COCOON Landfill Management: from Landfill to Useful Resource

COCOON landfill management: from landfill to useful resource

1 COCOON partners

2 Programme

. 11.30h: Welcome and introduction - Annick Vastiau (VITO / Cleantech Flanders), . 11.35h: Impressions from the event in the European Parliament (November 2018) - Peter Tom Jones (KU Leuven), . 11.40h: Results of the landfill management mapping in the 6 COCOON regions - Michaël Van Raemdonck (OVAM), . 11.45h: Landfill management in the Netherlands - Fons van de Sande (Rijkswaterstaat), . 11.55h: Landfill management in Flanders and EU - Eddy Wille (OVAM), . 12h: Classification system for resources at landfills – Andrea Winterstetter (VITO), . 12.10h: The landfill directive with regard to follow up of former landfills - Eddy Wille (OVAM),

. 12.15h: Panel debate: Q&A with Peter Tom Jones, Fons van de Sande, Michaël Van Raemdonck, Eddy Wille and Andrea Witterstetter.

3 Peter Tom Jones

- Senior Industrial Research Manager Sustainable Metallurgy (SUSMET) (IOF/IRF KU Leuven)

- Coordinator Sustainable Inorganic Materials Management (SIM² KU Leuven) & SOLVOMET

- Coordinator European Enhanced Landfill Mining Consortium (EURELCO) & EU MSCA-ETN NEW-MINE

4 2nd ELFM Seminar in the European Parliament: 5 Lessons Learned Why we need to develop a broad Dynamic Landfill Management strategy and vision for Europe’s 500,000 landfills

Dr. Peter Tom Jones (Coordinator EURELCO, ETN NEW-MINE) Antwerp, WRF-COCOON Workshop, 26-02-2019

20/11/2018 Intro Jones (2nd ELFM Seminar EP) 5 2nd ELFM Seminar in the EP – 20-11-2018

Organisation: • MEP Hilde Vautmans (ALDE) • SIM² KU Leuven, EURELCO, CTF • EU ETN NEW-MINE, Interreg Europe COCOON, Interreg NWE RAWFILL

60 expert participants

Topics: • Short-term opportunities for landfill management & mining • EU legislation/policies (LFD, Soil Directive, CE, climate targets) and landfill management & mining benefits Download: https://kuleuven.sim2.be/policy-brief-elfm-new-mine/

20/11/2018 Intro Jones (2nd ELFM Seminar EP) 6 Lesson Learned #1 – ELFM Amendment to LFD was rejected by the EC as ELFM is a red line for the Eastern EU MSs

• Amendment was blocked in May 2017 during Trilataral Meeting EP, EC, Council

• Why? Eastern EU Member States have other, more pressing priorities in waste management, such as the avoidance of landfilling and the On 14-3-207 EP voted YES to include Enhanced setting up of basic recycling Landfill Mining in the EU Landfill Directive schemes “The Commission shall further examine the feasibility of proposing a regulatory framework for enhanced landfill mining so as to permit the retrieval of secondary raw materials that are present in existing landfills. By 31 December 2025 Member States shall map existing landfills and indicate their potential for enhanced landfill mining and share information.”

20/11/2018 Intro Jones (2nd ELFM Seminar EP) 7 Lesson Learned #2 – The EU Landfill Directive suffers from multiple blind spots spots • For EU’s historic landfills: • LFD does not address historic landfills, which predate LFD (1999): i.e. > 90% of EU’s landfills • Existence of such a vacuum is mind boggling

• For Sanitary Landfills: • LFD offers NO ANSWER to long-term liabilities: aftercare funds are underfunded,  future remediation/mining less attractive • Long-term liability increasingly important as new threats, such as climate change, will impact landfills in coastal and alluvial areas, requiring remediative action in the future

20/11/2018 Intro Jones (2nd ELFM Seminar EP) 8 Lesson Learned #3 – Prioritise incorporation of multi-phased concept of Dynamic Landfill Management in EU legislation rather than pushing an ELFM-only approach • Landfill paradigm needs to change from LFD- linked, risk-based, static view to a spots comprehensive, long-term, multi-phased Dynamic Landfill Management (DLM) vision, in which ELFM is the icing on the cake for some specific landfills in specific situations

• Current EU legislation does not accommodate this shift in any way (yet)

• Integrate the more encompassing DLM framework in EU legislation. DLM approach offers more straightforward solutions now, without major investments, while even creating some revenues from interim uses

20/11/2018 Intro Jones (2nd ELFM Seminar EP) 9 Lesson Learned #4 – Prioritise a sound definition for the Dynamic Landfill Management concept

• COCOON stakeholders to prepare comprehensive definition for DLM, to be used by EU Institutions in future legislative work: • An integrated framework with multiple objectives: pollution prevention, land reclamation & restoration, new landfill void space, interim use of landfill surface, recovery of materials & energy • Highlight need for cross-cutting approach with respect to distinct EU policies and legislations

Photo: SIM² KU Leuven (Giorgian Dinu)

20/11/2018 Intro Jones (2nd ELFM Seminar EP) 10 Lesson Learned #5 – Resource-recovery driven ELFM as one, more advanced component in broader DLM approach

• In a dynamic view on landfills, ELFM allows to Photo: © EU/EP reintegrate landfilled waste into the (circular) economy, if and when the time is right • Despite 10 years of ELFM activities: no formal reference to ELFM in EU Policy documents • ELFM definition and endorsement should be integrated as one specific, more advanced component in broader DLM approach, in line Photo: © EU/EP with EU’s CE Action Plan

Academic definition of ELFM: “the safe exploration, conditioning, excavation and integrated valorisation of (historic, present and/or future) landfilled waste streams as both materials (Waste-to-Material) and energy (Waste-to- Energy), using innovative transformation technologies and respecting the most stringent social and ecological criteria.” (Jones et al., JCLEPRO, 2013)

20/11/2018 Intro Jones (2nd ELFM Seminar EP) 11 Thank you for your attention

EURELCO | European Enhanced Landfill Mining Consortium 12 Michaël van Raemdonck

- Engineer in land and forest management (2016) - Youngest member @DLM team OVAM since 2018 - Involved in the interreg projects COCOON and RAWFILL

13 COCOON - Public Waste Agency of Flanders REPORT ON MAPPING

14 History

Idea existed before the COCOON-project  parliamentary questions about LF’s in 2015 show limited knowledge NO  Need for more information NO and an easier exchange NO  Addressing to which platform or authority?

15 Intended output

Description of national/regional problems Exchange of experiences & information Policy recommendations

16 Main concern: data compatibility

Mashup of Closed Closed non- Active Active non- ‘remediated’ and remediated remediated remediated remediated ‘sanitary’ Andalusia No distinction 1 & 3 Brandenburg No categories, uses diverging phases. Mono LF’s Cyprus None < 1999 1 Mono LF’s Flanders > 1984 < 1984 1 & 2 & per Mono LF’s waste type

Malta No input < 1999 2 Netherlands > 1991 < 1991 2 & per waste Extra category type not mentioned by others

1. Data about annual LF amount 2. Data on total LF amount 3. Data on total LF amount is not credible

17 General conclusions

EU directive is fully implemented in all examined regions.

The directive is only used for present landfills, not for management on former landfills. Regional initiatives are also absent.

Legislation will be implemented mainly when it concerns a mandatory action from a higher governmental body or after incidental events.

18 General conclusions

In view of a circular economy, the focus is still very often limited to managing and not mining.

Data is collected continuously, but the accessibility and compatibility among regions is unsatisfactory.

New policies should be applicable to a landfill in a broader environment, not be limited to the waste alone.

19 Thanks you for your attention!

20 Fons van de Sande

Working as a consultant at Rijkswaterstaat, the executive organisation of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management.

Educated as urban planner Working experiences at several organizations (public and private) in different roles: - environmental consultant at the Environmental Protection Agency in Rotterdam, - environmental policy maker at the municipality of Rotterdam, - consultant at a private organization working on several area development projects with the focus on environmental aspects, - planner working on projects according to river flood protection at Rijkswaterstaat, - consultant at Rijkswaterstaat working on several subjects in the field of waste, resources, circular economy.

21 Landfill management in the Netherlands Fons van de Sande Rijkswaterstaat

Antwerp, 26/02/2018 22 Policy focused on decreasing landfilling regulatory interventions:

-Stringent waste treatment standards (landfill bans) -Various (economic) instruments to stimulate prevention of waste and stimulate recycling: local municipal waste taxes (fixed and variable part), differentiated taxes on municipal waste (‘pay as you throw away’), landfill tax, tax on incineration waste -Producer responsibility (WEEE, batteries, car wrecks, car tyres, packaging) -Order of preference waste management hierarchy

23 Amount of waste processed (1992-2017)

24 Operational landfills in the Netherlands 1970: over 1.600 1980: 200 1992: 80 2019: 19 https://www.interregeurope.eu/cocoon/news/news-article/3676/evaluation-of-the-dutch-landfill-management-policy/

2% landfilling, 81% recycling, 17% waste to energy

25 Landfills in the Netherlands

Two types of landfills

1. Former landfills (4.000-6.000): of operation before 01-09-1996

2. Sanitary landfills (80): have to comply with the Dutch Environmental Management Act

26 Former landfills (non-sanitary landfills)

NAVOS (national overview of potential risks)

Results: -in 90% an insufficient thickness of top-covering, but in most cases posed no risks (many already in use as nature, agricultural, leisure or redeveloped) -at 60-80 sites (remediation) measures were taken to prevent spread of contamination and to mitigate human and/or ecological risks remediation measures executed under the Soil Protection Act

Implementation and enforcement of policy around former landfills is decentralized to provinces (and a number of municipalities) on the basis of the remediation section of the Soil Protection Act

27 Developments:

1. New legislation (Environment and Planning Act) under construction: -Municipalities become (sole) authority for soil protection: responsible for risk management leaching and monitoring -At present investigation how to manage efficiently former landfills

2. Competent authorities Soil Protection Act investigate possibilities to reduce/optimize aftercare for contaminated sites (including former landfill sites)

28 Sanitary landfills (80)

-Landfills in operation after 1980: have to meet stringent regulations and reconstructed as a sanitary landfill

-Aftercare mandatory for landfills in operation after 01-09-1996: • Site operator responsible (during operation)  compliance regulations listed in Environmental Management Act • Province responsible for aftercare • Currently 19 operational sanitary landfills • Dedicated fund needed to finance the aftercare (established and managed by province, funded by landfill operator)

29 Policy landfill management

1. Investigation financial situation landfill operators (reservations for aftercare): -Report and recommendations in 2017

2. ‘Everlasting’ aftercare is expensive and drops ‘duty of care’ to next generations: -Sustainable Landfill Management: stimulating biodegradation processes adding water and air to landfill -Green Deal (2015): at 3 landfills experiments during 10 year

30 Green Deal Sustainable Landfill Management

31 Green Deal Sustainable Landfill Management Expected benefits:

■ No transfer of problems to future generations ■ Active aftercare ended within 30 years after end of operation ■ Stabilize the waste body so that its undisturbed contents no longer create a risk to human health and the environment ■ Enable high value development of the stabilized site ■ Risks to human health and the environment assessed for any threatened object in soil, groundwater or surface water

32 -To prove that long term emission behavior will no longer be a problem, TU Delft will be taken measurements inside the waste body

-Positive results? 15 other landfills to be preserved

-Expected benefit: saving 66 mln aftercare costs

33 Examples interim use landfills

Leisure/recreation

‘VAM’ mountain: Transformation of a sanitary landfill towards a cycling paradise

34 Amsterdam Volgermeerpolder (100 ha)

Heavily contaminated, remediated and transformed to nature

35 Dordrecht Derde Merwedehaven

-Landfill operational between 1993-2013 -After closure measurements: transition to a playground Merwedeheuvel

36 Renewable energy

Breda Bavelse Berg:

Exploitation of over 80.000 solar panels (electricity for 10.000 households). Starting in 2019, operational in 2020

Dordrecht Transberg: 25.000 solar panels. Initiated in 2017. First panels 2018

37 Renewable energy

Ambt Delden ‘Rikkerink:

30.000 solar panels (electricity for 3000 households). Start exploitation 2020

38 Mining

Veenendaal:

Complete removal of two landfills (54.000 m3) for urban planning. Waste and excavated soil largely reused. Project partly financed by the increase in land prices.

39 Landfill excavation

Amersfoort: Vathorst area (2006-2007)

-Two former landfill sites (461.000 m3 of household waste, industrial waste and sludge) completely excavated in order to develop the Vathorst area -Where possible the construction waste was excavated separately -Majority of the waste (including 160.000 m3 excavated soil) was transported to a sanitary landfill. -Top cover could be reused almost completely

Stakeholders: • Municipality of Amersfoort • Province of Utrecht • Smink Afvalverwerking BV (contracting firm, now part of Renewi) • Vathorst C.V. (development company/customer; cooperation between municipality and several contractors) Project funded by Vathorst C.V.

40 Future values: share costs and generate extra yields!

COllective REgeneration of former Landfills (COREL): A method for governments and financiers to take responsibility for the multifunctional regeneration of former landfills

The challenge: creating a business model for a former landfill when various functions (e.g. developing clean energy, a park, agriculture, housing, industry) share the costs and enhance one another.

41 42 43 Eddy Wille

Picture: - Negociator for Brownfieldcovenants for the Flemish government

- Senior advisor @DLM team OVAM

- Involved in the interreg projects COCOON and Please provide short bio RAWFILL, the ETN training network NEW- MINE and the EURELCO consortium

44 Landfill management in Flanders

Eddy Wille, senior advisor [email protected] OVAM

WRF, 26 February 2019 45 Landfill Management definitions and scope Management:

As there is no universally accepted definition for management, it is difficult to define it. (Wikibooks)

“Management is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and control activities of others.” . Henri Fayol (father of modern management) “The transformation of resources into utility.” . Fredmund Malik “Management is a process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives in a changing environment, central to this purpose is the effective and efficient use of limited resources.” . Rovert Kreitner

46 Landfill Management definitions and scope

Scope (what do we have to manage ?): . 500.000 landfills in EU (Hogland et.al., 2010)

47 Landfill Management definitions and scope Scope (Why do we have to manage landfills ?): . Risks, demands, challenges, …

48 Landfill Management definitions and scope Scope (Who and what’s involved ?): . It’s the economy, stupid (Bill Clinton, 1992)

Actors

Disciplines

Levels

Roles

Timeframe 49 Landfill Management definitions and scope Scope (How do we manage all landfills (and not 1) ?): . Plan – Do – Act – Control . Collecting data (COCOON): • Description of Environment ; • Policy frameworks; • Statistics and Trends; • Best practices. . Making decisions (Rawfill) : • Inventory framework ; • Decision Support Tools . . Innovation: • Technology (Rawfill, New-Mine,…) • Policy (COCOON) 50 Frameworks & trends Legal framework

51 Frameworks & trends Materials / Energy

Figure left : Sharp price increases in commodities since 2000 have erased all the real price declines of the 20th century (McKinsey)

Figures under : recent evolutions of commodity prices and indexes and its impact on mining companies.

52 Frameworks & trends Spatial component

2010 2050 Increase of urban areas in Flanders: in total 7 ha/day; 5 ha/day transformed in residential landuse. Simulation made by Vito for the period 2010 – 2050 shows the impact of urbanisation in Flanders. According to the Planning Agency: population will rise significantly and assessments indicate the need of over 630.000 new dwellings by 2050. ‘Ageing cities’ is not limited to its inhabitants; infrastructure also requires retrofitting to become more sustainable and ready for the future.

53 Frameworks & trends Climate change

54 Landfill Management

Objectives : • Integrated management of Landfills with respect to natural, economic, cultural and social environment; • Providing information on geogenic and anthropogenic resources and reserves at EU-level to enhance the shift to a circular economy; • Delivering guidelines and best practices handbook; • Stimulating innovation; • Introducing proposals / amendments of regulations (1) to facilitate LFM; • …

(1) Understanding environmental regulations and their “alphabet soup” of acronyms can be daunting. (Kathleen Sellers,1999, Fundamentals of hazardous waste site remediation) 55 Landfill Management Collection of data - information

Mapping is more than the number of landfills in EU. Identification of environment, stakeholders and ideas matters.

Importance of the governance structure (4 principles): . the use of better evidence for decision making; . greater engagement and empowerment of citizens; . thoughtful investments in expertise and skill building; . closer collaboration with the private and social sectors.

Implementation: . Multi-actor governance . Networks: • COCOON • EURELCO (European Enhanced Landfill Mining Consortium : www.eurelco.org) • ISWA, Nicole, … . Partnerships: Reclaim, New-Mine, Rawfill,…

56 Landfill Management

Case Flanders: stakeholders engagement on enhanced landfill mining Development of an innovative policy such as ELFM is a complex and time- consuming process. Several steps are needed to complete this transition process successfully. Attention should be paid to the following (non-technical) aspects : • Defining barriers as well as opportunities; • Bringing relevant stakeholders together; • Building confidence and getting broad support; • Pioneers with an open mind; • Quick wins; • …

57 Landfill Management

A phased approach: • Data collection . Preliminary investigation . Detailed . Extended • Decision making . M, E, L, W • Prioritization . Short, Middle, Long . Interim use • Actions . Decision Support Tools . Remedial - Removal . Redevelopment . Monitoring – After care

58 Landfill Management

59 Technological aspects : Policy aspects : Transformation Transition Contribution to Contribution to sustainable material sustainable materials management : management: Resources Urban Mining Reserves Landfill Mining

Contribution to global Contribution to global well-being : prosperity: Integrated approach Added value Governance Management

Actors : Actors : Governmental actors Industry Civil society Researchers

60 Thank you!

Questions welcome Project smedia

61 Andrea Winterstetter

- Ph.D. on the evaluation and classification of anthropogenic resources in 2016 at TU Wien, Austria.

- Currently, Post-Doctoral Researcher at the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek, VITO) in Belgium.

- Focus on multi-criteria evaluation of resource recovery projects, in particular of landfill mining projects.

- Main fields of interests are sustainable resource and waste management strategies.

- Active member of the International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) and heading the regional and local ISWA Young Professionals Networks.

62 Sustainable management of historic landfill sites - Mine it or leave it? Andrea Winterstetter, PhD University of Antwerp / VITO – Flemish Institute for Technological Research Ulrich Kral, PhD Technical University of Vienna Antwerp, 26/02/2018 SUSTAINABLE LANDFILL MANAGEMENT & THE ROLE OF LANDFILL MINING Goals of waste management 1) Protection of human health & the environment 2) Resource conservation  Options for the management of historic landfills A) Regulated aftercare: Limit environmental damage through cover, emission treatment & monitoring B) Remove the source of contamination & re-landfill offsite / upgrade existing landfill C) Landfill mining

9/04/2019

©VITO – Not for distribution 64 LANDFILL MINING – DEFINITION Landfill mining is a process whereby solid wastes which have previously been landfilled are excavated and processed to recover items of value, such as: ◦ Plastics ◦ Metals ◦ Glass ◦ Wood ◦ Soil ◦ New landfill space ◦ Land ◦ …

9/04/2019

. Prevent soil & groundwater contamination . Upgrade unlined landfills to a lined system . Reduce closure & aftercare costs . Material recovery . Energy recovery . Reduce greenhouse gas emissions . Land reclamation . New landfill space & lifetime extension of existing landfills

66 HOW TO CLASSIFY LANDFILLS UNDER UNFC United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC)

Generic Specifications for Specifications for all Anthropogenic resources Resources

https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pp/unfc _egrc/egrc9_apr2018/ece.energy.ge.3.2018.5_e.pdf UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CLASSIFICATION FOR RESOURCES (UNFC)

• Provide decision support for the management of old landfill sites • Compare & prioritize different potential landfill mining projects • Communicate critical factors & potential barriers (Winterstetter et al. 2015, 2018)

1. Knowledge on composition G1 – G4 1. Economic viability E1 – E3 1. Technical feasibility & project status 2. F1 – F4 MINE IT OR LEAVE IT?

Screen data base Estimate a landfill’s 1. Prospection resource potential & contamination level CLASSIFICATION Assess recoverable materials / land as a 2. Exploration function of technology & project set-ups Evaluate a landfill mining project under specific technical, legal, 3. Evaluation economic, environmental & social conditions

4. Mining

9/04/2019

Screen old landfills for criteria such as 1 land price, high metal share, contamination potential, flooding risk, high aftercare costs, = depending on interest of the evaluator

Narrow down the number of potentially interesting landfills

Not relevant ones E3F3G4, with no information

70 / 14 EXPLORATION

For promising landfills more detailed investigation: Material Flow Analysis (MFA) for energy and material flows 2 to demonstrate: a) The landfill’s extractable & potentially usable share of materials b) Potential different technological & project set-up options? EVALUATION For landfills with promising composition & project set up : Discounted Cash Flow Analysis 3

Net Present Value (NPV) > 0: Project viable ECONOMICS NEGATIVE?

NPV < 0: Project currently not viable! • Realistic chances for economic extraction in the foreseeable future? • Check: Development of prices, costs, new legislation, government incentives etc Project developer Private companies Revenues Landfill project N°

4 1 2 3 4

Public-private partnerships

1 3

Changing the system conditions Public authorities 2 1

Courtesy: Eddy Wille Costs CLASSIFICATION UNDER UNFC

Legend: E3F3G2: Bornem landfill under present conditions E2F3G2: Bornem landfill under potential future conditions E1F2G1: Turnhout landfill under present conditions

Winterstetter et al . 2018 CONCLUSIONS Evaluation must be performed on a case by case basis: Drivers & evaluation perspective: Remediation, resource / land recovery, landfill space…. Site-specific parameters: Type, location & land price, volume, composition, Project-specific parameters: Stakeholder (private or public investor), choice of technology, project set-up, permits & licenses, neighbors etc. Systemic context: Legislation, markets, regional infrastructure etc. Timing of mining: Future development of costs, prices, legislation, available data and information.

UNFC allows for systematic comparison & prioritization of different potential LFM projects & other resource recovery projects Thank you! Contact: Andrea Winterstetter, MSc, PhD Postdoctoral Researcher Tel: +3214335151 [email protected] EU Landfill Policy and LF Directive

Eddy Wille, senior advisor [email protected] OVAM

WRF, 26 February 2019 EU policy and Landfill projects

Status February 2019 : no specific legislation at EU-level, but few research initiatives on landfill mining approved.

 ELFM-research in 2016 and 2017: • MSCA-project New-Mine approved (first ETN-project on landfill mining); • Interreg Europe project COCOON approved (first Interreg project on landfill management); • # EURELCO-members exceeds 50 partners and several set up partnerships to introduce 2 new proposals on landfill mining (Rawfill, Magnolia); • Interreg NW Europe project Rawfill approved in March 2017

 ELFM-policy making at EU-level in 2016 and 2017: • Initiatives on circular economy results in revision and amendements on current EU-legislation; • Revision of Landfill directive : proposals on ELFM² introduced from: . European Parliament : amendement EP-member Mark Demesmaeker; . European Council : amendement Belgium (OVAM);

79 EU policy and Landfill Mining

 Amendement 8a art 1 (OVAM-Belgium):

• Introduction and objectives. (…) This reduction on landfilled waste should be accompanied by an incentive on the rehabilitation of former landfills. The estimated number of 500.000 landfills in the EU represent an unaddressed reserve of valuable resources such as materials, energy and land. The sustainable resource management of landfills should focus on a comprehensive inventorisation of landfills and the management of this stock in a long-term perspective and the interim use.

• Art. 1: (…) and in approaching closed landfills from a circular economy perspective, to identify and manage their potential resources such as materials, energy and land in a sustainable way. • Justification : Currently, closed landfills are seen as static features which solely need to be managed in terms of potential environmental and health risks. Approaching landfills from a circular economy perspective, however, reveals that these sites have the potential to offer resources such as materials, energy and land. The estimated number of 500.000 landfills in the EU represent an unaddressed reserve. Bringing landfills back in a circular economy as a resource is a main challenge.

80 EU policy and Landfill Mining

 Initial proposal of Amendement introduced by OVAM:

• Article 13 : Closure, and after-care procedures and resource management. • (…) • (e) Member states produce an inventory of all existing landfills 2 years after entry into force of this Directive. By 2030, the data collection should reach a 90% coverage of the existing landfills. A decision support tool and long-term resource management plan should be available in 2024, allowing the member states to estimate the resource potential and environmental risks. • By 2030, the equivalent of 10% of the yearly volume of landfilled waste should be compensated by the rehabilitation of closed landfills. In 2040, this rate should reach 25% and 50% in 2050.

• Justification : The first steps in sustainable resource management of landfills should focus on the comprehensive inventorisation of landfills, the management of this stock in a long-term perspective and the interim use. A compensation rule is introduced, resulting in the obligation for rehabilitation (in terms of enhanced landfill mining, sustainable site reuse, energy production) in relation to newly permitted landfill capacity. The ultimate objective is achieving a landfilling rate which is significant lower than the rehabilitation rate.

81 EU policy and Landfill Mining

 Amendement 8a art 13 (OVAM-Belgium):

• Article 13 : Closure, after-care procedures and resource management. • (…) • (e) Member states produce an inventory of all existing landfills 2 years after entry into force of this Directive. By 2030, the data collection should reach a 90% coverage of the existing landfills. A decision support tool and long-term resource management plan should be available in 2024, allowing the member states to estimate the resource potential and environmental risks.

• Justification : The first steps in sustainable resource management of landfills should focus on the comprehensive inventorisation of landfills, with a view to the management of this stock in a long-term perspective and for interim use.

82 EU policy and Landfill Mining

 amendement nr 138 art 5.7b (EP-member): • the following paragraph 7b is added: In Article 5, the following paragraph is added: 7b. The Commission shall further examine the feasibility of proposing a regulatory framework for "enhanced landfill mining" so as to permit the retrieval of secondary raw materials that are present in existing landfills. By 2025 Member States shall map existing landfills and indicate their potential for enhanced landfill mining and share information. • Justification : Enhanced Landfill Mining does not only enable the recovery of valuable materials which can be brought back into the cycle, but also allows for recovering land area, taking into account that a large part of the EU's 500.000 historic landfills are situated in a (semi-urban environment.)

83 EU policy and Landfill Mining

84 EU policy and Landfill Mining

85 EU policy and Landfill Mining

86 COCOON objective : develop, integrate and improve relevant cross- cutting policy instruments on landfill management in the EU

Landfilling : final waste disposal sites as the end of the line in a linear economy

Is this the end of story ?

Risk based approach ( source – pathway – target ) : install a safe infinite containment

guarding the status quo : Is this static concept robust to environmental changes ?

Transiti to a dynamic landfill management focusing on Resources and Reserves in order to provide Waste to Materials/Energy/Land & Protection of Resources.

87 EU policy and Landfill Mining

Input Cocoon ? Yes, based on our objectives : . Exchange of experience among project partners . Preparing the implementation of the lessons learnt from the cooperation. . …

Actions ? Not within timeframe Revision LF-directive . Quid Thematic Soil Strategy ? More suitable for ‘historical’ pollution; . Initiatives on Circular Economy ? . New challenges : climate change, water preservation, … ?

88 Thank you!

For more info contact [email protected]

Questions welcome Project smedia Panel Discussion

With all speakers

. Peter Tom Jones . Michaël van Raemdonck . Fons van de Sande . Eddy Wille . Andrea Winterstetter

And with you, questions?