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European Parasitoids of the Cherry Bark Tortrix: Assessing the Ichneumonid, Campoplex Dubitator, As a Potential Classical Biological Control Agent for North America

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European Parasitoids of the Cherry Bark Tortrix: Assessing the Ichneumonid, Campoplex Dubitator, As a Potential Classical Biological Control Agent for North America EUROPEAN PARASITOIDS OF THE CHERRY BARK TORTRIX: ASSESSING THE ICHNEUMONID, CAMPOPLEX DUBITATOR, AS A POTENTIAL CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR NORTH AMERICA Wade H. Jenner BSc, Augustana University College 1999 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Biological Sciences 0Wade H. Jenner 2003 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY November, 200 3 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Wade Harley Jenner Degree: Master of Science Title of Thesis: European parasitoids of the cherry bark tortrix: assessing the ichneumonid, Campoplex dubitator, as a potential classical biological control agent for North America. Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. R.C. Ydenberg - Dr. B.D.Roitberg. Professor, Senior Supervisor Department of Biological Sciences, S.F.U. Dr. U. Kuhlmann, ~ead,~gric;ltural Pest Research CAB1 Bioscience Centre DV! J.E. Cossentine, Research Scientist Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Department bf Biological ~kiences,S.F.U. a Dr. J] Myers, Professor Dep rtment of Zoology and Plant Science, U.B.C. Pd ic Examiner - / ,/, ( .; ,- 3 .? '-, i-L/ ,{,iL" 1 a4?s Date Approved PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of ThesislProjectlExtended Essay European parasitoids of the cherry bark tortrix: assessing the ichneumonid, Campoplex dubitator, as a potential classical biological control agent for North America. Author: (signature) Wade Harley Jenner (name> (date) Abstract The cherry bark tortrix (=CBT), Enarmonia formosana Scopoli (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is poorly known in its native Palaearctic range. However, since its recent introduction into North America, this species poses a threat to the nursery and orchard industries in British Columbia, Washington State, and Oregon State. As part of a classical biological control approach to managing this bark-boring pest, the objective of this thesis research was to find European parasitoids of the CBT for release in North America. In total, 13 parasitoid species were reared from CBT larvae and pupae collected in Europe between 2000 and 2002. However, 12 of these species were collected only very rarely, suggesting weak associations with the CBT, while the larval parasitoid, Campoplex dubitator Horstmann (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), was responsible for 99% of the larval parasitism and 85% of the larval and pupal parasitism combined. Hence, despite a wide distribution of parasitism throughout the southern Rhine Valley, Black Forest, and northern Jura Mountains, C. dubitator appeared to be the only parasitoid having a substantial impact on CBT populations. Campoplex dubitator was therefore selected for a more thorough evaluation of its role as a biological control agent. A method was developed for small- scale rearing of C. dubitator using host larvae of all but the first instar, and information on the parasitoid's reproductive biology was obtained. In olfactometers, females were shown to respond to volatile cues emitted from cherry bark and host frass, but not from the host larvae themselves. When the attractiveness of uninfested cherry bark and host frass was compared, parasitoids demonstrated a strong preference for host frass. This observation supports the philosophy that foragers should respond more strongly to stimuli that are more directly linked to their target hosts, since those cues provide more reliable information regarding host availability and location. This knowledge of C. dubitator's foraging strategy may also indicate the types of habitats or hosts this species might be most likely to encounter, which could be valuable in the selection of non-target species to use in future host-range testing, Finally, in a patch time allocation experiment, C. dubitator females invested a greater search effort on patches of higher host density. The observation from this experiment that C. dubitator could not accurately discriminate against previously parasitised hosts, or effectively distinguish between empty and occupied frass tubes, may be useful in explaining the inverse density dependence that was observed in the field. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I thank my advisory committee, which has been very valuable in helping me get my project off the ground, securing project funding, and providing sound guidance each step of the way. Our collaboration with the CABI Bioscience Centre in Switzerland was a key element in conducting the European field studies. I was also able to prolong my data collection by maintaining experimental insects in SFU's Global Forest Quarantine Facility, construction of which was completed through financial support from Global Forest (GF-18-2000-SFU-2). We depended heavily on the taxonomic assistance provided by Dr. Klaus Horstmann and Dr. Hannes Baur, which was a crucial component of this programme. The speedy preparation of meridic diet by Linda Jensen - whenever we needed it - was never taken for granted. I owe thanks to the SFU Department of Biological Sciences for financial support and to John Mathies (Cannor Nurseries Ltd.) whose donation made it possible for me to obtain a Graduate Engineering and Technology Scholarship through the Science Council of British Columbia. I would like to give special thanks to Manfred Grossrieder, Erik Osborn, and other colleagues on the Swiss CABI Bioscience team who took part in field excursions, as well to those who were with me when I learned that, while not glamorous, washing one million Petri dishes can actually be fun! I would like to acknowledge Emma Hunt and the rest of the CABI clan (2000 to 2002) who also played a major role in helping me to unwind at the end of a long day. If it were not for them, I may have never experienced all the joys that Switzerland has to offer. Finally, I am grateful for the patience and relaxed manner of the many farmers who caught us carving our signatures into the bark of their cherry trees. One quickly learns to speak German or French when one must explain why one's chisel is sticking out the side of an orchard cherry tree! Table of Contents .. Approval .....................................................................................................................................11 ... Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 111 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... VIII List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................. 1 General Introduction and Literature Review ............................................ 1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Biology and Ecology of the Cherry Bark Tortrix ..................................................................2 1.3 Assessment of Pest Risk ........................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................................... 7 1.4.1 Survey of Parasitoid Community .................................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Evaluation of a Potential Agent ......................................................................................8 1.5 References ............................................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................ 14 Distribution. phenology. and field parasitism of the cherry bark tortrix ....................................................................................................................... 14 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................15 2.2 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 CBT
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