was generally conceded by the mankind by the countess, Linnaeus, the best European medical authorities. great Swedish botanist, over a hun- While the bark and its powdered dred years later, named the genus form thus became well known, few which yields the bark Chinchona, and knew anything of the tree from which subsequently still further immortalized it came. The first scientific descrip- the name by giving it to the great tion of the tree was given to the world family of trees and plants now known as a result of that memorable French as the Chinchonaceae, which includes expedition to South America, headed not only the Chinchonae but also the by M. De la Condamine, which sailed ipecacuanas and coffees. from Rochelle in May, 1735, to meas- After the cure of the countess in ure the arc of a degree near Quito in 1638 her husband was instrumental in order to determine the exact shape of sending an expedition under Texeira, the earth. In company with M. De la a Portuguese, from Quito to the mouth Condamine was one Joseph de Jussieu, of the Amazon. In the party was a a botanist, and it was he who set out Jesuit priest, Acuna by name, who in March, 1739, from Quito to Loxa wrote an excellent account of the ex- to study the "quinquina" tree. The next pedition, and incidentally also spread year Condamine also went to Loxa the knowledge of the curative proper- and stayed for some time at Malacotas ties of the bark among the brethern with a Spaniard whose chief business of the order. The Jesuits thus be- was the collection of the bark. In the came instrumental in making it still "Memoires de l'Academie" Condamine further known. In 167o some of these gave the first scientific description of missionaries sent parcels of the pow- the tree, and in 1742 Linnaeus estab- dered bark to Rome, whence it was lished the genus Chinchona, as set out THE MID-PACIFIC. 351
above. In recent years the name has of introducing their culture into India. been very generaly misspelled by leav- Sir Clements Markham gives the fol- ing the "0 out of the first syllable, lowing account of the trees and their thus defeating the very purpose Lin- habitat : "They flourish in a cool and naeus had in mind—that of honoring equable temperature, on the slopes and the name of the lady who was directly in the valleys and ravines of the moun- responsible for the introduction of the tains, surrounded by the most majes- valuable remedy into Europe. tic scenery, never descending below an For over 125 years the quinquina elevation of 2,50o and ascending as tree found in the forests of Loxa, high as 9,000 feet above the sea. named Chinchona off icinalis by Lin- Within these limits their usual com- naeus, was the only species with which panions are tree ferns, melastomacew, botanists were familiar, and no other arborescent passion fowers, and allied bark was known in the market except genera of chinchonaceous plants. Below that which came from these forests to them are the forests abounding in palms the Peruvian port of Payta, whence it and bamboos ; above their highest limits was exported to all parts of the world. are a few lowly Alpine shrubs. But The high price at which it was sold within this wide zone grow many led to great improvidence in the col- species of chinchonx, each within its lection of the bark, the trees being own narrower belt as regards eleva- felled in great numbers in order to ob- tion above the sea, some yielding the tain the product, while no measures inestimable bark and others commer- were taken to replant. In 1795 Hum- cially worthless. boldt reported that 25,000 trees were The chinchonas, when in good soil destroyed in one year. and under other favorable circum- The Spanish Government, however, stances, become large forest trees ; on began sending exploring parties into higher elevations, and when crowded the forests of other sections to search and growing in rocky ground, they fre- for the valuable trees. This finally quently run up to great heights with- resulted in the discovery of other out a branch ; and at the upper limit species whose bark was found to con- of their zone they become mere shubs. tain the sought-for alkaloids, and thus The leaves are of a great variety of the supply was increased. shapes and sizes, but, in most of the Realizing that a continuance of this finest species, they are lanceolate, with improvidence in the collection of the a shining surface of bright green, tra- product would inevitably result in the versed by crimson veins, and petioles final extinction of all of these species of the same color. The flowers are in their native habitat, the English very small, and hang in clustering pan- Government commissioned Sir Clements icles, like lilacs, generally of a deep Markham, who later became one of the roseate color, paler near the stalk, dark world's greatest naturalists and trav- crimson within the tube, with white elers—and whose tragic death by fire curly hairs bordering the laciniae of occurred in London, January 30, 1916— the corolla. The flowers of C. micran- in 1859 to conduct an expedition into tha are entirely white. They send the wilds of Peru, Ecuador, and Bo- forth a delicious fragrance which livia for the purpose of collecting scents the air in their vicinity. seeds and plants of the various known Sir Clements gives three distinct species of chinchonw for the purpose characteristics by which a true chin- 352 THE MID--PACIFIC chona may be known, viz., the presence tacks of fever was exactly compre- of curly hairs bordering the laciniae hended. Just how the female mos- of the corolla, the peculiar mode, of quito transmits the fever from one per- dehiscence of the capsule from below son to another and how quinine kills upward, and the little pits at the axils the fever germ is well brought out in of the veins on the underside of the an article which appeared some time ago in the Illustrirte Zeitung, of Leip- leaves. By these characters the chin- chona may be distinguished from many sic, written by the German physician, trees which grow with it, and which Dr. Boehm, from which the following are occasionally mistaken for it. translated excerpts are taken : Until about the beginning of the "When a mosquito stings a human nineteenth century chinchona bark was being suffering from malaria, it takes used in its crude powdered state, al- into its system certain parasites exist- In the though many attempts had been made ing in that person's blood. to discover the actual healing principle mosquito's stomach the parasites per- The preg- contained therein. In 1815 Reuss, a form the act of pairing. Russian chemist, gave a fairly good nant female parasite penetrates through analysis of the bark, and at about the the inner coating of the mosquito's same time Dr. Duncan, of Edinburgh, stomach and on the outer Coating de- suggested that it contained a real feb- posits a lot of tiny cells which produce The cells rifugal principle. Dr. Gomez, a Por- billions of thread-like germs.. tuguese naval surgeon, is said to have burst, the germs become free, and find been the first to isolate this principle, their way to the gnat's salivary glands. which he caled chinchonine, in 1816. It If this mosquito stings a second hu- remained, however, for the French man being it infects that person's blood chemists, Pelletier and Caventou, to dis- with the germs. They work into the cover in 182o that the febrifugal prin- blood corpuscles, feed on the substances ciple was seated in two alkaloids in the contained therein, and grow rapidly different kinds of bark. To these the until they fill up almost the entire num- names quinine and chinchonine were ber of discs forming the corpuscles. given, the former being regarded as During this period of incubation the having the more powerful virtues. individual stung is not afflicted with Of all drugs that have come to be fever, the first attack occurring only recognized as almost positive specifics when the growing parasite splits up in- in certain diseases quinine is doubtless to a large number of germs. Seen the most universally known. As a through a microscope the parasite at febrifuge it has become a necessity to this time somewhat resembles a daisy. the civilized world, and while its value After the splitting up is actually effec- as a therapeutic agent has been known ted the germs rush out into the hu- from the time of its introduction into man's flowing blood, and with this Europe it is only within the last 25 event the attack of fever is connected. or 3o years that its action as a pre- The emerged germs now penetrate in- ventive in malarial and other inter- to corpuscles still intact, where the mittent fevers has been definitely un- process of growth and partition as al- derstood. It was not until the fact ready described is repeated." that malarial infection is due to mos- The value of quinine as a remedy con- quitoes was discovered that the action sists in the fact that at certain stages of quinine in preventing recurrent at- of their development the parasites re- THE MID-PACIFIC 353
ferred to can be destroyed through the product from Java. The remainder absorption of the drug into one's blood. of the world is thus being left to get It is especially efficacious if adminis- its quinine where it can. The United tered before a predictable attack of States alone before the war during the fever—that is to say, when an erup- year ending June 3o, 1914, imported tion of the germs is impending. With chinchona bark to the amount of persistently continued treatment by 3,648,868 pounds, valued at $464,412, quinine the attacks will become infre- and sulphate of quinine and other alka- quent and finally cease altogether. Dr. loids or salts of chinchona bark to the Boehm considers the drug an indispen- amount of 2,879,466 ounces, valued at sable curative and also believes in it as $624,125. At the breaking out of the a preventive, experience in Germany's war the price was about 20 cents an East African colonies having demon- ounce ; in a year it had risen to 4o strated• the latter proposition. cents, and then to $1.5o an ounce, The chinchona trees of Peru, Ecua- wholesale. dor, Colombia, and Bolivia have be- That climatic, soil and other natural come so scarce, through the long-con- conditions are better adapted to the tinued practice of felling the trees to growth of a tree or plant where it is gather the bark, that the export of the native and has thrived for ages than in product no longer forms an appreciable sections where natural conditions failed source of revenue to those countries. to produce it at all is a self-evident This deplorable fact is about to be em- proposition. A tree in its native habi- phasized in the United States as well tat has accommodated itself to its en- as in other sections of the world. A vironment and to all inimical factors, shortage of this valuable remedial medi- such as parasitic enemies, irregularities cine is threatened, largely because of in rainfall, etc., which in the case of the European war. Since the intro- the transplanted tree must be met by duction of the various valuable species constant care and studied methods. The of the chinchonae into Java by the inference is legitimate, therefore, that Dutch and into India, Ceylon, and chinchona trees can be easier grown in Jamaica by the English, tremendous sections of. South America where they areas planted with hundreds of thou- originated than elsewhere in the world. sands of these trees, carefuly attended The constantly increasing demand for and cultivated by cheap native labor quinine would seem to warrant ener- under the direction of skilled botanists getic measures on the part of the Gov- and gardeners, have supplied the world ernments of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, with its most valuable medicine at rea- and Bolivia to induce the systematic sonable prices for the last 4o years. The cultivation of these valuable trees. The vast armies of the belligerent coun- present shortage in the supply of qui- tries in Europe used up tremendous nine should prove an object lesson and quantities of the drug. Naturally the arouse the people of those countries to supplies from India, Ceylon, and Jam- the importance of regaining an in- aica are carefully husbanded by Great dustry which was once such a profit- Britain. Doubtless the. Central Powers able source of revenue and whose fu- were largely dependent upon the Dutch ture holds still greater promises. 354 THE MID-PACIFIC A Palm Clad Mountain Isle By MRS. W .A. HOLMAN.
Smarr-trrrarrm_sa-'
HE halcyons brood around the tribute to the genius of America which foamless isles of Samoa and if has the secret of combining civilized liv- T Shelley had ever come south of ing with the preservation of every nat- the Equator one might believe that the ural charm. invitation to the beloved Emilia, his On Tutuila, however, where I mental- "heart's sister" to sail with hirr to an ly, pegged out a future retreat from the elysian abode in mid seas had for ob- world, I do not believe one is encour- jective Tutuila of the Samoan group, aged to cast a settling eye. Its mission so closely does the poet's description of and that of its harbour Pago Pago, is the isle under Ionian skies, girt by the to serve as a naval depot for the United blue Aegean fit this dusky gem of ocean. States, and as a radio wireless station. The Earth's wild waste of waters is Ships of the Oceanic Stedmsh:p Com- dotted with beautiful islands whereon pany call there on their way to and from poets and pirates, Robinson Crusoes and Australia and America, taking up trop- adventurous small boys might find their ical fruits and vegetables, putting down paradise, but sophisticated men and the material comforts necessary to the women demand a modicum of civiliza- white man on whatsoever fairy strand he tion in their sylvan solitudes, and there- dreams. fore it seems clear that all such must p .3/ From the edges of a perfectly shel-
355 356 THE MID-PACIFIC tered little cove tucked in neatly between of hygiene which the United States Gov- well balanced peaks spreads a tiny strip ernment is now doing its best to instil. of level ground whereon are the red- They are proud and sensitive, honest, roofed bungalows of the United States sweet-tempered, good living, and so hos- officers, with adjoining lawns and ten- pitable that in the primitive villages away nis courts, the steamship offices, and from the contaminating influences of the some cool stores in ochre-tinted galvan- white man, so says the Governor "one ized iron which do not show Uncle Sam's can travel the island's twenty-three miles usual artistic adaptableness to the scena- of length and not be permitted to ex- rio. Then sheer rises a folded hill-side, pend a penny." Great indignation would so thickly clothed with cocoanut palms, ensue, the Colonel avers, did one attempt glossy mangoes, bread fruit trees and a to pay for hospitality offered by these dozen other tropical growths that the dwellers in the interior. surface of the earth is barely discern- This folk, "simple and spirited, inno- ible. cent and bold" like the imagined Ionians, have thoroughly communistic ideas about On such level patches as they can find food and shelter, and every Samoan or build out the Samoans erect their huts knows that when in want he is entitled thatched with cocoanut fibre, sometimes to enter the but of another to share its on such insecure slopes that the frail store, but stealing in our sense of the dwellings seem about to topple into the word is unknown to them. They adore harbor below. The children of hill their children and old people and never dwellers on the wrong side of the wa- use harsh or angry speech. ter from the mission school roll down Here, as wherever they settle, the the. clif f, slip out of their few garments, Americans, handful though they be— and piling these and their school books scarcely 150 all told on the island—will upon their black-haired crowns swim have the material comforts that appeal across the bay in defiance of sharks, to them, so one is not surprised when which must surely frequent these, as all the refrigerating plant is pointed out as tropic seas. a chief feature in the scenery. These native children, tutored in mod- The Governor, who having no legis- ernity, wear garments such as one sees lature to bother him is quite an un- on any Sydney school child, but their crowned king, has a perfectly idyllic elders are fortunately more picturesque. home on a high promontory overlooking The costume is simplicity itself — a the harbour, with seventeen rooms, four sleeveless white cotton singlet and a bathrooms, electricity, hot and cold wa- length of bright printed material bind- ter services, his own sea swimming ing rather than skirting their lower bath, his own band-stand, grounds with limbs. The chiefs and higher caste folk a gorgeous riot of tropical flowers— are magnificent in snowy white gar- (hibiscus in hundreds of varieties, ole- ments folded in graceful lines which anders, bougainvillea, lemon and orange comport well with their truly dignified blossoms casting their fragrance on the bearing. breeze and the still more luscious gar- The Americans whom fate has set up denia and frangipanni). In addition to to rule over Tutuila are emphatic in their the other comforts with which the so- appreciation of the "pastoral people na- licitous United States Government pro- tive there." The Governor credits them vides its servants His Excellency every with every virtue, save perhaps that love morning receives 100 lbs of ice ! A Co- THE MID-PACIFIC 357
lumbian Emilia would find that irresist- the ashes taken to be placed in Robert ible. Shelly had no such lure with which Louis' vault. The beautiful mats show- to tempt his love. ing in the photograph which she had One is not long on the island before taken thence when she left were given discovering that the spirit of Robert by her order to his favorite chiefs, To- Louis Stevenson hovers over Samoa. massisi and Malatoa. His memory is as reverenced and loved Mrs. Stevenson had a masterful na- by the islanders as though his death had ture and was not content to relinquish occurred weeks ago instead of years. sway even in death. Undeterred by the Wandering along a mountain path in utter failure of the marriage she had Tutuila I came on the habitation of a brought about between her son, Lloyd native family, and in the hospitable Sa- Osbourne and a girl who was quite moan fashion was invited by one of the other than the maid of his choice, she women to rest and refresh myself with left instructions by will that her wid- the milk of a newly gathered cocoa- owed daughter, Mrs. Strong, was to nut. marry a Mr. Field whom the daughter had never seen ! The mother's wishes, Quite a clan seemed to occupy the backed by property arrangements, were simple dwelling, all ages being repre- obeyed, and the union, according to my sented from a grave white-haired much island informant, has been an ideally tattooed patriarch who spoke no Eng- happy one. lish, down to twins of 30 months, who Upolu, Stevenson's island was, it will clamoured for ice-cream. The furnish- be remembered, in his time under a com- ing was simple in the extreme, consist- posite protectorate and passed later un- ing of native mats, a few European der German rule until a certain histori- chairs, and cooking utensils, half Sa- cal event in which Australia had a hand. moan, half European. The one prized Appointed by his dominion since the an- ornament was a photograph of R. L. S's nexation, a New Zealander is its gov- grave, taken on the day of his burial, ernor and has the supreme privilege of showing the square mound almost hid- occupying the poet-novelist's graceful den by flowers and fine mats. His home. friends, the chiefs of Upolu stood be- Tutuila's Governor is eloquent on the hind the sepulchre, and at the foot, in difference between German and Ameri- an attitude of deep grief crouched one can ideals. Before the war the Ger- Samoan woman—my accidental host- ess ! mans continually twitted the Americans with not making a success of their occu- "Yes ; I was Robert Louis Stevenson's pations : "Your islands bring you in intimatest friend," she said proudly. nothing," they used to say, "you get no "My husband was one who helped to work out of the natives, and on the con- haul the coffin to the Vailima height, trary they are a constant source of ex- where it now lies, and to cut away the pense to you" (instancing the Govern- thick trees which everywhere blocked ment hospitals and schools as cases in the way. I went later to San Francisco point.) to see Mrs. Stevenson and was her con- "It all depends upon what you mean fidant about all the family arrange- by. success ;" the governor used to com- ments." ment. "If to wring the last ounce out By Mrs. Stevenson's testamentary di- of the natives and keep them in subjec- rections her own body was cremated and tion and fear be an aim, we and the 358 THE MID -PACIFIC
English must admit to failure ;but if the afford to forego profits extorted from aim be to protect the natives, to safe- the sweat and anguish of a handful of guard their interests and to secure their simple, primitive folk." lives and liberties to the full, then it is It is the contrast between the two we who are successful and the Germans ideals which has rendered the gentle, in- the arrant failures." souciant Samoans so joyous over the "Surely" he said to the writer the accomplished British occupacy of Tu- other day, "rich nations like Germany, tuila's nearest neighbors, Upolu and the United States and Great Britain can Savaii.
I
Some New Zealand Notes
By C. W. McMURRAN.
Pelorous Jack.
New-Zealanders always want to make "Well, I should say," a New-Zealan- speech as short as possible, and they der says "Fancy" or "My word !" use the shortest terms or words ex- When one is relating a surprising inci- pressive of what they mean. For in- dent the Maorilander exclaims dub- stance, "Re" is used in writing let- iously "Go on !" ters when the sentence commences with "Work" is "graft" ; salary, or wage, "Regarding your favour, &c." "Memo" is "screw" ; "rubbers" are named "go- is invariably used instead of "memor- loshes" ; a silk hat is a "bell-topper." andum." A freight train is called here "Lollies" is the colonial term for con- a "goods train." It takes a little more fectionery, &c. "Coo-ee" ( prolonged) time to say "25 cents" than to say "a is used as a long-distance call, instead bob," as a shilling is termed here. One of "Hello." In ringing up a tele- pound ($5) is termed "a quid." in phone, instead of "Hello, Central," peo- place of "All right," as is the Ameri- ple here ask, "Are you there ?" or "Is can custom, New-Zealanders say that exchange ?"—then you give the "Right you are" or "Aye," and humor- number required, as in London. ously they say "Right 0." Straight "Tucker" is the name given to food ; away" they say in place of the Ameri- policemen are called "bobbies" ; hotels can "I will do it right away." While are termed "pubs" ; a "shandy" is ale an American would say in surprise, and ginger-ale or lemonade mixed ; 359 360 TT..-IE MID-PACIFIC
-shouting" means treating. Being "had" our bows, backwards and forwards is a term used - here when a person several times, and finally, after having feels he has been imposed upon or made his salaam, departing as he came cheated. to his own special abode at the mouth Rye whisky and Manhattan cocktails of the sound. Not long after this my are unknown quantities ; likewise mint husband and I were travelling by rail juleps and gin fizzes, and the rest of from Wanganui to Wellington. On highcockolorum mixtures, which are not boarding the train we got into a com- looked upon with favour in New Zea- partment carriage in which we found land. At 4 o'clock, from one end of two gentlemen, one evidently a com- New Zealand to the other, tea is al- mercial traveller, and the other not ways served in the family circle and quite so easy to place. He was very in the tea rooms about the city, in the polite, and insisted on moving some offices, and even in hotels the clerks of his things to make us more com- and barmaids (there are few "bar- fortable, and looked really as if he tenders" here) all partake of, the cup liked the trouble. Presently we talked that cheers. The genial Sir Thomas a little, and my husband, who is not Lipton must look upon New Zealand's inquisitive, but likes to know, said, increasing population with a great deal `Are you from America ?"Well, I of pleasant interest, when it is known guess you have sized me straight up that the quantity of tea entered for for a Yank' was the reply. The Amer- consumption is approaching 10 pounds ican was much interested in all the per head. curious things and places he had seen in New Zealand, and we told him of There is a story told by all seafar- several places of interest he should ing New-Zealanders which Americans see before leaving the colony. Pres- will have trouble at the start to be- ently he said' Well, I have heard a lieve, but it is nevertheless true. Mrs. good many tall stories in the States, W. T. L. Travers, the wife of one of but I have heard the biggest fish lie Wellington's leading barristers, who I have ever heard since coming to has charmingly talked of America and your country.' We begged to be told Americans in his book "From New this lie that beat the States, with the Zealand to Michigan," told it to me feeling that, after all, we in the anti- as follows :- podes were not quite so far behind "I had often been told of Pelorous the times as was often supposed. 'It Jack,' a white whale, supposed to come is a bit of a yarn,' he replied, 'about out and meet all steamers going a big white fish that comes out to through the French Pass, either from or meet the steamers near the French pass. to Wellington, and I am afraid that, They tell me he comes out to each like a good many others, I doubted its steamer, scratches his back on the boat truth. But the last time I travelled and goes away again..' I said, 'We from Nelson to Wellington by steamer will send you his photo taken from the through the Pass, the passengers, when bow of one of the steamers, and the the vessel_ was near the mouth of Pel- camera cannot lie.' I did not add that orus Sound, were all hurriedly called until a few months before I had been to the forecastle to see and be intro- duced to 'Jack.' It was a curious equally sceptical. My husband met sight to watch him swimming across him afterwards, and he admitted that THE MID-PACIFIC 361
he had personally seen 'Jack' during as well as in New Zealand, in record- an excursion to Nelson." ing the traditions and legends with An interesting historical note, which which the native names of places are will interest Americans visiting these identified. In other countries, it has parts, is that at every town of the been found necessary to establish anti- country one meets with famous geo- quarian societies, in order to trace and graphical names. Between New Zea- chronicle ancient local names and their land and Australia runs Tasman Sea, meanings. As time goes on the dif- which reminds us that the navigator ficulty of ascertaining increases, be- Tasman sailed these waters in the cause the people who possessed any seventeenth century. He was off the knowledge of the subject have passed most northern part of New Zealand on away. Even in this young colony, 6th January, 1643, which being the the meaning of many ancient waiatas feast day of the Epiphany, he named and proverbs has been lost. In the the group of islands the "Three Kings" old days, the traditions and legends (with reference to the Magi and their were preserved by the tohungas, being visit to Bethlehem) ; and the most handed down to the young chiefs northern bit of New Zealand , is known through the medium of the wharekura, to this day as the Three Kings. Cook in which knowledge of the mysteries Strait, which flows between the North was taught ; but the wave of civiliza- and South Islands of New Zealand, was tion has swept over and obliterated discovered by and named after that much of the ancient maori lore, and great navigator, Captain Tames Cook ; very soon there will be little left. and Endeavour Inlet, which flows in The New Zealand Government is from the sea, on the north-west coast complete enough in all its machiT ery of the South Island, was named after for a country capable of running a Cook's ship. The name of an ad- population ten times as number at joining inlet, Queen Charlotte Sound, the present time. Nev Zealand has was a compliment to the consort of set the pace for other nation', to copy Cook's reigning sovereign, King along the lines of Government own.‘r- George III. Captain Cook's voyages ships, the effect of which is to bene- led to the naming of the Bay of Plenty, fit the masses. The colony occupies, the Bay of Islands, and Mercury Bay. and ever will occupy, a unique posi- He landed to make observations of tion among the countries and nations the transit of Mercury in the latter of the earth, by reason of its being locality. Cook named Hawke's Bay the lone Empire of the Pacific Ocean. after Admiral Hawke and Mount Eg- Australia is 1,280 miles distant, and mont after the Earl of Egmont. the United States about 7,000, or eigh- Foveaux Strait, which flows between teen days' voyage to San Francisco. the South and Stewart Islands, in the The British mother-country is 15,000 far south, was discovered by Captain miles away. The statement is war- Stewart, and his name was therefore ranted that New Zealand, having made given to the "right little, tight little all her progress practically within the island." past fifty years, is destined to remain If I may venture to criticize . New an independent factor among the na- Zealand's local affairs, I would point tions of the earth, and will always re- out the want of energy exhibited by main, a different nation in its customs the colonial Governments in Australia, and political life. This is indicated 362 THE MID-PACIFIC in the unwillingness to join the Aus- to copy by instituting a sound finan- tralian Federation. The United States cial policy ; by owning and operating are fast becoming Europeanised, as the all the railroads, whereby the State can swift ocean steamers are bringing Eng- benefit the producers, the agricultur- land into closer relations with America. ists, and the masses ; by owning the It can be readily perceived that New telegraphs and telephones, thus saving Zealand is bound to be a country apart the Government all the profits accru- in all that goes to make nations, and ing from this lucrative source, the its own individuality will attract the profits going to reduce the tax-burdens attention of thinking men, and the on the people ; by operating life and surplus capital of the money-making accident insurance, thereby taking care centres will seek out this great invest- of its people in this department at a ment field, which is the garden spot minimum cost ; by encouraging the of the world, and will for centuries people to provide against financial dis- to come be one of the safest places for aster and embarrassment in old age ; the investment of money. and at the same time these policies New Zealand is free from all en- have the security of all the people in New Zealand, besides being backed by tangling alliances, international con- quests, and the disturbing influences all the resources of the Government. which upset market values in the The care shown by the officers of crowded centres of the earth ; and, in the Labour Department of the indus- addition to her location, New Zealand's trial classes, the distribution of labour matchless climate and remarkable throughout the colony, the signal suc- wealth of fertile soil will soon produce cess of the co-operative system, and a revenue in excess of all require- the provision for the amicable settle- ments. This, in addition to her manu- ment of all disputes between the em- factured products, which are now find- ployers and workmen have had a most ing their way into all the commercial beneficial effect, and have produced the centres of the world, is helping to best results. make New Zealand a wealthy indepen- The Maorilanders are a united peo- dent nation. ple. It is a self-governed, self-con- At the present time the Government tained, complete country, a "thing has set an example for other nations apart" from the rest of the world. How miles of lava look.
LLoaoa 'ss raruption By KEOKI PUKAUA.
EBBLES ?" I shouted. buildings or small "bergs," white hot, on The kanaka grinned. He shield- this swift, swishing and immediately p his eyes. Wonderingly, awe in widening stream of lava, continuing on his dusky features, he stared at their mad joyride amid a mighty roar, the crimson cataract of liquid lava rush- from this altitude of about 7,000 feet, ing "makai" (seaward) with the "peb- on and on, down to a tropical seashore, bles" floating majestically past us but a once beautifully wooded, serene and few hundred yards beyond. The "peb- dreamy. There the steaming hot matter bles" that had struck my funny bone, fell into the ocean with loud report and metaphorically speaking, of course, were at night illuminated the coast line for respectable sized boulders, like three-story miles. Can you visualize such a scene ? Boul- *September, 1920. ders thrown out of spouting craters,
363 364 THE MID-PACIFIC cones or cauldrons, the biggest possibly kid, 40 years ago. That I might some a mile wide, hardly five hundred yards day be an eye witness to the real thing away and a score of "keiki's" beyond? had not occurred to me then—in my Intense volcanic action everywhere. A young life. river of flowing fire, devastating every- How did we get there? It was on thing in its path,—forests, human habita- no macadamized boulevard. No 7-seated tions, roads, gardens, plantations,—run- Hudson Six for dozens of miles around. ning for a week unabatedly and, on be- We rode on the hurricane decks of Ko- coming inert, piling up the most gro- na nightingales (donkeys), to within tesque formations? For centuries to half a mile of the show, and for the re- come leaving as monument of its stupen- mainder—which seemed like another dous force and immensity a trail down dozen of miles—jumped over boulders, the mountain-side resembling a huge coal rocks and fissures of previous flows pile, more than 15 miles long, 30 to 50 now covered with spare vegetation like feet high and several hundred yards wide, the wild goats that we had left behind in some places covering a mile as the us down at the timber line. Many blase bird flies ? All this burned out volcanic traveller will envy me the sights which slag, ash and cinder over which you my eyes beheld when we got near the travel today only yesterday liquid like source of the flow that had already coal tar and burning as fiercely after started on its mad rush "makai" (sea- having been flung from the depths of ward.) Crimson red was the color Mother Earth ! scheme. It seems to be the favorite of A lucky "haole" (white man) indeed the Goddess. Noise was abundant, I considered myself to happen along. A enough to suit the noisest member of breakdown on the Kau desert, twenty our party. He happened to be a 'ma- miles from nowhere, had been responsi- lihini' (newcomer), hailing from Goth- ble for my missing the steamer. None for am. He acknowledged that the old burg another ten days. It afforded the unex- by the Hudson had nothing on Madam pected opportunity to witness the out- Pele in this particular respect. The break that volcanologists had predicted nearer we approached (sometimes I, con- with astonishing accuracy to happen dur- fess, on all four) the roar emanating ing the September equinox. Madam from the nearest quintette of the seven Pele, as the Hawaiians in their chants performers was deafening. It reminded address the Goddess of Volcanic Fire, me of a dozen Niagaras. Molten rocks, staged the superb show according to pre- boulders, clouds of black sand and cin- dictions. She selected the Kona side of ders were flung 300 to 500 feet into the Mauna Kea (Long Mountain, 13,675 feet air. Falling back into the fiery pit, high.) It began September 28th when, they became liquid again, and, gushing accompanied by severe "shakes" in that and swirling, overflowed the banks of part of the Island, several big craters the cones and craters, and rushed away and cones formed (similar to boils on a toward lower levels. Out of this im- fellow's neck) "way up "mauka" (moun- mense cauldron of devilish force and tainward.) These craters surely belonged action a large and immediately widening in the category of the honest-to-goodness stream of molten lava rose, white and spouters. They flung mud and cinders shining as liquid metal, overflowed, and and their flaming fountains played just in a cataract began its journey toward as I remember them doing on the pages the peaceful lowlands. In the pit im- of my school geography when I was a mense fountains of liquid red shot up THE MID-PACIFIC 365
and played continuously. Gases were pit in various moods a score of times forced out of the numerous cracks in and looked down into the abyss with its the bottom and on the sides of the cra- molten, red or bronze or silver-hued ters, which, while ignited, shed a green- mass, listened to the gigantic blowers ish glow. Huge volumes of sulphurous where gas was being ejected with a smoke mingled with the Tog and mist, great hissing noise out of the subter- which of course you expect in this alti- ranean caves. Times innumerable I tude. Though you are more than a have felt the earth beneath me quiver mile above sea-level and it starts driz- and shake, and heard rumbles and noises zling occasionally, you never feel cold from unknown depths. But here was or chilly anywhere within a mile. The the new sensation : Creation and Evo- rain rises skyward in clouds of hot lution, Birth and Life, the source and steam. Cinders and sand and dust, all existence of matter, new matter just still quite warm, rained on the whole created, taking form to last till the end landscape. We didn't escape, judging of time. from the other fellows' faces. With the And as I sat and gazed at the bub- ashes and cinders falling, I imagined bling mass within the craters, at the myself in old Pompeii. I read since in flaming fountains, their crimson-hued the Honolulu papers that a fine haze spray falling like myriads of fire-works, hung all over the city and Island (Oahu) and the liquid cataract of lava, white- caused by volcanic dust having been glistening but reflecting the heavens' carried several hundred miles by the coloring when eruptions amid loud ex- southerly wind ; also that sun and moon plosions took place, it seemed incongru- rose and set intensively red and weird. ous that this Inferno should be here in A similar phenomena I remember here these beatific isles—here in the "Para- some 24 years ago when the Javanese dise of the Pacific" with but twenty crater Krakatoa erupted and the fine miles beyond Hawaii's Riviera stretch- volcanic ashes were carried thousands ing along the unsurpassable Kona Coast of miles to these Isles in the Mid-Pa- with its sugar and coffee plantations cific. where there is serene sunshine over Four hours we sat gazing upon this peaceful settlements, forest and ranch weird, awe—inspiring scene. It was land, with cattle browsing contentedly worth undergoing the hardships of the and drowsy fishing villages nestling ascent and all the discomforts. The along a tropical shore,—and the limpid giant, white-glowing boulders and bergs sea beyond. continued to sail down, single or in com- The lava stopped all communications pany, radiating all the heat you care between South and North Kona. Where for. Lest your countenance be scorched it crosses the Government road—in the by Pele's embrace, you assiduously middle of the beautiful South Kona shield your face and change hands pret- woods with all sorts of tropical under- ty frequently: The spectacle fascinates. growth—you now climb a rapidly cool- You are aware of a new sensation. Here ing embankment of some 30 feet in you are watching with your own eyes height, brittle, slaggy boulders in all Creation, the very process that formed shapes imaginable, sometimes sand, this planet .of ours. sometimes pa-hoe-hoe (hard, glassy Many times have I visited Kilauea Vol- lava), all still uncomfortably warm un- cano on the Eastern slope of this same derfoot, black desolation in both di- Mauna Loa. I have seen her immense rection, mauka and makai, (mountain- 366 THE MID- PACIFIC
ward and seaward), for miles. And miles out to sea so that an unobstructed when you have gotten back onto the view of the red-glowing stream empty- road, a little further on you climb an- ing amid loud reports into the ocean other branch of the same parent flow could be had from a grandstand seat on some hundreds of yards wide, and fur- the ocean highway. A huge cape built ther beyond still another, possibly a by the innate. force of the volcanic river, quarter of a smile in width, till you reach a weird formation of pa-hoe-hoe and the Kau side. (Kau, the district be- a-a, now stands at "the end of the trail," yond, south of Kona.) Some of the with huge breakers madly dashing flows from the smaller craters did not themselves against it in southern storms. reach the Government road, at an alti- The salt spray has painted its jaw a tude of about 1,200 feet, but stopped in crystal white. During the eruption and the timber lands. Others travelled in flow the sea was boiling hot for miles a northerly direction and filled up im- in the vicinity. Dead fish floated in mense basins in the mountains. As soon abundance everywhere. The sea gave as the big flow down to the shore had up many other of its inhabitants, strange stopped and it was practicable and safe to behold. Some were unknown even for man to cross the flows along the to the oldest Hawaiian fisherman. Government road (three of them), a The fiery crimson stream, its glare gang of workmen appeared with poles, from shore to craters high on Mauna and tools and wire and repaired the Loa's slope illuminating the soft tropi- 'phone lines that link the district to the cal night was hardly less awe-inspiring rest of the Island. than the gushers and fountains "up When the steamer that comes up ev- mauka." But terra firma looked more ery week from Honolulu and touches at comfortable to me than a reserved seat the little villages on the Mahukona, on an ocean-going sampan when Nep- Kona and Kau coast left Lahaina, on tune started a side-show to Madam Maui Island, more than a hundred miles Pele's. When the sea started to get distant, the passengers were treated to troublesome I landed near the Kahuku a spectacular glow at night : the skies Ranch and from the Kau side of the "flow" continued to the Volcano Ki- were illuminated. Several excursion lauea, the big Island's "Safety Valve," boats brought crowds of tourists, mali- there to renew acquaintance with Madam hini and kamaaina, to the scene. Launch- Pele at her permanent abode. She has es and fishing sampans did a thriving since given a "real live show" at the old business. They took passengers a few stand.
offt ,7;371iAria, The Truth About Alaska By GOVERNOR THOMAS RIGGS. JR.
The coast of Southern Alaska is report of its progress and development probably the portion of America best and from this report we repeat some suited for the perpetuation of the interesting facts that are little known blond human beings. Alaska can to the outside world. raise wheat for the millions, and her At Juneau, the capital of Alaska climate, along the Pacific Coast, at during 1919-20 the coldest weather ex- least, is not so cold during winter as perienced during the winter, accord- is the winter climate of the Massachu- ing to climatological data kept by the setts coast and some of our Great Lake U. S. weather bureau, was three de- regions. The fog to which the blond grees above zero nor has "below zero" is accustomed in Northern Europe, has been recorded at any point in South- its summer counterpart in Southern eastern Alaska. In the Cook Inlet Alaska, and shelters the human from country the coldest reported was 18 the continued rays of the sun. Alaska degrees below zero and in the interior is especially a white man's country —Tanana and Yukon valleys-50 be- and will breed in time one of the low zero is the coldest for the winter. world's hardiest races of humans. As an indication of a heavy tourist Alaska issues a bi-monthly special travel to Alaska a tourist booking as-
367 368 THE MID-PACIFIC deer in Alaska, as during the past sea- sociation of New York has made over- son, most of the remaining Lapps gave tures to one of the largest companies A few operating passenger steamers on the options on all of their deer. deer might be picked up here and there, Puget Sound-Alaska run to purchase but because of the natural tendency all its passenger accommodation for of reindeer to return to their home The transporta- the tourist season. grazing grounds, such purchases are tion company. not desiring to bar local always most unsatisfactory. It is patrons, declined the offer and will likewise practically impossible to hold handle the summer travel as formerly. a small number of animals together. That James J. Hill, the great empire Prices range from $20.00 to $35.00 per builder of the Northwest, had faith in head. Alaska was shown by a statement he The reindeer industry in Alaska is once made to a group of railroad men still in its infancy, but it has now who were discussing the future of this reached the stage in its development country. Mr. Hill said : where it is attracting considerable at- "Alaska will be covered with a net- tention, and where the success of its work of railroads : the country will be future development is assured. The dotted with arms just as Minnesota is, first reindeer were landed at Teller, and I only wish I were a young man Alaska, on the nation's birthday July so I could start building them." 4th 1892 and during that year and the Alaska can grow her own wheat decade following, some 1280 were pur- and vegetables, she can feed herself chased in Siberia and landed on the besides helping to feed the rest of shores of Port Clarence Bay. The deer America. In far Northern Alaska 12,- throve, and, as the number increased, 000,000 reindeer may feed and 3,000,- other herds were formed from the 000 of these may be shipped annually mother herd at Teller. These new as frozen meat to the cold storage plants herds moving north and south now dot in the United States, and this may hap- the coastal region from Point Barrow pen within a couple of decades. to the Alaska Peninsula, numbering Approximately 70 per cent of the June 30th, 1919 (estimated) approxi- reindeer in Alaska are owned by the mately 160,000 deer, divided into more Eskimos, who are prohibited by Gov- than 100 herds. In addition to this, ernment regulations to sell female more than 100,000 have been butchered deer to whites. The other 30 per cent for meat and skins since the establish- are owned by the government, Mis- ment of the industry. sions, Lapps, a few men married to A well cared for herd will double Eskimo women, and Lomen & Com- in less than three years, permitting at pany. In 1914, with the lapsing of the same time from 8 to 10 per cent of certain contracts held by the Govern- said herd to be butchered each year for ment with the Lapp deermen, it first food and skins. I base these figures became possible for white men to pur- on government and private reports. chase female deer. Lomen Company Doubling every three years, it is a con- purchased a herd of 1,200 deer in the servative estimate to state that within Kotzebde Sound country, the first in 10 years the reindeer in Alaska will Alaska to be owned by whites. number more than one million animals. There is practically no opportunity, Many problems face the deermen, and much must still be done in perfecting hi ti f urchasin female rein- THE MID-PACIFIC 369
the industry. Cold storage plants to Climatic conditions do not appear to preserve the meat and refrigerator ships enter into the fox-farming industry as to carry the product to the States must the animals do well both in the cold be secured and placed in operation. Be- and dry interior and on the wet and cause of lack of information touching warmer coast. On Prince William reindeer, the deerman in Alaska can Sound and contiguous to Cordova 29 secure but scant assistance from the islands have been leased for fox farms. Bureaus in Washington, but must work Many islands in South-eastern Alaska out his own salvation. Because of are being secured for the same pur- transportation difficulties and other pose. problems, the industry will not be on Establishment of direct mail and tele- a paying basis for several years to come, graphic communication between Nome but within half a decade Alaska will be and Anadir, Siberia, is now under in- shipping thousands of reindeer carcasses vestigation of the Post Office Depart- to the States each year. The future ment. The proposition, if carried out, for this industry looks very bright. bears large possibilities for this once Reindeer don't thrive where there is wealthy gold camp. In Northeast Si- no so-called "reindeer moss. They sub- beria there are approximately 50,000 sist almost entirely during the winter people who must provide the bulk of upon this "moss. For this reason that their supplies either from Nome, one part of Alaska lying to the south of hundred miles away, or from Petropa- the Alaska Range will never be classed vilovsky, nearly a thousand miles dis- as reindeer country. It is estimated that tant. Nome, it is argued by officials the Territory contains more than 200,- interested in the government's inquiry, 000 square miles of suitable grazing should be the logical market for all of lands, sufficient to care for many mil- the vast area lying north of Kamchatka lions of deer. .Peninsula. Among the most insistent seekers Farmers of the Chilkat Valley, who after information as to Alaska's in- have successfully raised strawberries, ducements for the investment of cap- raspberries, cranberries and many var- ital in manufacturing industries are ieties of vegetables, will find a better those interested in wood pulp and the market for their products, it is believed products thereunto pertaining. But here, when a new canning company, re- as the Federal laws heretofore have cently incorporated gets into operation. been unfavorable, both as to timber There are 51 farmers in the valley, leases and water rights, little encourage- each on homesteads varying from 60 ment could be offered for the invest- to 120 acres in extent. The land is ment of capital along that line. How- fertile and capable of raising big crops ever, now that Congress has passed a which will pay well if an outside mar- satisfactory power-site water act and ket is found, the farmers report. the Senate has approved a bill giving It was 43 years ago that the first fifty-year leases on timber tracts, the school for Natives was established in main obstacles have been removed and Alaska. There were no white children pulp industries for Alaska, which has here then. The first school was millions of acres of timber fit for little opened at Wrangell in 1877. One year else, may be installed with the assur- later a home for girls was opened at ance that they will be protected. the same place which, in 1880, had 370 THE MID-PACIFIC thirty inmates, the school having an months each year. These schools are average of sixty. wholly supported by the Territory and At Sitka a school was opened in are under the supervision of a Terri- April 1878, and kept open with vary- torial Commissioner of Education who ing success until April, 1880. One of is appointed by the Governor. the naval officers stationed at Sitka Three shore whaling stations , were introduced upon his own initiative a operated in Alaska in 1918, one of system of compulsory education, ap- which took white or Beluga whales for pointing a regular truant officer; each the hides. It was located on the Be- child was labeled, and if found on the luga river in Central Alaska. The other streets during school hours, was ar- companies were at Port Armstrong in rested, and the head of the house to Southeastern Alaska, and at Akutan in which the child belonged was fined or the Aleutian Islands. Frozen whale imprisoned. The extraordinary and meat to the amount of 118,000 pounds, arbitrary measure worked so well that valued at $7,400, was shipped to the the average attendance was suddenly States. The total value of the pro- forced up to 230 and 250, one day ducts was $834,127, an increase of $179,- reaching 271, a result highly gratifying 255 over 1917. The number of whales to the Presbyterian teacher, whatever taken was 448 or 25 more than in 1917. objections the public had to his modus The investment in the whale fishery operandi on constitutional grounds. in 1918 was $1,350,971, or $258,955 less This school was for Indian children ex- than in the previous year. There were clusively, a school for the creole chil- 325 persons employed, or 63 more than dren of Sitka having been opened the in 1917. previous year, English and the primary There is every reason to believe the branches being taught. The work of gold output of Alaska will be largely educating the Natives has been ex- • increased. Labor conditions are im- tended to all parts of the Territory, proving and no trouble in that line until at present, according to a report exists in any part of the Territory. On of the Bureau of Education, the north- the whole, it is confidently expected that ern district has an enrollment of 1,127 1920 will be a banner year for Alaska. Native pupils ; the western district, 785; From many business houses in both the upper Yukon district, 545 ; the Southeastern and Southwestern Alaska Southeastern Alaska district, 998, or a come complaints that both postof fice total of 3,635 Native -pupils. These and express companies in many places Native schdols are controlled and main- in the States refuse to receive consign- tained by the government, teachers be- ments for these districts on the grounds ing appointed by the Bureau of Edu- that "Boats have quit running to Alaska cation, their qualifications requiring a until the ice breaks in the Spring." good moral character, fair education, a They do not appear to be able to grasp knowledge of domestic and manual the fact that the waters of both South- training and a good disposition. eastern and Southwestern Alaska are Schools as up to date as found in open at all times of the year the same any of the States are maintained for as are those of Sr Trancisco Bay and white children of Alaska for nine Puget Sound. Industrial Education in the Philippines
By LUTHER PARKER.
NE of the main purposes of in- course, reaching those pupils who most dustrial instruction in the pub- need help in preparing for their life Olic schools of the Philippines is work. to lay the foundation for the develop- About 60% of the children doing ment of a large body of skilled work- industrial work are in grade one, ers who will be able to improve the 21% are in grade two, 10% in grade facilities and attractiveness of home three, 4% in grade four, 2% in grade and promote local industries which five, and the remaining 3% in grades will enter into the world's trade. Also six and seven. it is hoped to teach the dignity of la- It therefore becomes necessary to so bor in a field where labor is badly need- outline the industrial work that the 95 ed and where the lesson is as yet prac- per cent of the children who are to be tically unlearned, and thus develop a found in the first four grades of the higher order of citizenship in which the schools, or the primary course, will be individual will count for more as a pro- fitted to do some useful work of ec- ducing unit. onomic value to the country. As a means of accomplishing this The state of culture in the islands purpose, a system of industrial in- as well as the wealth of material at struction has been prescribed, begin- hand makes it possible to teach such ning with the primary course and ex- handicrafts as can be mastered by tending up through the intermediate children of even tender years. Mat
371 372 THE MID-PACIFIC
America has done much for education in the Philippines. Such schoolhouses as the one shown have been built entirely by native labor, and the laborers may be seen as they were before being educated. THE MID-PACIFIC 373 weaving, hat weaving, basketry, lace chisel and small hand saw, and in making, and kindred hand work can which the remuneration is barely suf- be taught during the first three or ficient to sustain life. four years of school and such a de- The trade schools, were established gree of skill imparted that the child, on a commercial basis, have demon- by continuing to follow the lines strated their practicability, inasmuch taught him, will soon be able to earn as they are overrun with orders which a living. to fill require the pupils to work over hours and during the vacations, this To those fortunate enough to con- overtime work being of the most prac- tinue in school through the intermed- tical kind, for which they receive pay iate course a more thorough training that helps many a poor boy to remain can be given and from this class of in school longer than he otherwise pupils are being developed the teachers could and thereby perfect himself in for the primary schools and well his trade. trained apprentices for entering on oc- The list of graduates of the trade cupations such as carpentry, pottery schools who are now holding good and like lines of industrial work. In positions all over the islands is very this country well trained artisans are hopeful and flattering as to the re- scarce and are usually Chinese or sults to be obtained from such train- Japanese, and a large field is open to ing. the young people of the Philippines in the trades and crafts, as well as the Statistics with regard to occupations professions, which latter are taken care of the graduates of the primary schools of in the high schools of the various who have had industrial training are provinces and in Manila's high school, not yet available, but there is no rea- colleges and universities. son to doubt but that thousands of them have been led to take up some We have thousands of boys trained line of hand work and are at present to handle carpenter's tools and put in pursuing such successfully. the way of learning a very useful In hat and mat making districts this trade and supplanting the Chinese and is especially noticeable, the children Japanese carpenters who, at present, of hat and mat makers being observed do most of the building in wood and at work helping their parents, and the the cabinet work of the country, the manual dexterity acquired by them in Filipino carpenter, as a rule, confining their industrial course, with the habits himself to bamboo construction, in of industry thus inculcated, stand them which the •necessary tools are a bolo, in good stead . 374 THE MID-PACIFIC
- 10=mnar.
The Polynesian is much the same build whether he comes from the Maoris of New Zealand, from far off Hawaii or from Tonga or Tahiti. All speak one language and used to visit each other hundreds of years ago. The Whence of the Polynesian
By HOWARD D. CASE.
T some remote spot in the great Stone Age, but with evidence of Aryan Pacific Southwest lies the solu- origin. They live only on the islands of A tion of one of the two outstand- the Pacific. ing ethnological problems of the pres- Where did they come from ? ent age—the origin of the Polynesia, How and why did they spread them- race, including the Hawaiian. selves over the Pacific with only canoes Theories advanced by eminent scien-' as means of transportation? tists concerning the point from which the In the answers to such questions, Polynesians began their migrations which which studies now being planned through eventually scattered them broadcast the Bishop Museum at Honolulu will throughout the South Seas as far north seek to solve, are involved many other as Hawaii, the final stopping place, are puzzling topics in ethnology and natural legion; yet the problem has never been history. solved to that degree of finality whereby The problems of outstanding impor- the solution might go down in books as tance in the study of native races with historic fact. which the United States is concerned, The problem of the origin and mi- are the origin and migration of the Amer- gration of the Polynesian race is one ican Indian, and the origin and migra- which scientists have long desired to de- tion of the Polynesian race, which in- termine. This much is known : The cludes the Hawaiian. A study of the Hawaiians, Samoans, Tahitians and Ma- first problem has been made possible by oris are a distinct race belonging to the a gift by William Morris Jessup to the 375 376 THE MID-PACIFIC
American Museum of Natural His- formulated a program for two years of tory, as a rseult of which ethnologists, study. botanists and zoologists are tracing the The importance of the work which it American tribes back through British is proposed to carry on through the Bish- Columbia and Alaska to Siberia and the op Museum and Yale University may be regions beyond. appreciated from the fact that the islands The Polynesian problem is much more of the South Seas are the least known of difficult because it involves the collec- any parts of the world. tion of widely scattered data from hun- As regards the average layman, his dreds of islands, some of them no longer knowledge of some hundreds of them is inhabited, and the separation of racial confined to their location in latitude and traits and interlocked customs and lan- longitude. So far as is known many of guages of Polynesian, Melanesian and them have not been explored by white Micronesian peoples. men. In itself this fact is important It can be solved only by carefully or- from a scientific standpoint, because ganized investigation in widely separated some fundamental problems cannot be areas over a period of years ; but it is solved until the evidence from these an exceedingly fascinating problem of islands is made available. the highest importance to the history of Some of the questions which remain to the human race. be determined by such explorations are, And it is to be solved! for example, whether the Incas of Peru It is recognized generally by leading and the Aztecs of Mexico are a part of scientists that the institution best suited an ancient Asiatic civilization, or whether to carry on Polyensian work is the Bish- South and Central America are the orig- op Museum, founded by the late Prin- inal homes of a people which spread cess Bernice Pauahi Bishop. With this westward across the Pacific ; whether in minds, funds sufficient for one year's America or Africa or Asia supplied the work, contributed to Yale university by Pacific Islanders with their food plants ; Bayard Dominick, class of 1894, of New and whether these islands once formed a York, have been placed at the disposal great continent, broken in recent geolog- of the trustees of the Museum. ical time into the present small frag Investigations resulting from the use ments, or whether they were always of these funds will be credited to the islands. "Bayard Dominick Expedition," but Ha- The American Wilkes expedition and waii will have the satisfaction of know- the British Challenger expedition made ing one of its most cherished institutions, scientific contributions which have but founded by one of its most beloved wom- served to whet the world's appetite for en, will receive a great portion of the more ; while the cruises of whalers and credit for having brought about this of men like Jack London have yielded noteworthy undertaking which will go interesting stories, but no scientific re- down in the annals of scientific history, turns. and which may result in a complete so- Such an investigation as is now lution of the problem of the origin of planned is an undertaking which, if ade- that great race of which the Hawaiian quately supported, will involve the ex- is a part. penditure of about $50,000 a year for a In the hope that further funds will be period of four or five years. But the contributed toward this work, the di- problem of a vanishing,race is so impor- rector, Prof. Herbert E. Gregory, has tant that even a one-year study , is des- THE MID-PACIFIC 377
tined to yield large and exceedingly val- have taken the place of the wild sea rov- uable returns. ers. Scientists have come to realize that The program which has been outlined the history of this great race must be by Professor Gregory is as follows : determined and recorded now, or it will For 1920-1921: be lost forever. Parties consisting of an ethnologist, Probably no other institution in the an archeologist and a botanist, with the United States is as well fitted to serve necessary interpreters and assistants, to be stationed at strategic points to make studies essential in establishing standards of physical form, material culture, tra- ditioris and language of the Polynesians. This is essential as a basis for the determination of the significance of changes brought about by the overlap- ping of other races. For this work the existing means of transportation, combined with the use of local small boats, is fairly satisfactory. The areas selected are Marquesas Islands, Tongan Islands and Hawaiian Islands. For 1921-1922: A ship with a crew and staff of scien- tists would make careful observations in selected localities along the following route : Honolulu, Wake, Marshall, East- ern Carolines, Gilbert, Ellice Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Friendly, Cook and So- ciety Islands, returning to Honolulu via Tongareva, Malden, Christmas and Fan- ning Islands. In connection with the previous year's work, this cruise would serve to determine through what place or places in the "Polynesian Sieve" the ancient migrations• came. Gone is the day of the buccaneers, of "Bully Hayes," of "Long John" Silver and blackbird schooners in the Pacific, and in the passing there has dawned a wonderful civilization which is grad- ually spreading throughout the innumi erable South Sea islands. What was once a great and powerful race, the Polynesian, is slowly dying out. Other classes and races and groups are creeping in. Trim commercial ships Polynesian maids of. Samoa. 378 THE MID-PACIFIC 'THE MID-PACIFIC 379
Three maids of Hawaii. as the medium through which these in- tus of the Bishop museum, whose splen- vestigations may be conducted as is the did work has been largely instrumental Bishop Museum. Its great Polynesian in bringing that institution up to its pres- collections are priceless, and are prob- ent high rank as a link between the old ably the most complete of any in the and the new in the South Seas. world today. Scientists were quick to The expedition as already outlined realize this. Then, too, the museum is will, among other things, result in the in Hawaii, the home of the most civil- building up of the present collections at ized, the most enlightened and probably the museum and, undoubtedly, the crea- the most perfect branch of the Polyne- tion of many new collections. sian race. In Hawaii the migrations of It was announced recently that the the great race undoubtedly ended and, in Museum, in order to broaden its scope, ending, reached the highest standard of has arranged for the addition of five civilization through contact with alien men and one woman to its scientific races, and through the untiring efforts staff each of these pursuing a definite of the New England missionaries who line of work. It has also completed ar- reached these shores for the first time rangements with the Carnegie Institute a hundred years ago. at Washington, whereby a representative Determination of the origin of the will make his home in Honolulu and Polynesian race has long been the dream serve on the Museum staff. of Dr. W. T. Brigham, curator emeri- An enviable place among scientific in- 380 THE MID -PACIFIC stitutions is held by the Museum, rank- plorers but students who would work ing first in its special field of Polyne- up the collections and publish the result sian ethnology and natural history. Its of their investigations. collections are invaluable and could And the most urgent problem, Pro- probably never be replaced, and the ex- fessor Gregory says, is the study of the cellent work already accomplished under Polynesian race—its language customs, the direction of Doctor Brigham will un- migration, food plants, etc., before the doubtedly serve as a guide for future race vanishes from the islands of the activities. South Seas. The Museum should gather within its With the funds at hand, and with lead- buildings a greatly increased amount of ing scientists taking a keen interest in ethnological and biological material, not the project, the problem may yet be only from Hawaii but from all of the Pacific Islands, and should enlarge its solved. scientific staff to include not only ex- Who knows? Tue PAN-PACIFIC UNION
BULLETIN E PAN-PACIFIC UNION
CONTENTS New Series, No. 12, October, 1920.
PAGE Aims and Objects of the Pan-Pacific Union 2 Pan-Pacific News 3 The Pan-Pacific Bureau of Visual Education • 5
OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION
Honorary Presidents Woodrow Wilson...President, United States Wm. N. Hughes...Prime Minister, Australia W. F. Massey Prime Minister, N. Z. Hsti Shih-chang President of China Sir Robert Borden Premier of Canada Honorary Vice-Presidents Franklin K. Lane..Ex-Sec. Interior, U. S. A. John Barrett.Dir.-Gen. Pan-American Union Prince J. K. Kalanianaole Delegate to Congress from Hawaii The Governor-General of Java. The Governor-General of the Philippines. The Premiers of Australian States. The Premier of British Columbia. The Governor of Alaska. President—Hon. C. J. McCarthy Governor of Hawaii Secretary—Alexander Hume Ford, Honolulu. HONOLULU Published by the Union 1920 2 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. Aims and Objects of the Pan-Pacific Union as Incorporated in Its Charter
THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION is an organization representing Governments of Pacific lands, with which are affiliated Chambers of Commerce and kindred bodies, working for the advancement of Pacific States and Communities, and a greater co-operation among and between the people of all races in Pacific lands. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries co-operating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the pur- pose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and oppor- tunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial co-operation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to co- operate in local fairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits ; pro- vided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan - Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of information (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commer- cial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 10. To secure the co-operation and support of Federal and State govern- ments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 11. To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar co-operation and support from all Pacific governments. 12. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. Pan-Pacific News
It is with sincere appreciation that the send any items of Pan Pacific interest to Pan-Pacific Union joins hands with Mr. the Secretary of the Pan Pacific Union Francis Holley, Director of in Honolulu, or to forward to him any The Bureau the Bureau of Commercial queries they may wish answered con- of Economics in Washington cerning Pacific lands or interests. Commercial and becomes the representa- Economics tive of that organization in From the time the 118 members of the Pacific. As will be the congressional party, now on tour learned on another page, we shall have of the Orient, land in a thousand reels of film of the life and Tokio Japan, August 19, until industries in Pacific lands for distribu- Ready their departure from tion and free exhibition. Australia, New for U. S. Yokohama August 24, Zealand, China, Japan, Alaska, Hawaii, Congress- they will be the guests men. the Pacific Coast of America, Canada of the Japanese govern- and Latin America are already supply- ment at a series of en- ing films for use throughout the world, tertainments. A special diet committee and duplicates of these may be had that has been at work for several days ar- Pacific lands may learn something of ranging for the reception of the Amer- what each other is accomplishing. ican guests, and the tentative program announced yesterday gives the con- Plans are in progress for storing in gressmen and the women members of Hawaii a number of films of the indus- the party a full itinerary during their tries of all Pacific lands as stay in the Japanese empire. Free Films well as Pan Pacific travel from Pacific scenes. The Bureau of The committee in charge of the re- Lands. Commercial Economics in ception of the guests from the United Washington is making States consists of Prince I. Tokugawa, this possible through using the Pan president of the upper house ; Marquis Pacific Union as its distribution center Kuroda, vice-president ; Prince Y. To- for Pacific lands. In an early number kugawa, chairman of the committee ; we shall publish a list of about a thou- Baron Megata, vice-chairman ; Count sand films of an educational nature that Ogasawara ; Baron Sakatani ; Kurachi, will be at the free service of schools and of the house of peers ; Oku, speaker communities throughout the Pacific ; of the lower house ; Kasuya, vice- these will be distributed from the central speaker of the lower house ; Teijiro service station in Honolulu, and it is Yamamoto, chairman of the lower hoped that the governments of Pacific house committee, and other members of the lower house. lands will waive all customs restrictions. Most of the Pacific governments are al- The program includes various enter- ready contributing films to the circulat- tainments by private individuals and ing film library of the Bureau of Com- civic organizations, a garden party at one of the detached palaces, a special mercial Economics. performance at the imperial theater Readers of the Bulletin are urged to and a visit to Nikko. 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.
Interior of a Standard Truck used by the Bureau of Commercial Economics. Every truck is fitted with an electrical generator, a standard size motion picture projector, a field phonograph, and flood lights with which to light a ten-acre field. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. 5
The Pan-Pacific Bureau of Visual Education
A library of educational films is be- cific, and through Mr. Holley, around ing collected by the Pan Pacific Union the world. for free distribution in the lands that In Honolulu a concrete library is surround the Great Ocean. contemplated for the films, and a com- Francis Holley, chief of the Bureau mittee composed of educators interested of Commercial Economics in Washing- in visual education work is being ap- ton is making this possible, for the Pan pointed to take charge of the central Pacific Union is to be made the dis- work of the Pan Pacific Bureau of Vis- tributing center to Pacific lands of the ual Education. The head of the De- thousands of films owned by this partment of Education in Hawaii, wel- bureau. In addition the Pan Pacific fare workers on the great sugar estates Union is securing a library of travel and community workers in the Y. M. films made in Pacific lands which will C. A. are on the board that will man- be put in circulation, around the Pa- age the Central library of films. It is PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.
ls. e he w on s ter hea T PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.
proposed to establish exchange branches Pacific, Hawaii will have the distribu- in each Pacific Country. tion of about 1,000 films of an educa- Any educational or community or- tional nature dealing with the life and ganization may have the free use of industries of the people and nations of the films, on the understanding that the globe. Particularly will the Pan- they will be exhibited free of any Pacific Union seek to circulate around charge for admission or by collection. the great ocean the films of Pacific During 1921 a Pan Pacific Educa- lands that we may better know each tional conference will be held in Hono- other. lulu, called by the United States De- The Pacific governments at present partment of the Interior. Dr. P. P. co-operating with and supporting the Claxton, U. S. Commissioner of Edu- Bureau of Commercial Economics are ; cation will act as chairman, and issue the United States, the Dominion of the invitations to the leading educators Canada, the Commonwealth of Aus- in Pacific lands to meet and confer in tralia, the Republic of China, the Hawaii. Empire of Japan, the Republic of Dr. H. E. Jackson, in charge of Mexico, the Dutch East Indies, the community work in the public schools Republic of Bolivia, Chili and Nicar- will attend the conference, asking other agua. Pacific Community Center workers to The films are for the free use of meet him, for the United States wishes educational and other institutions con- every school to be a community center ditional upon their being shown free building. Mr. Holley, head of the of any charge of admission or collec- Bureau of Commercial Economics will tion of any kind. Schools, colleges, also attend the conference, to meet with hands-around-the Pacific and Pan Pa- those in Pacific lands interested in vis- cific Clubs in every Pacific land are ual educational work. urged to outline Pan-Pacific motion It is hoped that Mr. Holley may re- picture educational courses and to com- main at the Cross Roads of the Pacific municate their proposed programs to long enough to thoroughly organize the the secretary of the Pan Pacific Union work that is to aid in the visual edu- in Honolulu, Hawaii at the Oceans' cation of- more than half the population Cross Roads. of the globe, living adjacent to the The Pan-Pacific Union is also col- waters of the Pacific. lecting for the film library of the The Pan-Pacific Bureau of Commer- Bureau of Commercial Economics, mo- cial Economics with Francis Holley at tion films from every Pacific land of its head will take up the work in an educational nature, these to be Hawaii and Pacific lands of the shown in every country of the globe. Bureau of Commercial Economics, with We will submit a partial list of films world headquarters in Washington, D. that disseminate useful knowledge of C. There Mr. Holley has built up an Pacific lands. It is suggested that educational institute that reaches to one travel film, one industrial reel and the farmost ends of the earth to bring one of the life of the people would men into a closer knowledge and un- make a good evening hour of an in- derstanding of each other. It is the structive nature. Films of other than Pan-Pacific idea carried to its ulti- Pacific lands will be provided, but mate conclusion. the Pan-Pacific Union desires partic- As the Central Service Station of the ularly to make known to each of the 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.
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Pacific lands something of their own Educational motion pictures were the neighbors about the great ocean in the medium Doctor Holley selected to make lands tributary to which live nearly the world see more. The bureau to- two thirds of the world's population. day has the largest educational film Any Government, Community or library in the world. Just as a Car- Chamber of Commerce in Pacific lands negie Library loans books free, the desiring to contribute films to the Cir- bureau loans films without charge to culating Motion Picture Library is in- schools, employers, churches and var- vited to notify the Pan Pacific Union. ious kinds of organizations, on condi- It is hoped that a Conference may tion that the films be shown free. be held of leaders in this line of work Making no profit on its pictures, the in Pacific lands and a definite plan bureau is supported by endowment and outlined through the Bureau of . Com- subscription. mercial Economics to make the ad- Calls for its films come from all vantages and desires of Pacific lands parts of the world. Missionaries in known to every country of the globe, China use them. The death rate and particularly to each other around among babies in India has been low- our great ocean. ered since the British government be- The Japanese and Chinese govern- gan exhibiting the bureau's health ments have recently contributed films films in that country. Its pictures to the Bureau of Commercial Econ- are transported by camels over the omics, as has the government of Mex- African deserts, and by llamas over ico, and Hawaii is now preparing a the Andes to the Inca Indians. The series all of Which will be listed as war did not stop the boat which went they are released for free circulation. up and down the Yenisei River ex- Recently the Ladies Home Journal hibiting pictures to teach Siberian published an interesting illustrated ar- peasants better farming methods. In ticle on the Bureau of Commercial Ec- many instances the bureau exhibits its onomics and from this we quote. own films. It has a staff of lec- "It is because a man once lost his turers who talk in the native language. sight that the Eskimos today are able In India there are four traveling to see what is going on in the busy theaters using bureau films. The world below them. About thirty-five British government conducts three of years ago Dr. Francis Holley became these. In Alaska, Northern Canada blind. For years he was in the dark- and Newfoundland the bureau is its ness. During this period he gained own exhibitor ; also in the mines of a pretty good idea of how valuable Peru and Chile. eyes really are. One night he dreamed In the United States it is now op- his sight had been restored. It af- erating six auto trucks carrying films, fected. him so that he took a vow that projection machine, screen and light if his dream came true he would de- plant. One of these is touring the vote the rest of his life to causing factory towns of New England. The the world to see more with its eyes. other five are assigned to the farming, Doctor Holley regained his sight and ranching and mining districts. The in order to keep his vow, founded the bureau has two such trucks in England. Bureau of Commercial Economics, of Orders recently were placed for ten which he is director. more trucks.
10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.
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The following is from Boston Tran- the forbidding : "No Admittance Ex- script of May 15, 1920: cept on Business." The result was three-fold. The man from the bread- Francis Holley, looking upon a line of . line seeing what was being done con- hungry men waiting to get their dole of cluded that he could do it, and that bread, was seized with the conviction that there was, a place in the shop which something was wrong with an economic he could fill and hence there was a system which made such a sight pos- decent living for him in the world ; sible. Opportunity for the man in the general public in buying became the bread-line was the though that in- more interested in those things, es- spired a movement which is believed pecially food products, which they had to be one of the greatest world-wide seen in the process of production ; and educational schemes in the history of the manufacturer discovered that the the human race. About the same time best advertising he had ever done was Mr. Holley happened to pass a shop in taking the public into his confidence upon the door of which were the and letting them see just how the com- words : "No Admittance Except on modities which they buy are produced. Business." Then was prompted the query, "What constitutes business ?" This is how this educational institu- The door led to a large manufacturing tion received the name, "Bureau of plant in which wheels were turning and Commercial Economics." It may ap- pear somewhat misleading, for there is many kinds of machinery were in mo- tion. But the man in the bread-line nothing commercial about it, in the had not the courage to try to pass sense that any financial profit accrues that threshold which yawned like a to anyone connected with it. No charge . great chasm between them and the is made for the pictures, the only ex- bread-winners within ; for "No Admit- pense being the cost of transportation tance Except on Business" ruthlessly of the films from and to the nearest made futile any attempt to bridge that exchange of which there are some chasm between hope and despair. If fifty-eight in this country and 110 in they could only see what was going on foreign lands. But there is always beyond that forbidding sign it might one stipulation which is one of the be that they could find places into laws of the Medes and Persians ; un- which they could fit and thus be trans- der no consideration may a film be formed from beggars to self-respecting shown if an admission fee is to be producers. Yet the transformation charged. The bureau is supported by endowment annuities and voluntary proved to be as simple in execution as . • it was marvelous in result. contributions. As a matter of fact the largest contributor probably is Mr. It is a primary function of business Holley himself, who is a retired busi- to bring raw material and the worker ness man and is giving his time and together. This, Mr. Holley argued, is his money to this practical philan- a very essential part of what consti- thropy. Thus the bureau is commer- tutes business, so he suggested to the cial only in the sense that it aids com- manufacturer that he visualize upon a merce, and in so doing helps the em- screen the process of production so ployer, the employee, and the general that the man who made up the bread- public and thus it has become a very line might see how things were pro- potent factor in the advancement of duced in that land of promise beyond prosperity. 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.
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It has been said that Mr. Holley is centage of whom are illiterate, is con- one of the founders of this institution. sidered the most dangerous social and Another factor must be mentioned. political problem America faces. Its There is an Eastern proverb cited when ramifications are so subtle as to be trouble occurs, "Find the woman." The hardly seen except by the keenest ob- idea is that nothing wrong can hap- servation, and thus those who have pen in which a woman is not an es- paid little attention to it have no idea sential factor. We of the West haVe of its magnitude and dangers. One a much truer estimate of what is some- thing, however, is certain, that edu- times called the "better-half" of the cation must be a large factor in any human race ; so we extend the proverb solution which will make for the good to include all events. And when we of the negro and the safety of the re- seek the co-founder with Mr. Holley public. The percentage of illiteracy of this bureau we shall find a bright, being so large, the schoolroom method energetic little woman whose success of teaching while indispensable, is too in a great world of activity has not slow to, be depended upon alone. It been won at the price of her feminity, takes no more training to look at of which latter she is very jealous. She men and things moving on a screen is Miss A. Maris Boggs, dean of the than it does to look at them moving bureau. She is an A. B. of Bryn on the road or street, hence, the right Mawr College and an A. N. of the kind of motion pictures supply the University of Pennsylvania, having most effective means to inspire and specialized in economics in the latter lift this mass of people who are suf- institution. Mr. Holley says she had fering from the curse of ignorance. more to do with the founding of the This great educational enterprise is bureau than he. This is an expression not limited to the boundaries of this of knightly courtesy which, presum- republic. The Bureau, founded by ably, Miss Boggs would deny as a lit- thorough Americans, has the true eral fact. The truth is that the labor American genius for expansion. So in the bureau is almost equally divided it soon broke over the international between the director and the dean. line into Canada. The ,Dominion They have worked together from the Government immediately appreciated its beginning, and the remarkable success significance, and in a number of sub- of the bureau is largely due to their stantial ways showed that appreciation, splendid team work. one of which is a private car pre- A negro leader in educational work sented to the Bureau with the privilege among his people heard of this vis- granted by the Prime Minister, of ualization plan of education. He im- every foot of railway in Canada. This mediately concluded that it was the coach very appropriately has been plan for his people, so many of whom named "Vision." All the Provinces are mentally children. He wrote the of Canada now receive the Bureau's bureau. asking it to help to elevate the films, -including the barren coast of six to eight million negroes in the Labrador, where they go to Dr. Gren- South. The result is that the work fell to help him in his wonderful mis- has begun and soon will be minister- ing to millions of black men whose sion to bring sweetness and light to greatest enemy is ignorance. By some this needy people. When the films this horde of negroes, a large per- were first displayed the people were 14 PAN - PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.
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so delighted that the machine was run education, and then they are to be for- until 2 o'clock in the morning. warded to Greenland and Iceland for From Labrador the films continued the general instruction of the inhabi- their journey northward across the tants of those colonies. Arctic circle, upon the only means of The slumbering giant of the Far transportation in that region, dog East, the great Chinese republic, is sledges, and brought a world of won- circulating the films of the bureau, thus der to the Esquimau ni his house of making visible to its seething hordes snow. At first these children of the the fruitful results attained by peace- northern ice fields were frightened at ful peoples, when their forces are or- the movements on the screen, believing ganized. The "movies" of the Bur- the pictures were possessed; but they eau of Commercial Economics are a gradually became used to them ; and potent factor in arousing this ancient now they live in a larged world, realiz- civilization to self-assertion. ing what was before unthinkable ; that, Japan, progressive and aggressive, just as in their home land ice is ever appreciates the opportunity offered it present, there is a section of this earth by the bureau of teaching its people where it never exists. Moving west the customs, habits and methods of ward the films passed into Alaska, and production, for which they have a again across the Arctic circle on their passion, of the nations of the West. beneficient. journey through this great The Imperial Government receives the territory. Mexico has been receiving films, and sends those picturing Japan- the pictures of the Bureau for some ese life to the bureau for circulation in years. But a more vigorous campaign this country and elsewhere. India, is about to be begun to spread know- self-bound in the age-long enthrallment ledge by means of the moving picture of caste, custom and superstition is among a people 85 per cent of whom beholding upon the graphic screen the are illiterate. Dean Boggs is to or- way which leads to the larger life of ganize a motion picture circuit which freedom. In this land of mysticism will embrace the entire republic. In and mystery the bureau has been car- all Latin America, including Mexico, rying on some of its most interesting Nicaragua, Argentine, Brazil, Bolivia, work. Peru, Cuba and Chile, the Bureau has As we move farther south into the six hundred centres which share the tropics we find stations in the Phillip- use of its thirty million feet of film. pines, Ceylon, Singapore, and Java The work in the Eastern Hemisphere distributing the bureau's films to the is no less remarkable. At the request surrounding regions. At the present of the Siberian Steamship Company, time one of the bureau's trucks with the bureau has furnished films which its fully equipped plant, containing the have been shown on the boats and projector, screen, electric generator wharves of this company, bringing the outfit, and phonograph with a full outside world to the peasants of this supply of records, is on the ocean great sub-arctic land, which world bound for the rubber forests of Sum- they never could know in any other atra, where the native workers at the way. Arrangements have just been close of the day will behold with eyes made with the Danish Government to dancing with delight, the wonders of send films to Denmark to be used that marvelous land beyond the rising under the direction of the minister of sun. The far-away South Sea Islands 16 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. have lately learned of the bureau's together for the formation of a Pan work, and Tahiti in the Society Is- Pacific Bureau of visual education. lands calls, and it will be supplied A series of monthly neighborhood from the Mid-Pacific exchange of the parties is being held out of doors at the bureau in the Pan-Pacific Union in different public schools of the city. The Honolulu. South Africa, so valiant and program presented consists of motion so loyal in the cause of civilization pictures, community singing, music and during the World War, is receiving four-minute talks on such subjects as the bureau's films ; and the young and health, Americanism, vocational guid- vigorous English-speaking empires of ance, thrift, the care of the eyes, etc. Australia and New Zealand are circu- The singing is led by Philip C. Hall, lating its films in large cities and with G. J. Boisse as cornetist. The country districts. songs thrown on the screen are familiar So we may receive no mean review ones that every American should know. of our too much forgotten geography There are usually four motion pictures ; lesson by following the trial of the a news weekly, a cartoon comic, a pic- films of the Bureau of Commercial Ec- ture showing some American scenery or onomics as they make their peace and industry, and an educational, film. The prosperity-producing journey around educational films shown so far have been the world. A world recognized au- "The Making of an American," "The thority in economics has said that the Priceless Gift of Health," "Opportunity" Bureau is the only real international and "Through Life's Windows." institution in the world. It would ap- This work has the hearty cooperation pear to be the only real international of the school principals of the city and educational institution upon this earth Supt. Vaughan MacCaughey, and is con- at the present time. Surely an insti- ducted by the Citizenship Education tution which has twenty-nine govern- committee of the Territorial Y. M. C. ments co-operating with it may with A., consisting of the following men: great propriety be called international, W. F. Frear, chairman ; John Water- and to see the director in his office in house, C. F. Clemons, A. L. Dean, W. Washington any morning opening his R. Farrington and Charles F. Loomis, mail coming from the remotest sections secretary. of the earth is to be convinced that The last three months the Citizen- The au- the work is international. ship Committee has had 76 gatherings diences of this world-wide circuit num- where their films have been shown with ber about thirty million persons a a total attendance of 24,358. year. It may be seen that the films show- As a result of this community use ing commercial and other enterprise of the schools a still further use of the in Pacific lands will be shown to the school buildings is planned for next world, while educational films from year. The supervisors are going to every part of the world will be shown equip the larger schools of the city with in Pacific lands. A fair exchange, electric lights, and the Y. M. C. A., in benefitting all. cooperation with other organizations is The community welfare organizations to inaugurate a system of English night in Honolulu have already begun to get schools for non-English speaking people. Advertising Section
THE PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY
Consistent with its policy of super-service, the Pacific Mail Steamship Com- pany provides shore facilities to tourists and shippers no less attractive than are found on its modernized steamers. When in Hongkong, accept the Company's welcome at its headquarters shown above. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC
Toyo Kisen Kaisha is the largest Trans-Pacific Service to South America. steamship company operating between In connection with the trans-Pacific San Francisco, Japan and the Orient. It service to North America, Toyo Kisen maintains fast and frequent service across Kaisha also operates a line of steamers the Pacific, following the "Pathway of from Hongkong to Valparaiso (South the Sun" along the semi-tropic route, America), via Moji, Kobe, Yokohama, touching Honolulu. This is one of the Honolulu, San Francisco, San Pedro most delightful ocean voyages in the (Los Angeles), Salina Cruz, Balboa world, as it carries the passenger over (Ancon), Callao, Arica and Iquique. smoothest seas and, by touching at This is the longest regular service in op- Honolulu, affords a pleasant break in eration by any Japanese steamship line the journey. The steamers of this line touching American ports. are of the most advanced types, having The steamers on this line are in been built especially for this service. through round trip service between China and Japan ports and Southern Chile via The present fleet of the North Ameri- San Francisco and west coast ports of can line consists of the following : Shinyo North and South America. Steamers Maru, triple turbine, 22,000 tons ; Tenyo call at San Pedro on their outward and Maru, triple turbine, 22,000 tons ; Siberia homeward voyages to the Orient. These Maru, 20,000 tons, twin screw ; Korea steamers are all new and of the latest Maru, twin screw, 20,000 tons, and type with saloon accommodations. In Persia Maru, 9,000 tons. this fleet are the Anyo Maru, 18,500 The Tenyo and Shinyo Maru are sister tons ; Kiyo Maru, 17,000 tons, and the ships of 22,000 tons displacement. They Seiyo Maru, 14,000 tons. are driven by triple screw turbine en- The passenger accommodations are gines which account for an utter absence amidships, all rooms being located on the of vibration for a speed of 21 knots per upper and bridge decks, thus affording hour. These ships are as finely equipped plenty of light and ventilation. There in every detail as the best first-class ho- are numerous baths and lavatories which tels on shore, and leave nothing to be de- afford ample accommodations for all sired in service or table. The total length passenger's. of the deck area measures almost a mile, The Head Office of the Toyo Kisen giving ample opportunity for exercise Kaisha is in Tokyo. and promenade. The Honolulu office is in the Alex- ander Young Building. The office for In addition to these giant liners a num- America is in San Francisco,.Cal., at 625 ber of cargo steamers are operated to Market street ; New York office, 165 take care of the freight business. Broadway. THE MID-PACIFIC 3
Around Oahu by Rail I
o 1 6 10 SCALE OF MILES.
The Oahu Railway practically encircles the Island of Oahu. There are aatiy trains to Haleiwa--"the House Beautiful" (see arrow), and through the most extensive pineapple fields in the world, at Wahiawa.
A Scene Alongthe Line of the Oahu Railway
4 THE MID-PACIFIC Honolulu from the Trolley Car
The Trolley Car at the Judiciary Building and Statue of Kamehameha "the Great." Honolulu Rapid Transit & Land Co., Ltd.
The world's largest and most luscious pineapples at home on the uplands of Hawaii
cup ICKED ripe and canned right" is hours that same fragrant fruit is per- more than a slogan. Strictly ad- fectly preserved in shining tin. r There are fifty odd thousand acres of hered to by the Hawaiian Pineapple pineapples grown annually in Hawaii Packers' Association—ten corporations and the acreage increases yearly. This engaged in the growing and canning of season's pack amounts to approximately pineapples in the Hawaiian Islands—it six million cases, the major portion of has won the palate of the world to what which is handled during the Summer is perhaps the most delicious product of months. There are twelve canneries, any land. Each morning sees the golden some of them turning out 35,000 cases a ripe fruit in the field and within a few day. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 The Island of Maui
MAUI Area to ute 59LicreKile,s 728 Lenisth 4811.11ez, Breadth. 3o lies Eieyotion tOo32 Feet LaTssesi. Extinct Crater +nth Population over Z:;,..00 Ice from Hortolot4 7 Eieven S. 5or • Pleorati 5.10, Crap Cot' )9:I
Map by courtesy of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd.
The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., ance Co., The Home Insurance Co. of (known by everyone as "A. & B."), is New York, The New Zealand Insurance looked upon as one of the most progres- Co., General A. F. & L. Assurance Cor- sive American corporations in Hawaii. poration, Switzerland Marine Insurance Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents Co., Ltd. for the largest sugar plantation of the Hawaiian Islands and second largest in The officers of this large and progres- the world, namely, the Hawaiian Com- sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- mercial & Sugar Company at Puunene, porters of the Pan-Pacific and other Maui. They are also agents for many movements which are for the good of Ha- waii, are as follows : other plantations and concerns of the Islands, among which are the Haiku W. M. Alexander, President ; H. A. Sugar Company, Paia Plantation, Maui Baldwin, First Vice-President ; J. Water- Agricultural Company, Hawaiian Sugar house, Second Vice-President and Man- Company, McBryde Sugar Company ager; W. 0. Smith, Third Vice Pres- Ltd., Kahului Railroad Company, Kauai ident ; John Guild, Secretary ; C. R. Hem- Railroad Company, Ltd., and Honolua enway, Treasurer ; F. F. Baldwin, Direc- Ranch. tor; C. H. Atherton, Director ; W. R. This firm ships a larger proportion of Castle, Director. the total sugar crop of the Hawaiian Besides the home office in the Stangen- Islands than any other agency. wald Building, Honolulu, Alexander & In addition to their extensive sugar Baldwin, Ltd., maintain extensive offices plantations, they are also agents for the in Seattle, in the Melhorn Building; in following well-known and strong insur- New York at 82 Wall Street, and in the ance companies : Springfield Fire & Ma- Alaska Commercial Building, San Fran- rine Ins. Co., American Central Insur- cisco. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC The Island of Kauai .1 TO SAN FRANCISCO AND JAPAN. The Matson Navigation Company, maintaining the premier ferry service between Honolulu and San Francisco, and the Toyo Kisen Kaisha, main- taining palatial ocean greyhound service between San Francisco and the Far East via Honolulu, have their Hawaiian agen- cies with Castle & Cooke, Ltd. This, one of the oldest firms in Hono-
"1".113A lulu, occupies a spacious building at the fvm/Oriyvt"WA,- A corner of Fort and Merchants streets, Honolulu. The ground floor is used as local passenger and freight offices of the Matson Navigation Company. The ad- joining offices are used by the firm for their business as sugar factors and in- surance agents ; Phone 1251. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., act as agents for many of the plantations throughout Ha- waii, and here may be secured much varied information. Here also the tour- ist may secure in the folder racks, book- lets and pamphlets descriptive of almost Maps by courtesy of Castle & Cooke, Ltd. every part of the great ocean.
ItiaWLIILU NORMAL AND!. sent[ of NIUS
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7. 77o8iTc.o, THE MID-PACIFIC 7
FERTILIZING THE SOIL. Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the is- lands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC
Exterior.
Interior.
The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd,, Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants. THE MID-PACIFIC 9
Electric Lighting in Honolulu
The general offices on King Street.
THE HAWAIIAN ELEC TRIC COMPANY, LTD.
In Honolulu electricity costs eight horse power to the Federal Wireless cents per kilowatt, for the first two Station, fifteen miles distant, besides kilowatts per month, per lamp, and six current for lighting all private resi- cents thereafter. From the Hawaiian dences in Honolulu, as well as for Electric Company plant, power is fur- operating its own extensive ice plant. nished to the pineapple canneries (the A line has also been built to furnish largest canneries in the world) to the light and power to the great army post extent of seven hundred horse power, of Schofield Barracks, twenty miles dis- with another two hundred and fifty tant from Honolulu.
The power house and ice plant. 10 THE MID-PACIFIC
The Trust Company in Hawaii
In Hawaii the functions of a Trust with foreign markets and world condi- Company embrace a business of a very tions. wide scope. The Waterhouse Trust It has been slower to arrive in Hawaii, Company has made a specialty of real perhaps, than elsewhere in the United estate and has developed some of the States, but, it is a noticeable fact that the most prominent sections of Honolulu, day of the individual as Executor and many of which it still manages, so that Trustee is fast waning, and thinking the Tourist finds it of great assistance, men, men of brains and ability, are nam- when arriving in Honolulu, to get in ing Trust Companies in their wills to touch with its real estate department, handle their estates. This is due to the where he will receive expert, prompt and perpetual character of a Trust Company, courteous advice and service. its experience in every line of business, Another prominent qualification of this and the practical assurance that the company is its stock and bond depart- estate will not be wasted or dissipated. ment. It is not only particularly qualified The Waterhouse Trust Company handles to advise its clients as to local securities, some of the largest estates in the Terri- but, by means of correspondents in the tory and it particularly qualifies for these principal mainland cities is in close touch duties.
The Trent Trust Company, though a to handle the work of Manager of Es- comparatively young organization, is tates, Executor, Fiduciary Agent, and one of the most popular financial in- Agent for Non-Residents. It has the stitutions in the Islands. Organized in following departments : Trusts, Invest- 1907, it has already doubled its capi- ments, Real Estate, Rents, Insurance, talization to $100,000. According to and Safe Deposit. the last statement its capital undivided The Trent Trust's offices are located surplus amounted to $188,788.51, and on the ground floor of 921 Fort Street, its gross assets to . $538,067.55. the principal business thoroughfare of The company is efficiently organized Honolulu. THE MID-PACIFIC 11
The Catton, Neill Building, Honolulu. Also the home of the General Electric Company in Hawaii.
Honolulu is known around the world Half a century is an age in the life of for the manufacture of sugar mill ma- Honolulu. The first frame building is chinery. Much of this is made by Cat- not one hundred years old, and the. first hardware store, that of E. 0. Hall & ton, Neill & Co., Ltd., Engineers, who Son, Ltd., was not founded until the build and erect sugar mill machinery. The year 185o, but since then, on the com- works are on South street, Honolulu, manding corner of Fort and King streets, while the offices and salesrooms are lo- it has remained the premier hardware cated in a new concrete building on Ala- concern in Hawaii. The entire three- kea and Queen streets, erected recently- story building is taken up with extensive for this purpose. Here are seen the dis- displays of every kind of hardware. One plays of the General Electric Co., of which floor, however, is given over to crockery Catton, Neill & Co., Ltd., are Hawaiian and kitchen utensils, while in the base- agents, as well as for the leading gas en- ment even a ship might be fitted out with gines, water wheels, steam plows, pumps, its hardware, cordage, and roping needs. eo'densers and tools manufactured in the This company is also agent for the Sher- United States. This is one of the oldest win-Williams house paints and represents engineering firms in Hawaii. many mainland hardware firms.
E. 0. Hall 1:6 Son Building, Fort and King Streets. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC
HOME FERTILIZING. their fertilizers are made up at the works of the Hawaiian Fertilizer Company. The The Hawaiian Fertilizer Company chemists analyze the soil and suggest the stores its fertilizers in the largest con- formulas. For the small planter this crete warehouse west of the Rockies. The company makes special fertilizers, and the gardens of Honolulu are kept beauti- works of this company cover several acres ful by the use of a special lawn fertilizer near Honolulu. The ingredients are pur- made by this company. Fertilizing alone chased in shipload lots, and the formulas has made Hawaii the garden of the Pa- adopted for the different plantations for cific. THE WORLD'S FIRST TEL EPHONE EXCHANGE. The Mutual Telephone Company of So rapid was the increase of subscribers Honolulu is the outgrowth of the first after the Automatic installation that it house to house telephone system in the became necessary to build and equip two world, installed in Honolulu in the late new exchanges, one in Kaimuki and the seventies. This company has lately led other at Kalihi. Moreover the wireless the world in telephone improvements, service to the other islands being under was the first to install a commercial control of the Mutual Telephone Com- wireless system of telegraphy (between pany, as well as the telephone systems the Hawaiian Islands), and is preparing of the islands of Maui and Hawaii, it has to link up its exchanges on the different become possible to send and receive mes- islands of the group by wireless tele- sages between the islands by phone, and phony, as soon as this mode of communi- even cable messages are usually sent out cation is perfected. over the phone before the official mes- sage is delivered. The present Mutual Telephone Com- pany was incorporated in 1883 and used Australia sent a commission to the old manual switchboard until 1909, Hawaii to study and report on the Hon- when it was reorganized and the Auto- olulu Automatic exchange, and has since matic telephone system installed, which adopted the Automatic. At present the Inter-Island Wireless system is under has proved the most satisfactory of any lease to the Federal Government, but in the world, making it possible in cos- the Mutual Telephone Company is going mopolitan Honolulu for the many men of ahead with its improvements of service many Pacific races to call each other on each of the three larger islands : without having to strive with "Central." Oahu, Maui and Hawaii. THE MID-PACIFIC 13 Banking in Honolulu
The First National Bank of Hawaii at the corner of Fort and King streets, Hono-- lulu. This bank is the de- pository in Hawaii of the United States Government.
The Bank of Bishop & Company, The Yokohama Specie Bank, Limited, Ltd., popularly known as the "Bank of a branch of the famous Japanese insti- tution, with a subscribed capital of Superior Service", and the largest bank yen 100,000,000, or about $50,000,000, in the Islands, was organized in 1858 and a reserve fund of yen 44,000,000, and until its incorporation in 1919, was occupies its magnificent building at the known as The Banking House of corner of Merchant and Bethel streets, Bishop & Co. It has a Paid up Cap- opposite the postof fice and Bishop & ital of One Million Dollars and a Sur- Co. It is the most up-to-date fire-proof building in Hawaii, the interior being plus Fund of $344,883.93. finished in bronze marble. The operations of the Bank began The Guardian Trust Company, Ltd., with the encouragement of the whal- is the most recently incorporated Trust ing business, at that time one of the Company in Honolulu. Its stockholders leading industries of the Islands, and are closely identified with the largest business interests in the Territory. Its has ever been a power for Commercial directors and officers are men of ability, and Industrial Progress. integrity and high standing in the com- munity. The Company was incorporated The institution has correspondents in in June of 1911 with a capital of $too,000 all the principal cities of the world, and fully paid. Its rapid growth necessitated through its connections can handle any doubling this capital. On June 3o, 1917, the capital of the Company was $200,000 ; foreign or domestic business entrusted surplus $10,000, and undivided profits to it. $53,3o6.75. It conducts a trust company Visitors are expected to use the business in all its various lines with offices in the Stangenwald Building, Mer- Bank Service in any way suited to chant Street, adjoining the Bank of Ha- their needs. waii. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC
THE BUILDERS OF HONOLULU. llama Specie Bank Building, Honolulu, are engineers and constructors of build- Honolulu still relies for building ma- terial on the mainland. For many years ings of every kind, from the smallest pri- the firm of Lewers & Cooke maintained vate residences to the large and imposing its own line of clipper schooners that business blocks. Being made up of some brought down lumber from Puget Sound of the most prominent men in the Islands with which to "build Hawaii." Today it is not surprising that it secures some the firm occupies its own spacious block of the large and important contracts. on King Street, where every necessity The Y. M. C. A. building in Honolulu needed for building the home is supplied. was the work of this firm. In fact, often it is this firm that guaran- tees the contractor, and also assures the The Oahu Ice and Electric Company owner that his house will be well built and supplies the Army in Honolulu at a completed on time. Things are done on cheaper price than the United States Gov- a large scale in Hawaii ; so it is that one ernment can buy ice in Alaska. The firm undertakes to supply material from works and cold storage rooms are in the breaking of ground until the last coat the Kakaako district, but a phone mes- of paint is put on the completed building. sage to 1128 will answer every purpose, A spacious and splendidly equipped hard- as the company has its auto delivery ware department is one of the features trucks. of Lewers & Cooke's establishment. Old Kona Coffee is considered by con- The Von Hamm-Young Co., Importers, noisseurs to have a delicious flavor all Machinery Merchants, and leading auto- mobile dealers, have their offices and store its own, and is the real Hawaiian coffee. in the Alexander Young Building, at the The best of the annual crop is secured corner of King and Bishop streets, and and aged by the. McChesney Coffee Com- their magnificent automobile salesroom pany on Merchant Street, Honolulu, and garage just in the rear, facing on phone 2717. Mail orders of pound to Alakea Street. Here one may find almost five-pound sealed cans are packed with anything. Phone No. 4901. The Pacific Engineering Company, the aged Kona Coffee and sent to friends Ltd., with spacious quarters in the Yoko- or customers on the mainland. THE MID-PACIFIC 15
ASIA The American Magazine on the Orient
knowledge—a knowledge born out of sympathetic and vital interest in the life and development of other races. Amer- ica must understand the Orient if a League of Nations or any kindred plan of international co-operation is to suc- ceed. America must know the Orient if the present period of material progress our country is now entering—the period of great foreign commerce and shipping —is to shine as brilliantly as the years of magnificent internal development we have seen. ASIA brings monthly into your home or office the Orient's contributions to art, and industry, commerce and wealth, re- ligion and thought, and the part it is to play in the progress of civilization and world peace. ASIA is not on general sale. The best way to receive it is through membership ASIA discusses the most immediate and in the American Asiatic Association. far-reaching Eastern policies. Its articles Singly ASIA sells for 35 cents. Through inform as well as delight you. membership you receive ASIA for one The Ancient East with its philosophy, year and save $1.20. religion, art and commerce is coming into Sign and return the application form its own again. at once for the special offer. Let your family grow up with ASIA which unfolds to them the snow-capped Himalayas, the long sweep of the Yang- Secretary, American Asiatic Assn. : tse and the wide steppes of Siberia. 627 Lexington Ave., New York. : Asia gives you a better understanding I desire to become an Associate : of world events and world problems. Member of the American Asiatic : Germany's dream of Asiatic domination Association. I send $3.00 for one : is over. years dues, and of this amount $2.75 : Now America awakens to its new posi- will be used for payment on a year's : tion as a great world power—requiring subscription for the magazine, ASIA. : all the genius of its people to understand Send FREE, carefully wrapped the : and solve the difficulties of international invaluable map of Asia, 34 x 38 : politics and world organizations, as well inches, showing economic resources : as to accept the vast possibilities now Name presented for material achievement thru Address foreign commerce. Business or Profession The basis of such understanding is : : 16 THE MID-PACIFIC
Round About Honolulu
Chambers Drug Store, Fort and King The Thompson Optical Institute is Streets, is the actual center of life and just what its name implies, and occupy- activity in Honolulu. Here at the inter- ing a location on Hotel Street opposite section of the tram lines, the shoppers, Bishop Park and the Young Hotel, it business men, and tourists await their is convenient to all. Here the eye is cars, chatting at the'open soda fountain, tested and here all kinds of lenses are that is the feature of the Chambers Drug ground and repaired, for the Thompson Store. Here the tourist or stranger is Optical Institute is the most complete advised as to the sights of the city, and place of its kind in Hawaii. The glasses supplied with any perfumes, candies or of visitors are quickly repaired, and those drugs he may need during his stay. Cham- of residents kept in order. bers' Drug Store is one of the institutions Honolulu is so healthy that people of Honolulu. Phone No. 1291. don't usually die there, but when they do they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- The largest of the very fashionable shops in the Alexander Young Building, liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number occupying the very central portion, is that 1408, and he arranges the after details. of the Hawaiian News Company. Here If you are a tourist and wish to be inter- the ultra-fashionable stationery of the red in your own plot on the mainland, latest design is kept in stock. Every Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- kind of paper, wholesale or retail, is sup- range all details for interment in Hono- plied, as well as printers' and binder lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the supplies. There are musical instruments Pacific for any other, but if you must, let of every kind in stock, even to organs and your friends talk it over with Williams. pianos, and the Angelus Player Piano. Whatever you do, do not fail to visit and this concern is constantly adding new the wonderful Oahu Fish Market on features and new stock. The business King Street. Early morning is the best man will find his every need in the office time for this, when all the multi-colored supplied by the Hawaiian News Company fish of Hawaiian waters are presented to merely on a call over the phone, and this view and every nationality on the islands is true also of the fashionable society is on parade inspecting. Mr. Y. Anin is leader, whether her needs are for a bridge the leading spirit and founder of the party, a dance, or just plain stationery. Oahu Fish Market, which is a Chinese The exhibit rooms of the Hawaiian News institution of which the city is proud. Company are interesting A monument to the pluck and energy of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the Love's Bakery at 1134 Nuuanu Street, City Mill Company, of which he is Phone 1431, is the bakery of Honolulu. treasurer and manager. This plant at Its auto wagons deliver each morning Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of fresh from the oven, the delicious baker's Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a bread and rolls consumed in Honolulu, flourishing lumber and mill business. while all the grocery stores carry Love's The Sweet Shop, on Hotel Street, op- Bakery crisp, fresh crackers and biscuits posite the Alexander Young, is the one reasonably priced tourist restaurant. that come from the oven daily. Love's Here there is a quartette of Hawaiian Bakery has the most complete and up to singers and players, and here at every date machinery and equipment in the Ter- hour may be enjoyed at very reasonable ritory. prices the delicacies of the season. THE MID-PACIFIC 17
The Honolulu Construction and Draying Company has its main offices at 65 Queen Street. This concern has recently absorbed two of the leading express and transfer companies, and has also acquired the Honolulu Lava Brick Com- pany. It is making a success of its enterprises. Phone 4981.
Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended on several spacious floors. Phone No. to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and 2111. Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. The leading music store in Hawaii is Men of almost every Pacific race are employed by this firm, and the men of on King and Fort Streets—the Berg- each race seem fitted for some particular strom Music Company. No home is com- part of the work, so that quick and effi- plete in Honolulu without an ukulele, a cient is the loading and unloading of piano and a Victor talking machine. The vessels in Honolulu. Bergstrom Music Company, with its big store on Fort Street, will provide you With the wood that is used for building with these—a Chickering, a Weber, a in Hawaii, Allen & Robinson on Queen Kroeger for your mansion, or a tiny up- Street, Phone 2105, have for generations right Boudoir for your cottage ; and if supplied the people of Honolulu and those you are a transient it will rent you a pi- on the other islands; also their buildings ano. The Bergstrom Music Company, and paints. Their office is on Queen phone 233 I . Street, near the Inter-Island S. N. Com- The best thing on ice in Honolulu is pany Building, and their lumber yards soda water. The Consolidated Soda extend right back to the harbor front, Water Works Co., Ltd., 601 Fort Street, where every kind of hard and soft wood are the largest manufacturers of delight- grown on the coast is landed by the ful soda beverages in the Territory. schooners that ply from Puget Sound. Aerated waters cost from 35 cents a dozen The city's great furniture store, that of bottles up. The Consolidated Co. are J. Hopp & Co., occupies a large por- agents for Hires Root Beer and put up a tion of the hewers & Cooke Block on Kola Mint aerated water that is delicious, King Street. Here the latest styles in besides a score of other flavors. Phone home and office furniture arriving con- 2171 for a case, or try a bottle at any stantly from San Francisco are displayed store. 18 THE MID-PACIFIC Wonderful New Zealand
Native Nev.) Zealanders at Rotorua.
Scenically New Zealand is the world's throughout the Dominion for the benefit wonderland. There is no other place in of the tourist, for whom she has also the world that offers such an aggrega- built splendid roads and wonderful moun- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The tain tracks. New Zealand is splendidly West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are served by the Government Railways, in every way more magnificent and awe- which sell the tourist for a very low inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel Its chief river, the Wanganui, is a scenic on any of the railways for from one to panorama of unrivalled beauty from end two months. In the lifetime of a single to end. Its hot springs and geysers in man (Sir Tames Mills of Dunedin, New the Rotorua district on the North Island Zealand) a New Zealand steamship com- have no equal anywhere. In this district pany has been built up that is today the the native Maoris still keep up their fourth largest steamship company under ancient dances or haka haka, and here the British flag, and larger than any may be seen the wonderfully carved steamship company owned in America. houses of the aboriginal New Zealanders. with her I00,000,000 population, or in There are no more beautiful lakes any- Tartan with her 5o,000.000 population. where in the world than are the Cold New Zealand is a land of wonders, and Lakes of the South Island, nestling as may be reached from America by the they do among mountains that rise sheer Tnion Steamship Company boats from ten thousand feet. Among these moun- Vancouver. San Francisco or Honolulu. tains are some of the largest and most The Oceanic Steamship Company also scenic glaciers in the world. In these transfers passengers from Sydney. The Southern Alps is Mt. Cook, more than Government Tourist Bureau has commo- twelve thousand feet high. On its slopes dious offices in Auckland and Wellington the Government has built a hotel to which as well as the other larger cities of New there is a motor car service. Zealand. Direct information and pam- New Zealand was the first country to phlets may be secured by writing to the , perfect the government tourist bureau. New Zealand Government Tourist Bu- She has built hotels and rest houses reau, Wellington, New Zealand. THE MID-PACIFIC .19 New South Wales 1 New South Wales is a veritable treas- Caves, ranking among the most marvel- ure ground for those in search of a health- lous of the world's phenomena, as well as ful holiday. Its varied topography is re- numberless resorts by mountain, valley, sponsible for a wealth and diversity of lake, river and ocean, are easy of access
GOVERNMENT TOURIST BUREAU Challis House, Sydney, N. S. W. scenery. Its climate is ideal. The nor- from Sydney, and possess, in addition to mal conditions throughout the year are natural charm, elaborate tourist facilities. bright blue skies and sunny days. Write for illustrated literature and Kosciusko, Australia's highest moun- tain, and the oldest known land surface tourist information to E. H. Palmer, on the globe, with its endless opportuni- Superintendent, Government Tourist ties for sport all the year round, Jenolan Bureau, Challis House, Sydney, N. S. W. 20 THE MID-PACIFIC
South Australia and Tasmania
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. From San Francisco, Vancouver and Tasmania is one of the finest tourist from Honolulu there are two lines of fast resorts in the southern hemisphere, but steamships to Sydney, Australia. ten hours' run from the Australian main- From Sydney to Adelaide, South Aus- land. Between Launceston and Melbourne tralia, there is a direct railway line on the fastest turbine steamer in Australia which concession fares are granted tour- runs thrice weekly and there is a regular ists arriving from overseas, and no service from Sydney to Hobart. visitor to the Australian Common- The island is a prolific orchard country and has some of .the finest fruit growing wealth can afford to neglect visit- tracts in the world. The climate is cooler ing the southern central state of than the rest of Australia. Australia ; for South Australia is The lakes and rivers are nearly all the state of superb climate and unrivalled stocked with imported trout, which grow resources. Adelaide, the "Garden City to weights not reached in other parts of the South," is the Capital, and there is of Australia. a Government Intelligence and Tourist The Tasmanian Government deals Bureau, where the tourist, investor, or directly with the tourist. Hobart, the settler is given accurate information, capital—one of the most beautiful cities guaranteed by the government, and free in the world—is the headquarters of the to all. From Adelaide this Bureau con- Tasmanian Government Tourist Depart- ducts rail, river and motor excursions to ment; and the bureau will arrange for almost every part of the state. Tourists transport of the visitor to any part of are sent or conducted through the mag- the island. A shilling trip to a local nificent mountain and pastoral scenery of resort is not too small for the Govern- South Australia. The government makes ment Bureau to handle, neither is a tour travel easy by a system of coupon tickets of the whole island too big. There is a and facilities for caring for the comfort branch office in Launceston performing of the tourist. Excursions are arranged the same functions. to the holiday resorts ; individuals or The Tasmanian Government has an parties are made familiar with the in- up-to-date office in Melbourne, at 59 dustrial resources, and the American as William Street, next door to the New well as the Britisher is made welcome if Zealand Government office, where guide- he cares to make South Australia his books, tickets, and information can be home. procured. The address of the Sydney The South Australian Intelligence and office is 262 George Street, and Tasmania Tourist Bureau has its headquarters on also has its own offices in Brisbane and King William Street, Adelaide, and the government has printed many illustrated Perth. books and pamphlets describing the scenic For detailed information regarding and industrial resources of the state. A Tasmania, either as to travel or settle- postal card or letter to the Intelligence ment, enquirers should write to Mr. and Tourist Bureau in Adelaide will se- E. T. Emmett, the Director of the Tas- cure the books and information you may manian Government Tourist Dept., desire. Hobart, Tasmania. THE MID-PACIFIC 21
MMI M•■•■■•■•••■■■■■ ■■■■ ■ ■ ■ •• • • •..• •1 ■•••■■•■■•••• ••■■■■•• ■••■•■•■■1 Honolulu Japan
The Japan Magazine is a Rep- resentative Monthly of things Japanese. The Japan Magazine is published in English and has as contributors Jap- anese Authors, Statesmen and Scien- tists, who are authorities on the subjects with which they deal. The Magazine is distinctively Japanese in form, printed on Japanese paper, and handsomely illustrated with half-tones on art paper. The Japan Magazine main- tains a high standard of excellence, por- traying Japanese Life, Literature, Art, Industry, Politics, Commerce and Civili- zation, frankly and accurately represent- ing the nation's progress, past and pres- THE REGAL. ent. Occupying one of the most prominent One Number of The Japan Magazine corners in the shopping district of Hono- is equal educationally to a Year's Mem- lulu the Regal Shoe Store, at the corner bership in the Asiatic Society of Japan. of Fort and Hotel Streets, is a distinct credit to the American progress in these On sale at Brentano's, New York City, islands. The stock in this store has been A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, Ill., carefully selected. Smith & McCance, Boston, Mass., Aoki Taiseo-Do, San Francisco, Cal., and The Hub is the reasonably priced cloth- Yorozu & Co., Sacramento, Cal., or send ing store in Honolulu, Clifford Spitzer direct to The Japan Magazine Company, is manager, and for a decade has studied Tokyo, Japan. the supplying of men in Hawaii with Subscription : 6 yen a year, post paid, suitable clothing and men's furnishings. single copies 50 sen. A new store has just been completed for Proprietor: the Hub, at 69-71 S. Hotel St., nr. Editor: Fort. Shigenobu Hirayama. Dr. J. Ingram Bryan. 22 THE MID-PACIFIC Entertainment In Honolulu I
The Island Curio the hills, on the car line. Rates from Co. on Hotel St., $50 a month up, $3.00 a day ; perfect ho- tel service. Miss M. Johnson, Manager, opposite the Alex. Phone 2876. Young Hotel, is The Land of the Lanai. Hawaii's o l d e s t, largest and most reliable Hawaiian and South Sea Curio establish- ment. D. A. Mc- Namarra, Prop. The Liberty, the Bijou and the Empire are the three large theatres in Honolulu providing either film features or dra- matic performances. The Liberty is one of the finest theatres in the Pacific, and The Halekulani, Hotel and Bunga- is well worth a visit on account of its art lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach collection alone. at Waikiki." Famous hau tree lanai The Pan-Pacific Gardens, on Kuakini along the ocean front. Rates, from $3.00 street, near Nuuanu Avenue, constitute per day to $75.00 per month and up, one of the finest Japanese Tea Gardens American plan. Clifford Kimball. immaginable. Here some wonderful Phone 6101. Japanese dinners are served, and visitors The Donna, 1262 to 1286 Beretania St., are welcomed to the gardens at all times. phone 2480 ; rates $47.50 a month up, Adjoining these gardens are the wonder- or $3.00 a day. This series of cottages, ful Liliuokalani gardens and the series bungalows and homes, in the heart of of waterfalls. Phone 5611. the residence district, is on the direct The Colonial, palatial house and grounds, car line to the city or the beach, its 1451 to 1473 Emma street, in the most splendid management for years has beautiful section of the city within a few made it known everywhere about the moments' walk of the business center or Pacific.
Alexander Young Hotel (under same management as Moana and seaside Hotels). THE MID-PACIFIC 23
Honolulu for the Tourist I I
"Jeffs" is the word most familiar to most instances, prices are the same as on every society leader in Honolulu.• From the Mainland. the start "Jeffs" took its place as the The Quality Inn on Hotel Street, high class woman's outfitter in Hawaii. near Fort, is aptly named, not quite a The large spacious store at Beretania restaurant, it serves dainty lunches and and Fort streets lends itself splendidly afternoon teas as well as light breakfasts. to the displays direct, even now, from Its candies and soft drinks are the best, Paris as well as from New York. and dealing directly with Rawley's Home designs are a specialty at Dairy, its ice cream, eggs and milks are "Jeffs" It was "Jeffs" design for the pure and fresh almost hourly. For the Waikiki bathing suit that was adjudged shopper there is no more enticing cafe by the vote of the people to be the pret- in Honolulu than the Quality Inn. tiest and most suitable bathing suit for The Home of Linens, Ltd., in Hono- the tropics. lulu, formerly Whitney & Marsh, Ltd., Not only are the leaders of fashion in is in the very center of the shopping dis- Hawaii outfitted at "Jeffs" but tourists trict on Fort street. and visitors quickly find their way to this Here will be found the largest assort- most interesting exhibition of the latest ment of LINENS in the Territory, Rad- fashion models of the American metrop- olis. moor Hosiery, Ladies Home Journal The prices at "Jeffs" are in accord Patterns, La Camille, Mme. Lyra, Red- with the after-war purse. This house has fern & Warner's Corsets, Ready-to-wear, Underwear, and a general line of fancy its head office at 1170 Broadway, New and staple dry goods. York, and the Honolulu branch is the dis- The oldest established Dry Goods tributing center for the entire Pacific. House in Honolulu is "Sachs'," situated The Office Supply Company, on Fort St., on Hotel Street near Fort. For over a is the home in Hawaii of the Remington quarter of a century this store has held Typewriter Co., and of the Globe-Wer- an enviable reputation for high-class nicke filing and book cases. Every kind merchandise. The beautiful court dresses worn at the receptions and balls in the of office furniture is kept in stock, as days of the Hawaiian Monarchy were well as a complete line of office station- made by this firm. Then, as now, Sachs' ary and every article that the man of was the rendezvous for ladies who de- business might need. sired the very best in Silks and Dress If you have films, or need supplies, the Fabrics, Tapestries, Draperies, Linens, Laces and Millinery. Honolulu Photo Supply Company, Ko- "The Blaisdell" dak Headquarters for the Territory, on is the newest and most up-to-date hotel in Honolulu. It is run Fort Street, develops and prints within a on the European plan, being situated in few hours, when necessary, at a special the heart of the city, (Fort Street and rate. All photo supplies, films, film packs, Chaplain Lane). It is near all the down- plates, cameras, island scenes, photo- town clubs, cafes, and restaurants. The graphs — everything photographic — al- rates are moderate — running water in ways in stock. Fresh films, packed by every room. Public baths as well as the private, have hot and cold water. Tele- the factory, in handy sealed tins for use phones in all the rooms, elevator and in the tropics, without extra charge. In pleasant lanais. 24 THE MID-PACIFIC
Progressive Honolulu
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THE LIBERTY HOUSE. THE B. F. DILLINGHAM CO., LTD., The Liberty House succeeds the firm The insurance Department of The B. of B. F. Ehlers & Co., which was estab- F. Dillingham Co., Ltd., represents all lished in Honolulu as far back at 1852, lines of insurance, being agents for a growing from small beginnings to be- come the largest dry goods store in H a- number of the best and most reliable in- waii. After an honored career under surance companies in America. the old name it bore for sixty-five years, Few there are in all America who have on July 4th, 1918, the name was changed not bad friends and relatives benefited to The Liberty House, and under this through policies in the Aetna Life In- title in future will be known Hawaii's surance Company, and affiliated com- pioneer dry goods house. panies, the Aetna Casualty and Surety The Liberty House is in fact a de- partment of the American Factors Co., Co. and the Automobile Insurance Co. of Ltd. It conducts the retail dry goods Hartford, Conn. These insure you in business of this concern and being backed case of accident, ill health, liability and by one of the greatest financial powers even workingmen's compensation, while in Hawaii, it can afford to carry the your automobile is totally insured against largest stock and variety of dry goods tire, theft, collision, loss of use or dam- in the territory. age of any kind to any part of the ma- Recently The Liberty House has been reconstructed; its spacious windows on chine. Fort Street, really extensive stages, are In the matter of life insurance the B. used not only for remarkable displays of F. Dillingham Co., Ltd., has arranged to dry goods and fashions, but also for offer policies in the safest and surest patriotic displays, dioramas of the war's American concerns, among those in progress, or realistic settings illustrating the actual work of the Red Cross nurses which it offers excellent policies are the on the field. War Posters sent from the West Coast San Francisco Life Insur- Pan-American to the Pan-Pacific Union ance Co. are displayed here as are exhibits from In fire insurance, the Hartford, Conn., the Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, so is perhaps the best known of American that everyone stops at The Liberty fire insurance companies, the Phoenix House. Fire Insurance Co., Providence-Wash- The people of Hawaii know The Lib- ington, New York Underwriters and the erty House through all its various floors and departments, it is the first place to Atlas Assurance Co., Ltd., all of which attract visitors. This firm makes a concerns the B. F. Dillingham Co., Ltd., specialty of ladies' apparel and of bring- represents in Hawaii. ing the latest fashions to Hawaii. Life, fire, marine, automobile and ev- The year round silk and woolen suits, ery kind of property insurance is under- skirts, waists and all the wearing apparel of women are rushed through at fre- written by the B. F. Dillingham Co., quent intervals from New York by Wells Ltd. A generous portion of its office Fargo Express, being only twelve to space in the Stangenwald Building on fourteen days in transit, so that the fash- Merchant street, Honolulu, is given ions on Fort Street are only a few days over to the insurance department, behind those of Broadway. Tile ilatt-Parifir Union THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION is an organization representing Governments of Pacific lands, with which are affiliated Chambers of Commerce, and kindred bodies, working for the advancement of Pacific States and Communities, and a greater coopera- tion among and between the people of all races in Pacific lands. HONORARY PRESIDENTS Woodrow Wilson President of the United States William N. Hughes Prime Minister of Australia W. F. Massey Prime Minister of New Zealand Hsu Shih-chang President of China Sir Robert Borden Premier of Canada HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Franklin K. Lane Secretary of the Interior, U. S. A. John Barrett Director-General Pan-American Union Prince J. K. Kalanianaole Delegate to Congress from Hawaii The Governor-General of Java. The Governor-General of the Philippines. The Premiers of Australian States and of British Columbia. President Hon. C. J. McCarthy, Governor of Hawaii Secretary Alexander Hume Ford, Honolulu The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointing representatives of the different countries cooperating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union: 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the purpose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter- racial cooperation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to cooperate in local affairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits ; provided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of in- formation (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commercial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 10. To secure the cooperation and support of Federal and State governments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 1 1. To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar coopera- tion and support from all Pacific governments. 12. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship. ittagazinr Official Organ of the Pan-Pacific Union. Published by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolulu, T. H. Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Yearly subscriptions in the United States and possessions, $2.50 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $2.75. For all foreign countries, $3.00. Single copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. Permission is given to republish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine.