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The Balzan Prizewinners' Research Projects: an Overview 2018 International Balzan Foundation The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview 2018 © 2018, Fondazione Internazionale Balzan, Milano [www.balzan.org] Printed in Italy ISSN ISSN 2240-4406 Contents The International Balzan Foundation ...................................................... Pag. 5 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview Introduction by the Chairman of the Balzan General Prize Committee Luciano Maiani ............................................................................................ » 9 Editor’s Note ................................................................................................ » 11 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects (2013-2017) Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts ........................................... » 15 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine .......... » 103 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects (2001-2012) Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts ........................................... » 153 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine .......... » 215 Indices Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects ...................................................... » 281 Institutions .................................................................................................... » 287 People ........................................................................................................... » 295 3 Organization of the International Balzan Foundation The Balzan “Prize” Foundation Board ...................................................................................................... Pag. 309 General Prize Committee ....................................................................... » 309 The Balzan “Fund” Foundation Board ...................................................................................................... » 310 Balzan Prizes (1961-2017) ......................................................................... » 313 4 The International Balzan Foundation The International Balzan Foundation was established in Lugano in 1956 thanks to the generosity of Lina Balzan, who had come into a considerable inheritance on the death of her father, Eugenio. She decided to use this wealth to honour his memory. Eugenio Francesco Balzan was born in Badia Polesine, near Rovigo (Northern Italy), on 20 April 1874 into a family of landowners. He spent almost his entire working life at Milan’s leading daily newspaper, Corriere della Sera. After joining the paper in 1897, he worked his way up from editorial assistant to news editor and special cor- respondent.1 In 1903 editor Luigi Albertini made him managing director of the paper’s publishing house; he then became a partner and shareholder in the company. He was not only a resourceful manager but also a leading personality in Milan. In 1933 he left Italy due to ever-increasing opposition to what was left of an independent Corriere. He then moved to Switzerland, living in Zurich and Lugano. He engaged in charitable activities, supporting many worthy causes. He officially returned to Italy in 1950. Eugenio Balzan died in Lugano, Switzerland, on 15 July 1953.2 Today, the Balzan Foundation, international in character and scope, acts jointly through two Foundations, one under Italian jurisdiction and the other under Swiss jurisdiction. In Milan, the International E. Balzan Prize Foundation “Prize” aims to promote, throughout the world, culture, science, and the most meritorious initiatives in the cause of humanity, peace and fraternity among peoples, regardless of nationality, race or creed. This aim is attained through the annual awarding of prizes in two general ac- ademic categories: literature, the moral sciences and the arts; medicine and the physi- 1 Renata Broggini (ed.), Eugenio Balzan. L’emigrazione in Canada nell’inchiesta del Corriere. 1901. Milano: Corriere della Sera, 2009. 2 Renata Broggini, Eugenio Balzan 1874-1953. Una vita per il Corriere, un progetto per l’umanità. Mi- lano: RCS Libri, 2001; second revised, expanded edition 2014; Renata Broggini, Eugenio Balzan 1874-1953. A Biography. Milano: Hoepli, 2007. 5 cal, mathematical and natural sciences. Specific subjects for the Prizes are chosen on an annual basis. Nominations are received at the Foundation’s request from the world’s leading aca- demic institutions. Candidates are selected by the General Prize Committee, com- posed of eminent European scholars and scientists. Prizewinners must allocate half of the Prize to research, preferably involving young researchers. At intervals of not less than three years, the Balzan Foundation also awards a prize for humanity, peace and fraternity among peoples. In Zurich, the International E. Balzan Prize Foundation “Fund” administers Eugenio Balzan’s estate so as to place at the disposal of the International E. Balzan Prize Foun- dation “Prize” the necessary financial means to realize its objectives. 6 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview 7 Introduction by the Chairman of the Balzan General Prize Committee Luciano Maiani For nearly three centuries, awards and prizes have been instituted by prominent academic and scientific organizations to recognize intellectual and research excellence. In fact, the first annual prize competitions of the Académie des Sciences in France were introduced in 1719. The Balzan Prize is recognized as one of today’s major international awards.1 Two features distinguish the Balzan from its cohorts: first, the fact that subject areas are deliberated on from year to year, thus ensuring that neglected or innovative fields of knowledge are recognized, and second – the motive for this publication – the research projects, to which Prizewinners must destine half of their prize, and which will preferably involve younger researchers. Established in 2001, the projects are essential to promote culture, the sciences and the most meritorious initiatives in the cause of humanity, peace and fraternity among peoples throughout the world, one of the central aims of the Balzan Foundation as elaborated by Lina Balzan. Following the resolutions of the Board of the “Prize” Foundation, part of the Prize is subject to the availability of the Prizewinner to submit a research project (including publications, dissemination, instrumentation, etc.) to the General Prize Committee for approval. The project should preferably involve young scientists or humanists, and be carried out under his or her responsibility. Prizewinners determine the structure of the projects and designate the academic institutions which will host them; the Balzan General Prize Committee delegates one or more of its members to advise and assist the Prizewinners in project definition and implementation. Finally, the projects are intended to give an opportunity to young researchers to make an impact at the beginning of their careers, and this characteristic of the Balzan Prize clearly emerges in the Overview descriptions. 1 IREG Observatory on Academic Ranking and Excellence. IREG List of International Academic Awards, p. 3. Available at http://ireg-observatory.org/en/pdfy/IREG-list-academic-awards-EN.pdf. 9 The projects described in this volume show a remarkable variety, ranging across all academic disciplines. In the sciences, cutting edge research has emanated from many of these endeavors, with Balzan Prizewinners’ awards supporting the purchase of laboratory equipment, developing new equipment and research methods, financing expeditions and publishing results. Likewise, in the humanities, many major works have been published, and stand as a testimonial to the value of the Balzan Prizewinners’ work. The volumes resulting from their work are currently housed in the unique library at the headquarters of the Balzan “Prize” Foundation in Milan, and can be accessed by interested academics and researchers. To date, 30.5 million Swiss francs have been allocated by the Balzan Prizewinners to finance over sixty research projects involving a significant number of academic institutions and administrators, as well as hundreds of individual researchers in countries around the world, including Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Ukraine, the UK and the USA. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Clarice Zdanski and all the staff at the Balzan “Prize” Foundation for their efforts in making this new edition possible. October 2018 10 The Research Projects: An Overview Editor’s Note The fifth edition of the Overview reports on seventeen years of research carried out in projects designed and overseen by the Balzan Prizewinners. Many projects have concluded their research and achieved their goals; others continue to produce results and publications. Therefore the format of the previous edition has been maintained, with one part dedicated to detailed, in-depth descriptions of the projects of the past five years while another shorter section provides summaries dedicated to projects from the years before 2012. For further information on those projects, the reader is referred to the four previous editions of the Overview, which can be requested in paperback from the Foundation, or downloaded from the International Balzan Foundation site (http://www.balzan.org/en/ publications). As in all editions, the projects are organized according to the two subject areas in which the Balzan Prizes are awarded each year: Literature, Moral Sciences and the
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