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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Of LES FAICTZ DE JESUS CHRIST ET DU PAPE: THE POLEMICS OF FRENCH REFORM BEFORE CALVIN Octavian Lucian Jarnea Faculty ofReligious Studies McGiII University, Montreal August 2006 A thesis submitted to McGilI University In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts © Octavian Lucian Jarnea 2006 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-32527-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-32527-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page cou nt, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada Table of Contents ~, f \ Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: THE PUBLICATION HISTORY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEXT OF LES FAICTZ DE JESUS CHRIST ET DU PAPE 7 Introduction 7 A. Passional Christi und Antichristi 8 1. The context of its creation 8 2. Composition process, structure and thematic of the Passional 9 3. Editions of the Passional and the local or abroad reactions 13 B. Les Faictz de Jesus Christ et du Pape 16 1. The date, place and printer's name 16 2. The structure of Les Faictz and its connections with the Passional 20 Conclusion 29 Chapter 2: A CRITICAL ANAL YSIS OF THE TEXT: THE CLASSICAL SOURCES USED BY THE AUTHOR AND HIS HERMENEUTIC 32 Introduction 32 A. Macrobius 34 B. Lucian of Samosata 37 C. Apuleius 42 D. Aulus Gellius and Titus Livy 47 Conclusion 51 Chapter 3: EARLY REFORMATION EUCHARISTIC DEBATES REFLECTED IN LES FAICTZ DE JESUS CHRIST ET DU PAPE 54 Introduction 54 A. An Overview of Luther and Zwingli's Eucharistie Theology 55 1. The Early Views on the Eucharist of the Two Reformers 56 2. The Debate between Zwingli and Luther over the Eucharist 62 3. The Marburg Colloquy (1529) 69 ii B. The Controversy over the Eucharist as Viewed in Marcourt's Eucharistie Writings and in Les Faictz de Jesus Christ et du Pape . 71 1. Marcourt' s Attack against the Mass 73 2. The Anti-Mass Discourse in Les Faictz de Jesus Christ et du Pape 86 3. The Theo1ogica1 Sources of Les Faictz 93 Conclusion 95 Conclusion 98 Appendix 102 Bibliography 121 iii Abstract LES FAICTZ DE JESUS CHRIST ET DU PAPE: THE POLEMICS OF FRENCH REFORM BEFORE CALVIN This thesis addresses Les Faictz de Jesus Christ et du Pape, the frrst illustrated book of the French Reformation, printed by Pierre de Vingle in 1534, in Neuchâtel. Historical analysis, close reading of the text, interpretation and commentary revealed that, contrary to what had until recently been believed, Les Faictz was more than a mere translation of Passional Christi und Antichristi, an anti-papal Lutheran satire, issued in 1521, in Germany. The analysis of the classical sources employed by the anonymous writer(s) also exposed the virulent attack directed by the radical French reformers against the medieval institution of the papacy. Moreover, its new textual long addition offered enough evidence to place Les Faictz among the sacramentarian works published by Vingle between 1533-1535. Thus, likewise Marcourt's famous eucharistic writings, it refutes the sacrificial character of the mass, the doctrine of the real presence, and transubstantiation, aiming at no less than the abolition ofthe mass and the reestablishment of the Lord's Supper in its original purity. LES FAICTZ DE JESUS CHRIST ET DU PAPE: L'ART DE LA POLÉMIQUE DANS LA RÉFORME EN FRANÇAIS AVANT CALVIN Cette thèse porte sur Les Faictz de Jesus Christ et du Pape, le premier livre illustré de la Réforme en langue française, imprimé par Pierre de Vingle en 1534, à Neuchâtel. L'analyse historique, la lecture attentive du texte, l'interprétation et le commentaire ont montré que, contrairement à ce que l'on avait cru jusqu'à récemment, Les Faictz sont plus qu'une simple traduction du Passional Christi und Antichristi, une satire luthérienne contre le pape, parue en 1521, en Allemagne. L'analyse des sources classiques employées par l'auteur (ou les auteurs) anonyme(s) laisse également voir les attaques virulentes des réformateurs francophones contre l'institution médiévale de la papauté. De plus, un important ajout permet de classer Les Faictz parmi les écrits sacramentaires publiés par Ving1e entre 1533 et 1535. Ainsi, comme dans les célèbres écrits de Marcourt sur l'eucharistie, on réfute le caractère sacrificiel de la messe, la doctrine de la présence réelle et la transsubstantiation, et on ne veut rien de moins qu'abolir la messe et instituer de nouveau la sainte Cène dans sa pureté originelle. iv Acknowledgements Among those to whom 1 wish to express my deepest gratitude are the following: Dr. Torrance Kirby, for serving as principal advisor throughout my studies and supervisor ofthis thesis. His unique expertise and thorough critique have guided my research and composition process at every step, and for this 1 am truly grateful. Dr. William Kemp, for supplying me with copies of the first sixteenth-century editions of Passional Christi und Antichristi and Les Faictz de Jesus Christ et du Pape, and other indispensable resources. He also commented on parts of the manuscript, and offered valuable advice. Dr. Diane Desrosiers-Bonin, for being a constant source of encouragement and motivation. She has offered me the opportunity to become part of the team involved in the research project regarding Pierre de Vingle's polemical tracts, and for this 1 owe her special thanks. Dr. Isabelle Crevier Denommé, for her rigorous identification of the biblical citations found in Les Faictz, and for a careful translation of the abstract into French. Dr. Reinhard Bodenmann, for his interest in this work, and for sharing some of the results of his own research in topics similar to mine. My wife, Valentina Jarnea, for her invaluable support through the whole course of this work to completion, and for some precious editorial suggestions she has made. f' .. 1 Introduction Reformation historiography has recorded several attempts to explain the complex phenomenon of the spread of Protestantism in France in the first decades of the sixteenth century. Whereas the Luther-centered theory can be sustained by a series of solid evidences, l the assertion of a pre-existent indigenous movement that facilitated insertion first of the Lutheran ideas and then of a different provenance also rests on irrefutable historical facts. 2 Les evangéliques, the early French reformers, believed that the Church could be changed from within and that the Gospel should be preached in vemacular in order to be understood by as many people as possible.3 The Meaux group, which under the guidance of Guillaume Briçonnet gathered a coterie of humanists and reform-minded preachers (Lefèvre d'Étaples, Guillaume Farel, Michel d'Arande, Gérard Roussel, etc.), symbolizes the early French évangélisme in its purest Erasmian form. Protected by Francis 1 and his sister, Marguerite of Navarre, the Meaux group promoted evangelical reform until 1525 when the Parliament and the Sorbonne, taking advantage of the king's absence from the capital, managed to put an end to their attempts of reforming the church from within.4 1 From 1519 to April 1521 (when Luther's works were banned in Paris), a significant number of the Wittenberg reformer's books were brought in France. Johannes Froben, a printer from Basle, wrote Luther in February 1519 that he sold no less than 600 ofhis books in France, and that more are needed. Cf Francis Higman, La diffusion de la Reforme en France. 1520-1565 (Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1992), p. 19. See also Lewis W. Spitz, The Protestant Reformation. 1517-1559 (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), p. 196. 2 David Nicholls, "France," in The Early Reformation in Europe, ed. Andrew Pettegree (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 123-124. 3 Frederic J. Baumgartner, France in the Sixteenth Century (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), p. 135. 4 Lefèvre and Roussel fled to Strasbourg, but soon they went back to France as Francis 1 retumed from his captivity in Spain. However, their subsequent activity did not cross sorne conventional borders of the established orthodoxy. Cf Higman, La diffusion de la Reforme en France, p.
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