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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09052-1 - Religious Deviance in the Roman World: Superstition or Individuality? Jörg Rüpke Index More information

Index locorum

Acts 4 Cic. Leg . 2.25, 29 17, 100 Cic. Leg. 2.26–69, 103 AE 1987, 163, 33 Cic. Leg. 2.28, 30 , 98 AE 1996, 685, 77 Cic. Leg . 2.32–3, 28 Amm. Marc. 19.2.12, 85 Cic. Leg. 2.35, 103 Apul. Apol. 102, 66 Cic. Leg. 2.35–7, 30 Apul. Apol. 57.2, 66 Cic. Leg . 2.37, 97 Apul. Apol. 58ff ., 66 Cic. Leg. 2.41, 30 , 104 Apul. Deo Socr. 3, 101 Cic. Leg. 2.42, 104 Apul. Met. 3.19.4, 101 Cic. Leg . 2.45, 96 Ascon. Corn . p. 75 Clark, 106 Cic. Leg . 2.46–68, 96 Aug. Civ . 6.3, 28 Cic. Leg . 2.47, 14 Aug. Civ . 6.10, 48 , 49 , 50 , 57 Cic. Leg . 2. 52–3, 13 Aug. Civ. 6.11, 49 Cic. Leg . 2.55, 81 Cic. Leg. 3.6, 24 Cass. Dio 43.45, 61 Cic. Leg. 3.48, 28 Cic. Ad Brut. 10.1, 100 Cic. Leg. 3.49, 28 Cic. Balb. 55, 38 Cic. Leg. agr. 2.16–18, 78 Cic. Brut. 120, 100 Cic. Nat . 1.76–84, 55 Cic. Cael. 40, 100 Cic. Nat. 1.81, 51 Cic. Div . 1.19, 59 Cic. Nat. 1.83, 54 Cic. Div. 1.77f., 4 Cic. Nat. 1.84, 56 Cic. Div. 1.81, 55 Cic. Nat . 3.39, 104 Cic. Div. 1.92, 38 Cic. Nat . 3.42, 104 Cic. Div . 2.45–7, 59 Cic. Nat . 3.54, 104 Cic. Dom . 108–12, 57 Cic. Resp. 18, 38 Cic. Dom . 110–11, 58 CIL 12 .581, 15 Cic. Dom . 127, 29 CIL 6.1288, 33 Cic. Dom . 51, 51 CIL 6.2193, 67 Cic. Flacc . 69, 100 CIL 8.620 = 11796 , 96 Cic. fr. 10. 36–8 Courtney, 59 CIL 10.5265, 82 Cic. Leg. 1.23, 103 CIL 14.2112.10–13, 67 Cic. Leg. 1.60, 103 Cod. Th eod. 2.8.18, 80 Cic. Leg. 2.5, 103 , 104 Cod. Th eod. 9.16.7, 85 Cic. Leg. 2.17, 103 Cod. Th eod. 9.16.9, 83 Cic. Leg. 2.19, 24 , 29 , 30 , 97 Cod. Th eod. 16.1.1, 87 Cic. Leg. 2.19–22, 24 Cod. Th eod. 16.1.2, 87 Cic. Leg. 2.2, 66 Cod. Th eod. 16.1.2.1, 87 Cic. Leg . 2.20–1, 84 Cod. Th eod. 16.2.1–2, 78 Cic. Leg. 2.21, 30 Cod. Th eod. 16.5, 101 Cic. Leg. 2.22, 30 , 80 , 97 , 104 Cod. Th eod. 16.5.4, 75

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134 Index locorum

Cod. Th eod. 16.6.50, 101 Jos. Bell. Jud. 2.8.1, 100 Cod. Th eod . 16.8.8, 91 Cod. Th eod. 16.10.1, pr., 83 Lact. Div. inst . 5.20.3, 29 Cod. Th eod. 16.10.3, 82 Lact. Mort. pers. 34.1, 100 Cod. Th eod . 16.10.4, 84 Lact. Mort. pers. 48.1–11, 67 Cod. Th eod. 16.10.6, 84 1, 55.4, 82 Cod. Th eod. 16.10.7, 84 Livy 5.50–4, 81 Cod. Th eod. 16.10.8, 86 Livy 6.41.9, 33 Cod. Th eod. 16.10.10, 85 Livy 9.29.9–11, 96 Cod. Th eod. 16.10.12, 82 , 85 Livy 26.19.5, 59 Cod. Th eod. 16.10.17–18, 88 Livy 27.8.4–10, 4 Cod. Th eod. 16.11.1, 88 Livy 27.25.7–9, 60 Cod. Th eod. 16.11.3, 87 Lucr. 6.417–19, 60 Coll. 6.4, 80 Coll. 15.2, 66 Macrob. Sat. 1.16.8, 99 Coll. 15.3.2–4, 76 , 84 Min. Fel. 5.1, 101 Min. Fel. 6.1, 101 Dig. 1.1.1.2, 79 Min. Fel. 24.11, 110 Dig . 1.8.9, pr-1, 82 Dig . 1.8.9.2, 81 P. Dura 54, 109 Dig . 3.4.1.1, 67 Plaut. Ps. 363, 80 Dig. 47.12, 80 Plaut. Rud. 646–71, 33 Dig. 47.21, 82 Plaut. Rud . 706, 80 Dig . 47.22.1.1, 74 Plin. Ep . 10.48–9, 82 Dig . 47.22.1.2, 75 Plin. Ep . 10.49, 110 Dig . 48.13.11, 80 Plin. Ep. 10.50, 107 Dion. Hal. 2.65.2, 99 Plin. Ep . 10.68–9, 81 Dion. Hal. 3.69.3–6, 82 Plin. HN 28.10–17, 15 Plin. HN 34.15–16, 61 Fest. 284, 18–21 L, 98 Plut. Coriol . 38, 60 Fest. 424 L, 81 Plut. De E ap. Delph. 393D, 61 Fest. 476.26–9 L, 82 Plut. Deis. 1= 164E, 45 Firmic. Err. prof. rel. 18.1, 101 Plut. Deis. 3c –d = 165E–166A, 46 Plut. Deis. 4 a = 166F, 46 Gai. Inst . 2.5–7, 82 Plut. Deis. 6b = 167, 46 Gai. Inst. 2.7a, 107 Plut. Deis. 7d = 168D, 46 Gell. NA, 6.1.6, 59 Plut. Deis. 9b = 169E, 46 Gell. NA 10.15.1–30, 13 Plut. Deis. 10a –12 = 169E–171B, 45 Gell. NA 16.4.4, 95 Plut. Deis. 11 = 170E, 46 Gell. NA 16.13.9, 108 Plut. Deis. 13 = 171C-E, 46 Plut. Deis. 14 = 171F, 46 Heron Aut. 2.21, 63 Plut. Non posse sua uita uiui secundum Epicurum, Heron Pneum. 1.12, 63 1101E, 64 Heron Pneum. 1.17, 63 Prop. 4.2, 51 , 57 Heron Pneum. 1.32, 63 Heron Pneum. 1.38–9, 63 Quint. Decl. 323, 1 H o r . Carm. 1.34.14f., 33 Scaevola, Q. Iur . 10-11, 14 ILLRP 511, 15 Scaevola, Q. Iur . 12, 14 ILS 1782, 81 Scaevola, Q. Iur . 14, 14 ILS 4032, 81 Sen. Ep. 41.1–3, 93 ILS 4908, 96 Sen. Ep . 41.5, 94 ILS 4966, 67 Sen. Ep. 41.3, 94 ILS 6087, 107 Sen. Superst. fr. 31 Haase = fr. 65 Vottero, 57 ILS 7212, 67 Sen. Superst . fr. 33 Haase = fr. 67 Vottero, 49

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Index locorum 135

Sen. Superst . fr. 34 Haase = fr. 68 Vottero, 50 Val. Max. 1.1.13, 41 Sen. Superst . fr. 36 Haase = fr. 69 Vottero, 48 Val. Max. 1.1.2, 38 Sen. Superst . fr. 37 Haase = fr. 70 Vottero, 49 Val. Max. 1.1.3, 39 Sen. Superst . fr. 39 Haase = fr. 72 Vottero, 50 Val. Max. 1.1.8, 39 Sen. Superst . fr. 43 Haase = fr. 74 Vottero, 49 Val. Max. 1.2.1–4, 43 Serv. Aen . 8.179, 96 Val. Max. 1.3, 44 Serv. Georg . 1.269, 13 Val. Max. 1.4–8, 44 Serv. auct. Aen. 1.505, 52 Varro, Ant. rer. div . fr. 2 Cardauns, 17 , 35 Suet. Aug. 31.1, 43 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 3, 20 , 21 , 42 Suet. Tib . 14.2, 4, 43 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 7, 20 Suet. Tib . 36, 43 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 10, 20 Suet. Tib . 40, 108 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 12, 19 Suet. Tib . 63, 43 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 15, 54 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 18, 19 , 52 , 55 Tac. Ann . 2.32, 43 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 22, 19 Tac. Ann . 15.44.4, 110 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 38, 52 , 53 , 54 T e r . Ad. 304, 80 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 46, 19 Tert. Adv. Marc. 4.36, 101 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 46a , 19 Tert. Apol. 3.6, 100 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 48, 18 Tert. Apol. 40.7, 100 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 51, 35 Tert. Apol. 46.2, 100 Varro, Ant. rer. div . fr. 70, 52 Tert. Idol. 3.1, 54 Varro, Ant. rer. div . fr. 191-2, 54 Tert. Ieiun. 12, 101 Varro, Ant. rer. div . fr. 225, 55 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 228, 54 Val. Max. 1, pr, 37 Varro, Ant. rer. div. fr. 262, 18 , 104 Val. Max. 1.1.12 f., 40 Varro, De vita populi Romani 1, fr. 15 Riposati, 54

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Subject index

Aberglaube , 10 belief, 44 aedes , 52 Bibulus, 95 Aelius Aristides, Hieroi logoi , 113 bilingualism, 111 , 113 Bion of Borysthenes, 45 Aesculap, 24 bishop, 88 , 91 , 114 Aesculapius, 99 bodily injury by magic, 66 agape, 73 Bourdieu, Pierre, 5 ager publicus , 82 Bowes, Kim, 85 Alexander the Great, 1 Boyarin, Daniel, 91 altar, 64 , 93 burial, 95 altaria , 75 burial ritual, 13 Amestris, wife of Xerxes, 48 ancestral rites, 29 , 98 Caecilius Metellus, P., 35 Annaeus Seneca, L., 5 Caesar, 66 , 95 , 104 , 108 Annius Luscus, Ti., 77 calendar, 107 , 108 anthropology, 6 calendar reform, 108 anthropomorphic images, 52 , 57 cannibalism, 110 Antioch, 102 Capitol, 48 , 49 , 97 , 104 antiquarian literature, 4 , 107 Anubis, 18 capitolium , 108 apologetic works, 110 Carrhae, 104 appropriation, 3 Casa dei Vettii VI.15, 53 Apuleius of Madaura, 66 casa VI.7.9, 53 Apuleius, Metamorphoses , 113 casa IX.7.1, 54 , 62 Aquileia, 77 Castor, 24 Argei, 99 Celsus, 110 aristocratic virtues, 105 censura diuina , 71 associations, 79 , 109 , 30 , 37 , 99 , 7 Chaldaei , 44 , 101 Atilius, M., 41 Chaldeans Attus Navius, 36 expulsion, 97 , 25 , 38 charming crops, 15 Augustine, 50 , 113 Chiragan, 108 , 43 , 66 , 109 Chrestianismos , 102 auspices, private, 95 Christiani , 67 autonomy, 111 Christianity, recognition, 92 church, 67 , 87 Bacchanalia, 16 , 18 , 29 , 97 church and individuals, 70 Bacchus, 17 , 104 , 51 , 92 , 106 Bar Kochba, 102 religious legislation, 89 barbarians, 9 Cicero, De legibus , 17 , 21 , 35 , 106 , 107

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Subject index 137

Cicero, De natura deorum , 55 , 61 , 104 , 106 daimon, 46 citizenship, 9 , 38 , 100 , 103 , 104 , 110 Damasus, bishop, 87 civic cults, 50 de Certeau, Michel, 3 , 11 Claudius Caecus, Ap., 97 De religione , 28 Claudius Marcellus, M., 39 death penalty, 9 , 30 clerici , 79 dedication of temples, 18 clerics, 79 , 89 defi lement, 14 , 15 Clodius Pulcher, Ap., 51 , 104 deisidaimonia , 5 , 7 , 45 , 46 , 65 Cod. Th eod. 16.1, 87 Delmaire, Roland, 75 , 80 Codex Gregorianus , 76 delubra , 54 Codex Gregorianus 5, 80 Demeter, 30 Codex Hermogenianus , 76 demons, 6 , 45 Codex Iustinianus , 76 , 92 de-traditionalization, 111 , 112 Codex Th eodosianus , 4 , 65 , 75 , 82 , 89 deviance coins, 62 defi nition, 91 Collatio Mosaicarum et Romanarum legum , 76 functionality, 105 college of pontiff s, 39 as sickness, 105 , 67 tool of research, 10 colonies, 108 deviance, defi nition, 3 communication Di , 26 , 81 , 96 visual, 54 Diagoras, 47 Concordia, 55 dialogue with the god, 59 confl ict between consuls and people, 19 Digests , 75 confl ict between diff erent norms, 2 digging up of boundary stones, 82 congregations, 87 Dionysism, 109 conscription Dionysus, 15 , 17 , 97 exemption on religious grounds, 95 disciplina , 101 Constantine, 67 , 82 , 92 divination, 3 , 44 , 51 , 83 , 84 , 87 , 113 Constitutio Antoniniana , 110 control, 84 consuetudo , 84 , 89 individual access, 95 contingency, 9 divination and religion, 85 Cornelius , P., 43 , 59 divine anger, 8 Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, P., 39 divine property, 80 Cornelius , L., 43 divine qualities, 55 corpus Christianorum , 68 divine revelation, 83 Corpus Iuris Ciuilis , 75 diviner, 7 Coruncanius, Iur. 1, 12 Divus Augustus, 108 Coruncanius, Ti., 12 Durkheim, Émile, 8 , 10 credulitas , 88 dynamics of religion, 10 credulity, 9 , 88 crimen , 10 earthquake, 18 criminal law, 80 ecclesia , 75 , 87 criminality, 2 , 4 , 10 , 113 Edict of Milan, 67 criminalization, 104 , 110 Edict of Tolerance, 100 Critias, 47 , 43 Cronos, 47 Egypt, 53 , 104 crossroads, 7 Egyptian gods, 18 cult continuity, 97 elite, 5 , 6 , 8 , 95 cult of the dead, 13 in Greek cities, 109 cult without images, 52 standards, 105 cultores , 66 elite discourse, 64 curiae , 99 elite literary tradition, 11 curtains, 59 elite religion, 56 custom, 5 , 23 , 27 , 34 , 84 , 89 , 100 , 106 emotions, 49 , 94 , 62 , 97 , 98 Empedocles, 47

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138 Subject index

empire, concepts of, 107 Gabinius, A., 19 Epicureans, 55 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 61 Epidaurus, 99 galli , 97 epileptic fi t, 95 Gellius, Attic Nights , 13 error, 39 gentes , 99 etiquette, 7 Giants, 48 etymological method, 107 god and image, 61 euocare , 99 gods, 42 eusebeia , 46 anthropomorphism, 55 evocare , 82 Ciceronian concept, 22 , 23 exclusion, 10 , 92 , 103 , 106 , 110 general characteristics, 6 exemption, 79 introduction of new, 96 , 100 experientia , 63 limited number, 56 expiation, 21 presence, 61 , 62 extra-urban sanctuaries, 24 punitive powers, 24 qualities attributed to, 57 Fabius Pictor, Ser., 12 , 13 wreath, 25 factio , 70 , 71 , 72, 74 Gordon, Richard, 8 , 9 , 61 , 64 families, 111 Gracchus, Tib., 39 family cult, 30 grand optimal illusion, 6 family tradition, 81 grave robbery, 81 fas , 13 , 76 graves, 81 , 82 , 95 , 4 , 15 , 108 Greece, 99 Fasti Amiterni , 109 Greek books on philosophy, 40 Fasti porticus , 109 Greeks, 103 fatherlands, two, 103 group identifi cation, 9 fear of the gods, 7 , 19 , 49 groups in society, 91 , 54 feriae, 5 3 habit, 5 , 62 feriae singulorum , 99 Hades, 48 feriae denicales , 95 haeresis , 101 Feriale Duranum, 109 hairdresser, 49 , 25 , 34 hairesis , 100 Fides, 24 Harpocrates, 18 fi des catholica , 87 haruspices, 25 , 43 , 83 Figulus, C., 39 haruspicy, 85 fi nger-bone, 14 healing, 62 fi scal advantages, 78 healing cults, 110 fl amen, 3 3 Hecate, 7 fl amen Dialis , 4 , 13 , 34 , 35 , 24 fl amen Falacer , 34 heresiograph, 114 fl amen Furinalis , 34 heretical imperative, 112 fl amen Martialis , 34 heretics, 75 fl amen Volcanalis , 34 Hermaphrodite, 7 Flamininus, C., 4 Hero of Alexandria, 63 Fögen, Marie-Th eres, 83 Hesberg, Henner von, 59 foreign religions, 8 , 9 , 76 , 100 Hispellum, 82 , 53 , 54 , 55 Honos, 60 , 56 horizontal mobility, 98 Fortuna Muliebris, 54 , 55 household religion, 85 founding colonies, 77 , 78 household sacrifi ce, 83 Fragmenta Vaticana fr. 148 Huschke, 78 humanitas , 9 fratres , 71 hymn, 85 fratres Aruales, 34 fraudulous marriage, 66 Ianuarius Nepotianus, 43

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Subject index 139

iconicity, 61 Licinia, 14 ideal conceptions, 5 Licinius, 67 , 92 , 100 idolatry, 50 , 51 , 89 Licinius Crassus, M., 104 image licitum , 13 criticism, 61 lightning, 51 , 59 , 60 , 83 interaction with, 56 literary communication, 110 materials, 57 loca religiosa , 95 immigrant networks, 109 locus sacer , 95 immigrants, 112 Lucian’s Pseudoprophetes imperial cult, 107 , 108 , 112 Alexandros , 110 imperial festivals, 109 Lucretius, 59 imperial religion, 107 Luna, 54 imprudens , 14 Luperci, 34 incendiarism, 110 Lymphae , 20 incense, 2 incest, 110 magicians, 101 India, 104 magistrates, 23 , 24 individuality, 2, 10 , 111 magistratus , 22 individualization, 10 , 94 maiores , 90 individuation, 111 malefi cia , 66 inheritance law, 15 , 79 malefi cium , 87 , 110 innovation, religious, 38 Manicheans, 76 , 114 intent, 15 Marius, C., 43 internal religious jurisdiction, 89 Martin, Dale, 6 , 45 Isis, 18 , 50 , 97 , 104 , 106 Mater magna Idaea, 25 , 99 Iulius Paris, 43 mechanisms in temples, 63 Iurisprudentia anteiustiniana , 12 memberships in colleges, 75 ius , 12 , 13 , 22 , 29 , 79 Mens, 24 ius publicum , 79 merchants, 110 , 53 , 54 Jerusalem, 91 , 102 Milo, 104 Jews, 9 , 43 , 91 , 110 , 114 , 119 , 121 mime, 49 expulsion, 97 , 49 , 53 , 108 , 49 , 108 minorities, 11 , 49 , 50 , 54 , 59 , 60 , 95 miracle, 44 , 55 , 60 Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 9 , 108 mirror, 63 Mishnah, 91 labelling, 10 mobility, 112 lamps, 62 mos , 5 landscape murals, 62 mosaics, 59 Lares , 24 , 58 , 106 mourning, 95 law of associations, 106 Mucius Scaevola, P., 13 law of property, 81 Mucius Scaevola, Q., 14 law on religion, 3 , 89 , 90 municipal statutes, 77 legal texts, 65 municipalia sacra , 100 , 103 , 5 murals, 112 legislation of Late Antiquity, 90 legislation on colleges, 66 narrative, 42 , 54 legislation on religion, 78 natural law, 103 lex Ogulnia , 105 nature, 94 lex Ursonensis , 28 , 77 , 107 New Testament scriptures, 92 Liber Pater, 17 , 18 , 24 non-public religion, 81 liberalitas , 105 norm, 5 Libertas, 58 normative texts, 92 libri Sibyllini , see Sibylline books norms, 77 , 82 , 91

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140 Subject index

internalization, 96 Priapus, 53 transference from public to private, 105 priest, 1 , 4 , 16 , 38 , 39 , 58 Numa, 5 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 54 , 66 priesthoods, 105 priestly colleges, 99 obligations of service, 78 , 79 priests, 15 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 42 , 66 , obligatory religion, 113 77 , 78 , 81 , 84 , 89 , 107 oracles, 110 abuse of the priesthood, 79 Orphism, 109 plebeians, 105 private cults, 30 pagani , 75 , 85 private revelation, 95 paganism, 50 , 87 privatim , 29 pagi , 99 privatization of religion, 109 pater familias, 96 privileges, 78 , 89 pathos , 63 problem of proof, 87 patricians, 105 prodigium , 59 , 60 pax deorum , 10 property law, 82 penalization, 66 provincial legislators, 107 Penates, 58 provocatio , 24 peregrina sacra , 99 prudens , 14 perfi dia , 101 public and private, 109 perjury, 27 , 30 public and private law, 79 Persia, 76 public burdens, 78 persona Christianorum , 68 public religion Pessinus, 97 minimal defi nition, 108 Peter, bishop of Alexandria, 87 Pudentilla, 66 Peter, Saint, 87 , 90 purity, 15 , 29 Petilius, Q., 41 purus , 14 Petronius, Sabin, 41 , 2 , 46 philosopher, 66 philosophical discourse, 92 , 24 philosophical religious criticism, 94 philosophical schools, 100 , 101 , 113 Rabbinic Judaism, 91 Phrygia, 99 reform, 106 piaculum , 13 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 95 regulation of religion, 3 picturing, 56 religio , 8 , 13 , 18 , 67 , 68 , 76 , 101 pietas , 8 , 71 , 105 religion, 87 Pietas, 24 basis for social values, 76 piety, 73 Ciceronian concept, 23 , 31 Pinarii, 96 instrumental religion, 9 Plato, 22 , 28 , 48 late ancient concept, 88 Plautus, 8 , 122 personal attribute, 113 , 2 , 5 , 19 , 110 public and private, 98 Plutarch, Peri desidaimonia , 45 public control, 105 poisoning, 65 , 66 social form, 70 political coup, 110 standardization, 114 Pollux, 24 systematization, 4 , 106 polytheism, 50 , 94 , 112 textualization, 112 polytheism without images, 54 Valerius Maximus’ concept, 38 Pompey, 104 Varronian concept, 20 , 12 , 38 , 78 religion of the elite, 8 pontiff , 14 , 38 , 81 , 100 , 103 religion of the general populace, 9 pontifi cal law, 12 , 13 , 40 religiosus , 19 , 81 , 82 pools of dark waters, 93 religious aetiology, 113 prayer, 53 , 85 religious associations, 74 diff erent types, 86 religious authority, 6

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Subject index 141

religious change, 31 , 42 , 76 , 97 , 102 , 106 sacrilegium , 30 , 80 religious competency, 112 sacrilegus , 90 religious deviance, 80 , 90 passim , 34 social location, 88 Salus, 55 sources, 92 sanctions, 82 religious experience, 50 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 92 , 94 Scheid, John, 9 , 78 , 80 , 98 individual, 95 schola , 52 religious freedom, 69 secrecy, 17 religious groups, 101 secta , 100 religious individuality, 114 sects, 75 , 87 , 100 religious individuation, 111 secularity of Roman law, 14 religious initiatives senators, 16 , 17 , 21 , 31 priorities, 97 Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus, religious knowledge, 11 , 12 , 14 , 17 , 20 , 21 , 29 , 15 – 17 30 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , Seneca, 92 , 110 43 , 44 , 49 , 55 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 101 , Seneca, De superstitione , 48 , 94 106 , 110 , 113 separatim , 29 divination, 43 separatism, 101 imperial monopoly, 83 Septimontium, 99 individual, 87 , 90 Serapis, 18 legitimate, 87 Sertorius, Q., 43 transcendent resources, 83 Sibylline books, 42 religious leadership, 10 simulacrum , 56 , 58 religious norms, 1 , 2 , 90 snake, 7 , 63 n e w , 9 6 social discipline, 105 religious options, 27 , 112 socialization, 111 religious pluralism, 28 secondary, 111 religious statute, 4 sodales , 34 remarriage, 13 Sol, 54 representation, 60 , 62 , 94 sollemnia , 24 responsum of the pontifi cal college, 14 soul, 93 rise of a world empire, 31 space, 63 , 80 , 82 ritual errors, 9 , 15 open, 93 ritual knowledge, 13 , 15 springs of hot water, 93 ritual mistake, 39 standards of the elite, 10 ruler cult, 108 statue, 50 , 52 , 54 , 89 , 90 attack on, 59 Sabazius, 7 attributes, 55 Sabbath practices of Roman women, 4 biography, 58 sacer , 14 , 15 , 52 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 93 bleeding, 51 sacer and profanus , 90 of Caesar, 56 sacerdos , 16 criticism, 94 sacra privata , 96 dedication, 51 , 60 , 96 sacra publica , 5 , 34 , 77 , 96 , 108 positioning, 59 sacraria , 81 on roof, 52 sacrifi ce, 2 , 5 , 7 , 12 , 19 , 26 , 27 , 37 , 40 , 46 , 51 , 83 , as a symbol, 60 84 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 110 , 131 statues of children, 46 of emperors, 61 of humans, 47 representations of, 61 nocturnal, 66 , 85 stereotype, 9 , 105 philosophical criticism, 86 Steuernagel, Dirk, 59 without statue, 53 Stewart, Peter, 56 , 61 sacrifi ces, 90 Stroumsa, Guy G., 102 sacrifi cial vessels, 53 Suetonius, biographies, 113 sacrilege, 59 , 80 summa honoraria , 71

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142 Subject index

Sunday observance, 80 tradition, 89 , 112 superstitio , 1 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 4 5 , 5 7 , 6 5 , contingency, 106 82 , 88 , 105 safeguarding, 106 vana , 89 traditional religion, 50 superstitio discourse, 110 transfer of property, 52 superstition, 6 , 7 transitory presence, 61 superstitiosus , 19 Twelve Tables, 14 , 75 symphoniaci , 66 Typhons, 48

Tarquinius, king, 41 uates , 37 taxation, 79 uenefi cia , 66 temple, 7 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 90 , 93 Ulpian, 65 , 79 closing of, 84 urbanization, 111 Etruscan, 52 Urso, 77 foundation, 52 , 60 interior, 59 Valerius Flaccus, C., 4 kept open, 86 Valerius Maximus, 36 religious experience, 57 variation, 5 , 44 restoration, 97 Varro, 4 , 52 , 92 , 106 Roman, 59 Varro, Antiquitates rerum diuinarum , 28 , 35 , 54 , Temple B of Largo Argentina, 56 97 , 107 temple for two gods, 60 Varro, Antiquitates rerum humanarum et temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 59 diuinarum , 17 temple of the Gens Flavia, 82 vates , 6 temple to Honor and Virtue, 39 , 107 , 113 , 82 Verrius Flaccus, 99 Tertullian, Apology , 70 , 57 Tertullian, De praescriptione Vespasian, 109 haereticorum , 101 , 35 theatre, 20 , 64 Vestal, 14 , 25 , 30 theologia ciuilis , 35 Virgil, , 113 theology, 7 , 45 , 61 Virtus, 24 , 60 civic theology, 20 votive inscriptions, 5 , 112 tria genera , 19 , 43 votive religion, 86 theology of poets, 20 theology of presence, 77 wilderness, 94 Th eophrast. Charact. 16, 8 women, 9 , 25 , 49 Th eophrastus, 7 , 19 , 92 , 105 Tiberius, Emperor, 37 , 43 Xenophanes, 48 Titan, 22 Xviri sacris faciundis , 3 3

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