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XX. No. 4. 25 CENTS A COPY OCTOBER, 1920. ;Ile MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE o759thl of* ofthe CI IC FED STATES AUSTRALASIA HAWAII ORIENT TTcersr. JAVA b 014 .b_ti .1. f IN . CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD Volume XX. No. 4. CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1920. Art Section—Pacific Scenes - - - - 316 South American Camel - - - - 317 By Edward Albes of the Pan-American Union Staff The Japanese Moral Spirit - - - - - - 325 By a Government Official Hawaii at Random - - - - - - 329 By C. T. Rodgers The Single Tax on Land in Australia - - - 333 By Dr. Elwood Mead A Trip Through China 337 By W. C. Hodgkins Mesa Verde, the Gateway to the Pacific National Parks 341 By Stephen G. Mather ) The Bow and Arrow in Hawaii - - - - 345 By Joseph S. Emerson, The Story of Quinine - - - - 349 By Edward Albes of the Pan American Union Staff A Palm-Clad Mountain Isle - - - - - 355 By Mrs. W. A. Holman Some New Zealand Notes - - - - - 359 By C. W. McMurran Mauna Loa's Eruption 363 By Keoki Pukaua The Truth About Alaska 367 By Governor Thomas Riggs, Jr. Industrial Education in the Philippines - - - 371 By Luther Parker The Whence of the Polynesian - - - 375 By Howard B. Case Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union - - - - - 381 New Series. No. 12. .111, glib-Fart& Magazine Published by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolulu T. H. Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Yearly subscriptions in the United States and possessions, $2.50 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $2.75. For all foreign countries, $3.00. Single copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice. Permission is given to republish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. -,...c Hawaii is the first turning to the left after leaving San Francisco, and here are glimpsed the first coconut trees of the tropics. Hawaii being just within the line. All is not coconut groves in Hawaii; there are native forests and waterfalls everywhere, even within the corporate limits of Hono- lulu, the Capital City. ee. In Hawaii the groves of coconut palms also serve as feeding ground for the poultry that is raised, and if water is near by there is a duck pond. In Australia there are forests of great area and the Australians delight in roaming them, for the climate is one of the most inviting and agreeable in the world. The Polynesian race has peopled almost the entire island area of the tropical Pacific. It is one great family distributed over half the water area of the ocean. Such totem poles are found in Alaska, New Zealand. many of the South Sea isles, and wherever the Polynesian has found his way, even in South America. ec" The scenic pride of America's Pacific coast is El Capitan Rock in Yosemite Park, where the picturesque wonders of the new world are assembled. The scenic glory of Japan is Fujiyama Mountain, pictured in al- most every art creation of the Japanese. It is their sacred mountain and chief delight. Down in the Solomons, what there is of dress is artistic. The scant costuming lends itself to the surroundings and is de- manded by the climate. In Japan the costuming of the men is as stately and artistic as are the forests of Cryptomeria that make beautiful many parts of the Island Empire. There is one lone hot spring in Hawaii, on the slopes that come down from the Volcano of Kilauea, and here the tourist de- lights to disport himself. Parts of New Zealand abound in hot springs. Some of them boil and erupt, so that one must be careful as to which he selects for his morning bath. Modern masonry bridges span primitive streams and rushing cas- cades in Hawaii; the autoist may ride from Hilo over one of the scenic roads of the world, In California the motorist has roads cut through the forests of giant redwoods, where it is never mid-day, but ever pleasant twilight. sC ag&E In the South Sea Island the Coconut Crab steals the milk of the coconut, but he yields a delicious meat as food and is much sought after. Edited by Alexander Hume Ford. 11.r filth-Part& filagazittr Official Organ of the Pan-Pacific Union. Volume XX. OCTOBER, 1920. Number 4 I I I The South American Camel By EDWARD ALBES of the Pan-American Union Staff. UST where the writer, when quite the mental whisper, "Not goat, but a a small boy, received the impres- camel." j sion that black alpaca coats and The trouble is, the animal does not dresses were made from the woven hair look like a camel in any feature but its of a species of goat is a mystery to him. neck, and there have been quite a num- However he may have obtained the mis- ber of others, many of them more fa- • information, it certainly made quite an miliar with the alpaca and llama than is impression, for to this day when some- the writer, who have had more or less thing is said of the animal known as the difficulty in assigning to these animals alpaca the image of a goat appears be- their proper zoological status. For in- fore his mind's eye, and it is with some stance, one of the best accounts of the effort that he pulls himself together with four species of the American genus of 317 318 THE MID-PACIFIC Typical Llama head and neck. The ordinary height of the Llama is from 4 to 41/2 feet, but owing to the long neck and loftily held head he ap- pears taller than he really is. THE MID-PACIFIC 319 the family of Camelidae that has been species that we have to deal. Of these published in English is embodied in a two species, the llama and alpaca, are little work published in London in the tame ; the other two, the guanaco and year 1811 under the title "An Historical the vicuna, are wild—in fact, rather ex- and Descriptive Account of the Peruvian cessively wild. The two former were Sheep called Carneros de la Tierra, by domesticated by the indigenous races of William Walton." Thus Walton called the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes—how them sheep, notwithstanding the fact many centuries ago no one knows. To that he knew they were related to the the Peruvians of the earliest times of the camels. Incas, perhaps a thousand years before The distinct kinds of Peruvian sheep the discovery of America by Columbus, called by the Spaniards Carneros de la the llama was as well established a beast Tierra, or country sheep, are four viz. : of burden as was the camel to the Arabs the Llama and Alpaca, domestic animals when Christ was born. No doubt those and beasts of burden, and the Huanaco old builders of the megalithic ruins on and Vicuna, which are wild, and never the southern shore of Lake Titicaca, yet tamed but in some solitary instances. where now stands the little village of Though they all appear to be interme- Tiahuanacu, used the llama to carry diate species between the camel and the their lighter loads and wove their gar- sheep, and as it were, a delicate mixture ments from the fur of the alpaca. At and blending with the stag, yet we con- any rate, there was no record of a time sider them respectively as perfectly dis- when the Incas or their antecedents did tinct in their genus, as is the ass from not have the tamed llama, so that the do- the horse, notwithstanding that alliances mestication of the camels of the New are made between them, so that, though World, like that of the camels of the their generic denomination is the same, Old, must have first taken place in the the races are different, and differ in their days of hoary antiquity. perceptible characters. Without being If there had been any account of the descended from the camel, they have taming of the llama in Incaic legends some marks of exterior resemblance, and or traditions unquestionably such an are possessed of some of his properties, important fact would have been men- without having any of his deformities. tioned by some of the old Spanish 'Our contemporaneous zoologists, how- chroniclers, such as Padre Acosta, in ever, have about settled the matter of whose "Historia Natural y Moral de las classification by giving to the South Indias" appears an excellent descrip- American genus of camels the name Au- tion of the llama as a domesticated chenia, defined by the Century Diction- beast of burden. In the "Comentar- ary as "a genus of ruminants, of the ios Reales de los Incas" of the Inca family Camelidae, representing in the Garcilaso de la Vega is also to be New World the camels of the old, but found a good account of the domesti- having no hump. The genus includes cated animals of the Peruvians, includ- four important and well-known quad- ing the llama and alpaca. The Inca rupeds indigenous to South America— Garcilaso, who was the son of an Inca namely, the llama (A. llama), the gua- princess and one of the Spanish con- aco (A. huanaco), the alpaca (A. pa- quistadores, had spent the early years cos), and the vicuna (A. vicuna.) of his life in Peru, knew the language It is with the Carneros de la Tierra, of the Peruvians thoroughly, and was or South American genus with its four familiar with their traditions and every 320 THE MID-PACIFIC THE MID-PACIFIC 321 feature of their lives. He went to that of a fallow deer in shape, but Spain in 1560, and some time there- tapers greatly at the loins, like that after published his celebrated "Comen- of the greyhound.