DOCSLIB.ORG

Ikone Evolucije

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ikone Evolucije Ikone evolucije Nauka ili mit? Džonatan Vels Zšto je tako mnogo od onoga što u čimo o evoluciji pogrešno Naslov originala: Icons of Evolution by Jonathan Wells “Ikonografija ube ñivanja poga ña, čak i više od re či, srž našeg bi ća. Svaki demagog, svaki obmanjiva č, svaki reklamni agent, zna i iskoriš ćava ube|uju ću mo ć dobro izabrane slike... Ali, mnoge od naših slika su otelotvorenje ideja maskiranih u neutralne opise prirode. Ovo su najmo ćniji izvori prilago ñavanja, pošto nas ideje, koje se iznose kao opisi, navode da izjedna čavamo eksperimentalno sa nedvosmisleno ta čnim.” - Stephen Jay Gould, Wonderful Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989, p. 28) Predgovor Za vreme mojih studija fizi~kih nauka i postdiplomskih studija biologije na Univerzitetu Kalifornija, Berkli, verovao sam skoro svemu {to sam ~itao u svojim ud`benicima. Znao sam da su knjige sadr`avale manji broj {tamparskih gre{ki i manje ~injeni~ke gre{ke, i bio sam skep- ti~an na filozofske tvrdnje koje su i{le izvan tih dokaza, ali sam mislio da je ve}ina onoga {to sam u~io bilo u su{tini ta~no. Ipak, dok sam zavr{avao svoj doktorat iz }elijske i razvojne biologije, primetio sam da su svi moji ud`benici koji se bave evolucionom biologi- jom sadr`avali nedopustivu gre{ku - crte`i embriona ki~menjaka pokazu- ju sli~nosti koje su trebale da budu dokaz za poreklo od zajedni~kog pretka. Ali, kao embriolog znao sam da su crte`i pogre{ni. Ne samo da su iskrivljeno prikazivali embrione koje je trebalo da prikazuju, nego su tako|e izostavljali ranije stupnjeve na kojima embrioni izgledaju veoma razli~ito jedni od drugih. Moja procena crte`a embriona potvr|ena je 1997. godine kada su bri- tanski embriolog Majkl Ri~ardson (Michael Richardson) i njegovi sarad- nici objavili ~lanak u ~asopisu Anatomy and Embryology, upore|uju}i crte`e iz ud`benika sa pravim embrionima. Ri~ardson je kasnije citiran u vode}em ameri~kom ~asopisu Science kako ka`e: "Izgleda da se ispostavlja da je to jedna od najve}ih prevara u biologiji." Pa ipak, ve}ina ljudi ostaje nesvesna istine, a ~ak i ud`benici objav- ljeni posle 1997. godine nastavljaju da prikazuju ove pogre{ne crte`e. Otkrio sam da i mnogi drugi primeri iz ud`benika tako|e iskrivljeno prikazuju dokaze za evoluciju. Isprva mi je bilo te{ko da u to verujem. Kako je mogu}e da toliko mnogo ud`benika sadr`i toliko puno pogre{nih predstava, i to tako dugo? Za{to nisu prime}ene ranije? Zatim sam otkrio da su drugi biolozi primetili ve}inu njih, i da su ih ~ak kri- tikovali u pisanoj formi, ali su njihove kritike bile ignorisane. Obrazac je dosledan i ukazuje na ne{to vi{e od proste gre{ke. U naj- manju ruku, ukazuje na to da darvinizam ohrabruje izvrtanje istine. 3 Koliko se ovih izvrtanja ~ini nesvesno, a koliko namerno, ostaje da se vidi. Ali, je rezultat jasan: Studenti i javnost se sistematski pogre{no POGLAVLJE 1 informi{u o dokazima za evoluciju. Ova knjiga govori o tim dokazima. Da bi ih dokumentovao, koristio sam citate iz radova stotine nau~nika, od kojih ve}ina veruje u darvi- nisti~ku evoluciju. Kada ih citiram, to ne ~inim zbog toga {to `elim da izgleda kao da oni odbacuju Darvinovu teoriju; ve}ina od njih je ne odbacuje. Citiram ih zato {to su eksperti po pitanju tih dokaza. Uvod Gde god je bilo mogu}e, izbegavao sam stru~ni jezik. Za one koji ho}e vi{e detalja, uklju~io sam opse`ne bele{ke na kraju knjige koje upu}uju na nau~nu literaturu. Namena bele{ki nije da budu iscrpne (osim tamo gde nabrajaju izvore citata), ve} da pomognu ~itaocima koji `ele da istra`uju stvari podrobnije. Posle teksta poglavlja slede dva dodatka. Prvi kriti~ki procenjuje "Nauka je traganje za istinom", pisao je hemi~ar Linus Pauling, dobit- deset {iroko kori{}enih ud`benika biologije, od srednje {kole pa do post- nik dve Nobelove nagrade. Brus Alberts (Bruce Alberts), sada{nji diplomskog nivoa. Drugi predla`e upozoravaju}e etikete, kao one koje predsednik Ameri~ke akademije nauka, sla`e se: "Nauka i la` ne mogu se koriste na kutijama za cigarete, za {kole koje bi mo`da `elele da ih da koezistiraju", rekao je Alberts u maju 2000. godine, citiraju}i izrael- postave u svoj nastavni materijal da bi upozorili |ake i studente na skog dr`avnika [imona Pereza (Shimon Peres). "Ne postoji nau~na la`, i pogre{ne informacije. ne mo`ete nau~no da la`ete. Nauka je u osnovi traganje za istinom." Mnogi ljudi su bili veoma ljubazni da pregledaju i daju komentar na Za ve}inu ljudi, suprotnost od nauke je mit. Mit je pri~a koja mo`e ovaj moj rukopis. Neki od njih su to javno u~inili, a drugi su `eleli da da ispuni subjektivnu potrebu, ili otkriva ne{to duboko o ljudskoj psihi, ostanu anonimni. U pojedinim slu~ajevima, ovi drugi su izabrali ano- ali kako je op{te prihva}eno, mit nije opis objektivne stvarnosti. "Ve}ina nimnost da ne bi do{li pod udar od strane ljudi koji se odlu~no protive nau~nika uzdrhti", pi{e biv{i urednik ~asopisa Science Rod`er Levin zaklju~cima ove knjige. (Roger Lewin), "kada se re~ 'mit' prika~i za ono {to oni vide kao traga- nje za istinom". Naravno, nauka ima mitske elemente, zato {to ih imaju - Sijetl, Va{ington svi ljudski poduhvati. Ali nau~nici imaju pravo da uzdrhte kada se nji- Jul 2000. hove izjave nazivaju mitovima, zato {to je njihov cilj da umanje pripovedanje pri~a i uve}aju objektivnu istinu. Traganje za istinom nije samo plemenito, ve} i veoma korisno. Obezbe|uju}i nam {to je pribli`nije mogu}e pravo razumevanje prirodnog sveta, nauka nam obezbe|uje da `ivimo sigurnijim, zdravijim i produktivnijim `ivotom. Kada nauka ne bi bila potraga za istinom, na{i mostovi ne bi izdr`ali terete koje stavljamo na njih, na{i `ivoti ne bi bili dugi kao {to jesu i savremena tehnolo{ka civilizacija ne bi postojala. Pripovedanje pri~a je tako|e va`na preduzimljivost. Bez pri~a, ne bismo imali kulturu. Ali mi ne pozivamo pripoveda~e pri~a da grade mostove ili da vr{e hirur{ke operacije. Za takve zadatke, prednost daje- mo ljudima koji su disciplinovali sebe da razumeju realnosti ~elika i tela. 4 5 Disciplinovanost nauke je otada postalo uveliko o~igledno - sudbina nacije le`i na sposobnosti njenih gra|ana da razumeju i iskoriste informacije o svetu oko njih." Kako nau~nici disciplinuju sebe da bi razumeli svet prirode? Filozofi Ameri~ki okru`ni sudija D`ejms Graham (James Graham) potvrdio nauke su odgovorili na ovo pitanje na razli~ite na~ine, ali jedna stvar je je ovu D`efersonovu izjavu u ~lanku novina iz Ohaja, u maju 2000. sigurna - svaka teorija koja ima za cilj da bude nau~na mora nekako, u godine. Graham je napisao: "Nauka nije tajno sve{tenstvo. Svaka osoba nekom trenutku, da bude upore|ena sa posmatranjima ili eksperimenti- prose~ne inteligencije bi, uz malo marljivosti, trebala da mo`e da razume ma. Prema uputstvu o predavanju nauke iz 1998. godine koju je objavila i kriti~ki proceni nau~nu teoriju." Nacionalna akademija nauka, "priroda nauke je da testira i iznova testi- I preporuka Nacionalne akademije i novinski ~lanak sudije Grahama ra obja{njenja, upore|uju}i ih sa prirodnim svetom". pisani su u kontekstu prisutnog spora oko evolucije. Ali je prvo pisano Teorije koje pre`ive ponovljena testiranja mogu probno da budu da brani Darvinovu teoriju, dok je drugo pisano da brani neke od njenih smatrana za istinita tvr|enja o svetu. Ali, ako postoji trajan konflikt kriti~ara. Drugim re~ima, branioci, kao i kriti~ari Darvinove evolucije, izme|u teorije i ~injenica, prvo mora da popusti pred drugim. Kao {to je pozivaju se na inteligenciju i mudrost ameri~kog naroda da re{i spor. filozof nauke iz sedamnaestog veka Frensis Bekon (Francis Bacon) Ova knjiga je pisana u ube|enju da nau~ne teorije uop{te, a rekao, moramo da slu{amo Prirodu da bi njom zavladali. Kada nauka ne Darvinova teorija posebno, mogu da budu procenjene od strane uspeva da slu{a prirodu, mostovi se ru{e i pacijenti umiru na opera- inteligentne osobe koja ima pristup ~injenicama. Ali pre nego {to cionom stolu. pogledamo dokaze za evoluciju, moramo da znamo {ta je to evolucija. Testiranje teorija sa ~injenicama nikad ne prestaje. Preporuka Nacionalne akademije pravilno navodi da je "svo nau~no znanje, u prin- cipu, podlo`no promeni kada nove ~injenice postanu dostupne". Nije bitno koliko dugo je teorija va`ila ili koliko nau~nika trenutno veruje u [ta je evolucija? nju. Ako se pojave protivre~ni dokazi, teorija mora da bude ponovo pro- cenjena ili ~ak napu{tena. U suprotnom, to nije nauka, ve} mit. Biolo{ka evolucija je teorija da su sva `iva bi}a izmenjeni potomci Da bi se obezbedilo da se teorije objektivno testiraju i da ne postanu zajedni~kog pretka koji je `iveo u dalekoj pro{losti. Ona tvrdi da smo vi subjektivni mitovi, ispitivanje mora da bude javno, a ne privatno. "Ovaj i ja potomci majmunolikih predaka, a da su oni potekli od jo{ primi- proces javnog ispitivanja", po preporuci Nacionalne akademije, "bitan je tivnijih `ivotinja. deo nauke. On uti~e da se elimini{u individualne predrasude i subjek- Ovo je primarno zna~enje "evolucije" me|u biolozima. "Biolo{ka tivnost, zato {to i drugi moraju da budu u mogu}nosti da odrede da li je evolucija", po preporuci Nacionalne akademije, "obja{njava da `iva bi}a predlo`eno obja{njenje u saglasnosti sa dostupnim ~injenicama".
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biology, Bioinformatics, Bioengineering, Biophysics, Biostatistics, Neuroscience, Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Dentistry
    Biology, Bioinformatics, Bioengineering, Biophysics, Biostatistics, Neuroscience, Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Dentistry This section contains links to textbooks, books, and articles in digital libraries of several publishers (Springer, Elsevier, Wiley, etc.). Most links will work without login on any campus (or remotely using the institution’s VPN) where the institution (company) subscribes to those digital libraries. For De Gruyter and the associated university presses (Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, etc.) you may have to go through your institution’s library portal first. A red title indicates an excellent item, and a blue title indicates a very good (often introductory) item. A purple year of publication is a warning sign. Titles of Open Access (free access) items are colored green. The library is being converted to conform to the university virtual library model that I developed. This section of the library was updated on 06 September 2021. Professor Joseph Vaisman Computer Science and Engineering Department NYU Tandon School of Engineering This section (and the library as a whole) is a free resource published under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license: You can share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format under the following terms: Attribution, NonCommercial, and NoDerivatives. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Copyright 2021 Joseph Vaisman Table of Contents Food for Thought Biographies Biology Books Articles Web John Tyler Bonner Morphogenesis Evolution
    [Show full text]
  • HUMAN GENE MAPPING WORKSHOPS C.1973–C.1991
    HUMAN GENE MAPPING WORKSHOPS c.1973–c.1991 The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of London, on 25 March 2014 Edited by E M Jones and E M Tansey Volume 54 2015 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2015 First published by Queen Mary University of London, 2015 The History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 1 91019 5031 All volumes are freely available online at www.histmodbiomed.org Please cite as: Jones E M, Tansey E M. (eds) (2015) Human Gene Mapping Workshops c.1973–c.1991. Wellcome Witnesses to Contemporary Medicine, vol. 54. London: Queen Mary University of London. CONTENTS What is a Witness Seminar? v Acknowledgements E M Tansey and E M Jones vii Illustrations and credits ix Abbreviations and ancillary guides xi Introduction Professor Peter Goodfellow xiii Transcript Edited by E M Jones and E M Tansey 1 Appendix 1 Photographs of participants at HGM1, Yale; ‘New Haven Conference 1973: First International Workshop on Human Gene Mapping’ 90 Appendix 2 Photograph of (EMBO) workshop on ‘Cell Hybridization and Somatic Cell Genetics’, 1973 96 Biographical notes 99 References 109 Index 129 Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications 141 WHAT IS A WITNESS SEMINAR? The Witness Seminar is a specialized form of oral history, where several individuals associated with a particular set of circumstances or events are invited to meet together to discuss, debate, and agree or disagree about their memories. The meeting is recorded, transcribed, and edited for publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Evolution of Wing Size Clines in Drosophila Subobscura
    Genetica 112–113: 273–286, 2001. 273 © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Rapid evolution of wing size clines in Drosophila subobscura George W. Gilchrist1, Raymond B. Huey2 &Llu´ıs Serra3 1Department of Biology Box 5805, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5805, USA (Phone: 315-268- 2359; E-mail: [email protected]); 2Department of Zoology Box 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; 3Departamento de Gen`etica, Universidat de Barcelona, 08071 Barcelona, Spain Key words: clines, Drosophila subobscura, evolutionary rates, species introductions, wing size Abstract Parallel latitudinal clines across species and continents provide dramatic evidence of the efficacy of natural selec- tion, however little is known about the dynamics involved in cline formation. For example, several drosophilids and other ectotherms increase in body and wing size at higher latitudes. Here we compare evolution in an ancestral European and a recently introduced (North America) cline in wing size and shape in Drosophila subobscura.We show that clinal variation in wing size, spanning more than 15 degrees of latitude, has evolved in less than two decades. In females from Europe and North America, the clines are statistically indistinguishable however the cline for North American males is significantly shallower than that for European males. We document that while overall patterns of wing size are similar on two continents, the European cline is obtained largely through changing the proximal portion of the wing, whereas the North American cline is largely in the distal portion. We use data from sites collected in 1986/1988 (Pegueroles et al. 1995) and our 1997 collections to compare synchronic (divergence between contemporary populations that share a common ancestor) and allochronic (changes over time within a population) estimates of the rates of evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Balzan Piccolo
    International Balzan Foundation Peter and Rosemary Grant 2005 Balzan Prize for Population Biology Excerpt from the book Premi Balzan 2005. Laudationes, discorsi, saggi, Milan, 2006 (revised and enlarged edition, 2009) LIBRI SCHEIWILLER This monograph on Peter and Rosemary Grant has been re-published on the occasion of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin. On 6 February 2009, the Grants will give a Balzan Distinguished Lecture on The Evolution of Darwin’s Finches as part of the Darwin Day 2009 events at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milano. © 2009, Fondazione Internazionale Balzan, Milano [www.balzan.org] © 2009, 24 ORE Motta Cultura, Milano [www.mottaeditore.it] Printed in Italy CONTENTS 2005 Balzan Prize for Population Biology. Motivation for the Prize and laudatio 5 Prizewinners’ acceptance speeches 7 Population Biology and Speciation 10 Research project 24 Biographical and bibliographical data 27 International Balzan Foundation 31 Peter and Rosemary Grant 2005 Balzan Prize for Population Biology Motivation for the Prize and laudatio Peter and Rosemary Grant are distinguished for their remarkable long-term studies demonstrating evolution in action in Galápagos finches. They have demonstrated how very rapid changes in body and beak size in response to changes in the food supply are driven by natural selection. They have also elu- cidated the mechanisms by which new species arise and how genetic diversity is maintained in natural populations. The work of the Grants has had a semi- nal influence in the fields of population biology, evolution and ecology. The 14 species of finches that inhabit the Galápagos Islands were amongst the key inspirations for Charles Darwin in his elucidation of the now universally ac- cepted mechanism of evolutionary change: natural selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Introduced Species of Anolis Lizards to Test Adaptive Radiation Theory James T
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-2-2018 Using Introduced Species of Anolis Lizards to Test Adaptive Radiation Theory James T. Stroud Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006576 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, Evolution Commons, and the Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Stroud, James T., "Using Introduced Species of Anolis Lizards to Test Adaptive Radiation Theory" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3695. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3695 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida USING INTRODUCED SPECIES OF ANOLIS LIZARDS TO TEST ADAPTIVE RADIATION THEORY A dissertation in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In BIOLOGY By James T. Stroud 2018 To: Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts, Sciences, and Education This dissertation, written by James T. Stroud, and entitled Using Introduced Species of Anolis Lizards to Test Adaptive Radiation Theory, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ______________________________________ Maureen A. Donnelly ______________________________________ Christopher Baraloto _______________________________________ Hong Liu _______________________________________ Jonathan B. Losos _______________________________________ Kenneth J.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Galápagos Escape January 6-12, 2022
    001 002 003 004 WILD GALÁPAGOS ESCAPE JANUARY 6-12, 2022 Travel with Princeton's legendary evolutionary biologists, Drs. Peter and Rosemary Grant ABOARD NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ISLANDER alumni.princeton.edu/journeys Galápagos will spoil you. The legendary animals described by Charles Darwin show no fear, making it possible to make intimate portraits of giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and a host of seabirds, including the comical blue-footed boobies. I guarantee you will shoot more images than ever before, and make your best pictures ever! –Ralph Lee Hopkins, Director of Expedition Photography Travel with confidence. We encour- age you to view the Health & Safety protocols currently in effect—scan the QR code, or visit bit.ly/3atsiNM. DEAR PRINCETONIAN, We are delighted to invite you on a once-in-a-lifetime journey to travel to the Galápagos Islands with Princeton's legendary evolutionary biologists, Peter and Rosemary Grant. Discover the magic of this special place by day and learn about the Grants' forty years of fieldwork studying Darwin's finches by night. Begin the journey in Guayaquil, Ecuador’s largest city, then fly some 600 miles off the coast to the Galápagos Islands. From here, climb aboard the 24- berth National Geographic Islander, a true expedition ship. Animal life varies from island to island, but likely encounters include sea lions, fur seals, marine iguanas, sea turtles, and the Giant Tortoise, as well as a wealth of bird life such as penguins, frigatebirds, blue-footed boobies, Galápagos hawks, Darwin’s finches, Nazca boobies, storm petrels and short- eared owls. Our intimate Princeton group will have the opportunity to explore many islands in the archipelago, with daily stops for hiking, snorkeling, kayaking, or just sitting on the beach and watching the teeming wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • The Size of Beaks of Darwin's Finches on the Galápagos Islands Is Influenced by Natural Selection
    NOT FOR SALE TheT size of beaks of Darwin’s fi nches on the Galápagos 8 IIslands is infl uenced by natural selection. © Roberts and Company Publishers, ISBN: 9781936221172, due August 15, 2012, For examination purposes only FINAL PAGES ZE_Ch08_p218-253.indd 218 7/18/12 2:06 PM NOT FOR SALE Natural Selection Empirical Studies in the Wild Learning Objectives • Describe the diff erences between directional selection and stabilizing selection. • Demonstrate how predators can act as agents of selection. • Explain how scarlet kingsnakes can exhibit a colorful pattern in one part of their range and be much redder in another. • Defi ne extended phenotypes. • Explain how replicated natural experiments can be used to examine evolutionary change in response to selection. • Analyze how selective sweeps can be detected within genomes. • Describe three genetic changes that have been identifi ed in the evolution of maize. • Explain how Bt resistance came about in insects. • Explain how body size and gape width could have evolved in Australian snakes in response to the invasion of cane toads. • Discuss how fi shing regulations could aff ect growth rates of fi sh populations. Charles Darwin managed to visit only a handful of the Galápa- gos Islands in 1835 while on his journey aboard the Beagle. Among the many islands he passed by was a tiny volcanic cone known as Daphne Major. Even today, it is not an easy place to visit. To set foot on Daphne Major, you have to approach a steep cliff in a small boat and then take an acrobatic leap onto a tiny ledge.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring/Summer 2012
    Galapagos News Summer 2012 Galapagosa semi-annual publication of galapagos conservancynews Connecting people across the globe with conservation in Galapagos IN THIS ISSUE Walking with Finches Building a Sustainable Future Penguin & Cormorant Monitoring Tortoise & the Egg Global Galapagos: Hotspot or Not? NEWS from Galapagos GALAPAGOS CONSERVANCY NEWS Project Updates: Blue-footed Boobies Whale Sharks Celebrity Xpedition Projects Donor Spotlight: Ken & Diane Saladin 2013 GC Cruise 2013 Photo Contest Ron Sorkness took this photo of a Small Tree Finch (Geospiza parvula) in the highlands of Santa Cruz in July 2008. "It was a gloomy day with off/on drizzle," he recalls. "The finch landed briefly to inspect our group — I was able to get a quick shot of him on that branch before he went off on his business." © Ron Sorkness A Message from the President GALAPAGOS.ORG has EVOLVED! If you've visited Galapagos Conservancy's website (www.galapagos.org) recently, you may have noticed that it's undergone quite an evolution. We hope you'll stop by our new online home to check out the improvements and to admire the stunning photos on nearly every page. We boast a new blog with insights from experts on Galapagos, a Photo Gallery, and an abundance of new content on all aspects of Galapagos ranging from conservation programs to green travel to the remarkable biodiversity of the islands. Don't forget to stop by the Gift Shop or make a donation to To Blog, or Not to Blog? help us continue our efforts to save one of the world's great treasures! ’m certain I speak for many when I say that I am visitors to this important and vulnerable archipelago.
    [Show full text]
  • Carnegie Astronomical Telescopes in the 21St Century
    YEAR BOOK02/03 2002–2003 CARNEGIEINSTITUTIONOFWASHINGTON tel 202.387.6400 CARNEGIE INSTITUTION 1530 P Street, NW CARNEGIE INSTITUTION fax 202.387.8092 OF WASHINGTON OF WASHINGTON Washington, DC 20005 web site www.CarnegieInstitution.org New Horizons for Science YEAR BOOK 02/03 2002-2003 Year Book 02/03 THE PRESIDENT’ S REPORT July 1, — June 30, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON ABOUT CARNEGIE Department of Embryology 115 West University Parkway Baltimore, MD 21210-3301 410.554.1200 . TO ENCOURAGE, IN THE BROADEST AND MOST LIBERAL MANNER, INVESTIGATION, Geophysical Laboratory 5251 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. RESEARCH, AND DISCOVERY, AND THE Washington, DC 20015-1305 202.478.8900 APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF MANKIND . Department of Global Ecology 260 Panama St. Stanford, CA 94305-4101 The Carnegie Institution of Washington 650.325.1521 The Carnegie Observatories was incorporated with these words in 1902 813 Santa Barbara St. by its founder, Andrew Carnegie. Since Pasadena, CA 91101-1292 626.577.1122 then, the institution has remained true to Las Campanas Observatory its mission. At six research departments Casilla 601 La Serena, Chile across the country, the scientific staff and Department of Plant Biology a constantly changing roster of students, 260 Panama St. Stanford, CA 94305-4101 postdoctoral fellows, and visiting investiga- 650.325.1521 tors tackle fundamental questions on the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism frontiers of biology, earth sciences, and 5241 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. Washington, DC 20015-1305 astronomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of the Galapagos Wikelski Reading, Web Links
    Biology of the Galapagos Wikelski reading, Web links 26 March 2009, Thurs Alan Alda ECOL 182R UofA Video? K. E. Bonine 1 Student Chapter of the Tucson Herpetological Society COME JOIN!!!!! 2 General Information… • Herpetology: the branch of zoology having to do with the study of reptiles and amphibians. • What We Do: Education outreach, Fun Trips, Exposure to reptiles and amphibians. • Meeting Time and Location: Every third Thursday of every month; outside, on the North side of Biological Sciences East. Except on March 26, 2009 (b/c spring break). 3 Galapagos 1000 km Ecuador S. America 4 Origins of the Galapagos (first islands about 10mya, oldest current islands 5mya) What happened to the older ones??? Oceanic or Continental Islands? 5 Stationary hotspot creates islands, then tectonic plate “rafts” east 6 Plate Tectonics Nazca Plate 7 Andes Colonization of the Galapagos (who got there and how?) Galapagos Humboldt Current Pough et al. 2004 8 Colonization of the Galapagos (who got there and how?) 9 HOW MANY? -Birds -Frogs -Lizards & Snakes -Mammals Marine or Terrestrial? -Plants Galapagos difficult to colonize. Some taxa make the journey better than others. Many fewer species than mainland. 10 Adaptive Radiation ... is the diversification of a single or small groups of species into a large number of descendant species that occupy various ecological niches. This is an evolutionary process driven by natural selection. 11 Adaptive Radiation 12 Adaptive Radiation Scalesia spp. 13 Adaptive Radiation Mockingbirds 14 Adaptive Radiation 15 Daphne Major, Peter and Rosemary Grant, Princeton 16 17 El Niño is an oscillation of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/nino/intro.html 18 Normal Conditions: El Nino Conditions: 19 Flooding in Peru and SW US, Drought in Australia and Indonesia Wind to East from West 20 Galapagos 1000 km Ecuador S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Balzan Prizewinners' Research Projects: an Overview 2018
    International Balzan Foundation The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview 2018 © 2018, Fondazione Internazionale Balzan, Milano [www.balzan.org] Printed in Italy ISSN ISSN 2240-4406 Contents The International Balzan Foundation ...................................................... Pag. 5 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview Introduction by the Chairman of the Balzan General Prize Committee Luciano Maiani ............................................................................................ » 9 Editor’s Note ................................................................................................ » 11 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects (2013-2017) Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts ........................................... » 15 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine .......... » 103 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects (2001-2012) Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts ........................................... » 153 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine .......... » 215 Indices Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects ...................................................... » 281 Institutions .................................................................................................... » 287 People ........................................................................................................... » 295 3 Organization of the International Balzan Foundation The Balzan “Prize” Foundation Board .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 08 Galapagosfinches.Pdf
    Case Studies in Evolutionary Ecology DRAFT 8 The Evolution of Phenotypes Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos toward the end of his voyage on the HMS Beagle. By that time he was already beginning to think about the process of the formation of species but he had not yet developed his idea of natural selection. What he did notice on the islands, however, was that each island in the archipelago had a slightly different set of species. He looked at the various mockingbirds and found that although they were clearly in the same group the birds looked slightly different on each island and slightly different from the birds on the mainland. He also collected many species of finches and brought them back to London. There, when he showed them to other taxonomists he realized that he was looking at several different species. One feature in particular that set them apart was the size and shape of their bills. Some had large, deep, bills such as are used for cracking large seeds. Others had slender bills more suited for small seeds and insects. Although the finches eventually helped Darwin understand the patterns of species variation they were not even mentioned in the Origin of Species. 1 A century later the British evolutionary biologist David Lack visited the Galapagos and published a very influential book entitled “Darwin’s Finches”. In it he described the variation in beak size and shape and interpreted those differences as a result of natural selection for efficiency of feeding on different types of food. That research was then continued by Drs.
    [Show full text]