Understanding Aceh Referendum Discourse in the Context of Asymmetric Decentralisation
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 367 International Conference of Democratisation in Southeast Asia (ICDeSA 2019) Understanding Aceh Referendum Discourse in the Context of Asymmetric Decentralisation Sait Abdullah Deni Fauzi Ramdani STIA LAN Bandung STIA LAN Bandung Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— As a result of recent political dynamic, This ideological aspect of political discourse is particularly after the world most complicated simultaneous historically rooted in conflict and embedded in the former national elections, Aceh referendum discourse has been re- Free Aceh Movement or Gerakan Aceh Merdeka ideology echoed by Acehnese local elite. This issue has become an linked to the Aceh independence. Although later the former interesting phenomenon to be investigated. As a result of MOU GAM commander, Muzakir Manaf has re-corrected his Helsinki Peace Agreement in 2005, Aceh has been granted as a special region by the central government by way of an speech to stress that Aceh is part of Indonesia, yet asymmetric decentralisation scheme to run its government. Is it interestingly referendum discourse enmeshed crucial true that the local Acehnese really want the referendum? Or is ideological element of the Acehnese nationalism. it just a political discourse enacted by the local elites for their Along the line of Aceh asymmetric decentralisation, own political interests? This paper examines how ideology scholars have argued that asymmetric decentralisation has operates through discourse. It uses Van Dijk ideological been hijacked by local elite [1]. In this context, elite used discourse analysis. This paper argues that referendum issue re- their predatory power in the form of money politics and enacted is not just an ordinary elite’ speech. It strongly entails violence in appropriating local resources [2], [3], [1]. political ideology of certain group. For ideology to operate in Others have pointed out that asymmetric decentralisation in discourse, local elites have strategically manipulated context, event, knowledge and their group belief both to attract public a form of special autonomy has given spaces for elite to attention and to strengthen their political bargaining position promote local democracy and later contest for local power with the national elites. and authority [4], [5], [6]. However none of them examined Keywords— Referendum, Asymmetric Decentralisation, the role of ideology as power resource used by local elite. and Ideology This ideological power resource reflected in how elite construct political discourse to influence attitudes and I. INTRODUCTION actions of others. This article examines the trajectory of Aceh asymmetric This article uses Van Djik discourse analysis [7], [8] to decentralisation and the role of Acehnese local elite. investigate how ideology works through discourse. In Recently, right after the bloody complex of the 2019 explaining how ideology operates in political discourse, presidential election, referendum has been re-articulated by this paper is organised into four sections. The first section a former high ranking GAM commander (Panglima GAM), explores the origin of asymmetric decentralisation and elite Muzakir Manaf. In Aceh, referendum is not a new political conflict in Aceh. The second part of the paper explains Van issue. Historically, the referendum was proposed by local Dijk discourse analysis as conceptual framework. The third elite in the conflict era in 1999. It dedicated to the work of sections explains the method used in the paper. The final civilian intellectual, Muhammad Nazar, the leader of section explores how ideology works through political Acehnese popular movement (SIRA, Sentral Referendum discourse. Aceh). At that particular time, referendum was a proposed answer to the bloody protracted and prolong conflict A. The origin of Acehnese asymmetric decentralization between Aceh and Jakarta. In its first launched, referendum and elites conflict attracted thousands of Acehnese to gather in the Aceh is located at the northern end of Sumatra Island, in Baiturrahman Raya Mosque (Mesjid Raya Baiturahmman) the western part of Indonesia. In 2013, its population Banda Aceh and it has shaken the national elites. Yet, the reached for about 4.7 million people [9]. More than 80 current referendum issue re-enacted by the GAM ex- precent are ethnically Acehnese and almost all are Muslims commader pertains to be based on the disappointment of [10]. Historically, Aceh asymmetric decentralisation rooted the result of national democratic contestation. Nevertheless, in conflict and as a result of conflict resolution. Yet, Aceh it is important to note although both referendums took asymmetric decentralisation never escaped from local elite place in different political context, referendum discourse contestation. re-echoed by the local elite is not just an ordinary Asymmetric decentralisation could not be avoided when statement. It strongly entails an ideological aspect of Aceh was granted „special region‟ status (Daerah political discourse raised by local elite to attract attention Istimewa), following negotiations with Daud Beureueh, the both national and local audience and to strengthen their leader of Darul Islam Rebellion, the introduction of Sharia bargaining position with the national elites. law was limited to one by law restricting the sale of food and drink during Ramadhan [11], [12]. Dissatisfied with Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 99 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 367 this narrow application of Sharia law, some Acehnese Nevertheless, asymmetric decentralisation in Aceh Islamic scholars, including Daud Beureueh himself, depicts how elite struggle over power and resources continued to struggle for its further implementation. In emerged as vocal points in understanding social conflict. response, in 1962 the Indonesian government issued a Although to a certain extent identity politics such as Islam decree that provided for „the orderly and proper and ethnicity might not be ignored as triggering social implementation‟ of „elements of‟ Sharia Law, bringing an conflict factors, yet it was elites, who took control over end to the rebellion despite Beureueh‟s view that „the how Aceh might be organized, in fact resulted in situation was not ideal‟ [11]. Over the next decade, contestation among other influential elites in Aceh over Acehnese desires to strengthen Islam were thwarted by the power and resources. increasing centralisation of state power under Suharto There are two significant groups of scholars who study (Miller 2004). In 1968 the provincial government of Aceh the role of local elite in Aceh asymmetric decentralisation. passed a regulation on the enforcement of Sharia law to the First is the political economy perspective and second is the Indonesian government which the Indonesian government institutional democratic approach. With regard to the simply ignored (Miller 2004). political economy perspective, a number of scholars After the collapse of the New Order regime, to avoid looking particularly to vertical conflict between Aceh and national disintegration and to accommodate Acehnese Jakarta pointed out that identity politics of ethnicity demands, President Habibie formally recognised the combined with religion, ideology and economic original „special region‟ (Daerah Istimewa) agreement exploitation grievances were the driving forces of the birth through Law No. 44/1999, thereby giving Aceh „control of the GAM movement in 1976 except the first rebel over its religious, cultural and educational affairs‟ (Miller, movement in 1950s was motivated by Islam [9], [16], [17]. 2004). Subsequently, under President Megawati Sukarno Yet, so far Nielsen article‟s on Questioning Aceh‟s Putri, Law No. 18 of 2001 on „Special Autonomy for the inevitability: A story of failed national integration?, Province of Aceh Special Region as the Province of describes differently on how power contestation is put in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam‟ expanded on the previous law place as the driver of the vertical and horizontal conflict in by allowing the implementation of Sharia law (Miller, Aceh. In regard to the horizontal conflict within prominent 2004). There followed the establishment of a Sharia court elites in Aceh explained by Nielsen [18] and also some (Mahkamah Shariah) to regulate Islamic practices in illustrated by[19], elite competition primary motive was relation to marriage, divorce and inheritance and based on power and resources. obligations with respect to conduct, such as the wearing of Historically, power contestation between the two the headscarf (jilbab) for women, and banning the prominent elites emerged in the period of Indonesian post- consumption of alcohol, gambling and other forms of independence of Soekarno‟s nationalist project. This issue Islamic misconduct (Miller, 2004). concerned with what and who would „fill the glass‟ in Aceh Later, in accordance with the 2005 Helsinki agreement, region [18]. Under the PUSA organization (Persatuan Sharia law was addressed in the Law No. 11/2006 Ulama Seluruh Aceh), the ulamas had successfully thrown regarding the governing of Aceh. This new law covered the the aristocratic uleebalangs out of power and led the new institutionalisation of the Islamic conduct,