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Extending the Ice Core Record Beyond Half a Million Years

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Extending the Ice Core Record Beyond Half a Million Years Extending the ice core record beyond half a million years Eric Wolff, Matthias Bigler, Emiliano Castellano, Jacqueline Fluckiger, Gerhard Krinner, Fabrice Lambert, Amaelle Landais, Angela Marinoni, Alessio Migliori, Mart Nyman, et al. To cite this version: Eric Wolff, Matthias Bigler, Emiliano Castellano, Jacqueline Fluckiger, Gerhard Krinner, et al..Ex- tending the ice core record beyond half a million years. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2002, 83 (45), pp.509. 10.1029/2002EO000352. hal- 03234927 HAL Id: hal-03234927 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03234927 Submitted on 27 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Eos,Vol. 83, No. 45, 5 November 2002 geogenic natural gas (FSlemr, personal com­ observed in areas with tremendous CO con­ tute, PO. Box 3060, D-55020, Germany; E-mail: munication, 2002). Between the cities of Vyatka centration increases.This and back trajectory [email protected] and Perm, as well as along the Tyumen-Omsk- analysis indicate that TROICA-5 03-rich nocturnal Novosibirsk route, there are natural gas pipelines, events in the Russian Far East were most likely and between Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk, there the result of extensive forest fires. Generally, Acknowledgments are crude oil pipelines with the corresponding ozone levels showed large diurnal variation We are grateful to G. S. Golitsyn (Russian storage, condensate removal, and transport between 0.4 ppbv at night and 65 ppbv in the Academy of Sciences), I. B. Belikov (Institute facilities that could be responsible for leaking daytime (TROICA-5, summer 1999) [Oberlander of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of CH4 and light non-methane hydrocarbons. The et al, 2002]. Identifying the major regional Sciences, Moscow), P F J. van Velthoven (Royal frequency of air sampling for NMHC analysis sources of ozone precursors, such asVOCs,CO, Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, is still not optimal and will be increased to and NOx, will provide new insights into the degree the Netherlands) and J. G. Goldammer (Global support CH4 source identification in future and processes of photochemical 03 formation Fire Monitoring Center, Max Planck Institute campaigns. In situ ethane measurements, in in Russia, particularly the influence of Siberian for Chemistry, Freiburg, Germany) for their parallel to available CH4, would also significantly forest fires on the regional and larger scale. contributions during field campaigns and benefit these studies. During the summer campaign in 2001 data validation.The TROICA project was sup­ 222 Diurnal variations of Rn,C02,and CH4 con­ (TROICA-7),high levels of nocturnal 03 of 45 ported by Ruhrgas AG, the Volkswagen Foun­ centrations due to micro-meteorological and ppbv and higher were observed in European dation and the International Science and boundary layer conditions, as well as their Russia—near the western side of Ural Moun­ Technology Center of the EU (Project No. 1235). dependence on various soil sources and vege­ tains—and in West Siberia, which originated tation types, have been used to estimate the from sources other than vegetation fires. The References actual ecosystem fluxes of C02 and CH4 from back trajectory analysis showed that air masses soils. The highest summer wetland release of were transported from northwestern Russia Aselmann, I. and PJ. Crutzen. Global distribution of nat­ 2 1 CH4 was -70 ± 35 umol m h for the West where extensive oil and gas fields are situated. ural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net Siberian wetlands, and the lowest CH4 efflux The photochemical 03 production under VOC primary productivity seasonality and possible 2 1 was -3.2 ± 1.6 umol m h' for drier habitats of and NOx-enriched conditions from oil/gas methane emissions, J.Atmos. Chem., 5,307-358,1989. eastern Siberia [Oberlander et a/., 2002]. Con­ exploitation might have played a significant Bergamaschi, P, et al., Isotope analysis based source identification for atmospheric CH and CO versely, while ambient CO levels of the West role, but a more systematic study is required. 4 Siberian lowlands in summer were generally sampled across Russia using the Trans-Siberian 110-135 ppbv or lower, very high CO concen­ railroad, J. Geophys.Res., 103 (07), 8227-8235,1998. Summary Crutzen, PJ., et al., Observations of trace gases in the trations, up to 1.5 ppmv, were registered east Using the detailed set of data in Figure 2, atmosphere in Russia using a railroad wagon of Chita (~52°N;113°E). laboratory (in Russian),Dokl. Ross.Akad. Nauk, During the TROICA-5 experiment in June- we have shown that the TROICA train-based 350,1-5,1996. July 1999, the most pronounced enhancements measurements provide invaluable information Davidenko, E. P, Ecological and economic evalua­ of CO were registered due to peat fires in Cen­ for climate-related studies of European and tion of the consequences of catastrophic fires in tral Russia and due to extensive forest fires in Asian Russia. It covers the continental ecosys­ the Russian Far East: The Khabarovsk Territory the Russian Far East region.The peat burning tems area of almost 100° in longitude (37.7-135.0°E) example of 1998, Int. Forest fire News, 22,53-66,2000. plumes in the European part of Russia were in latitudinal belt of 48.5-58.5°N—an area Hall, B. D., et al., Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species. D. B. King and R. C. Schnell (eds.), intercepted over ca. 150 km, showing the highest most sensitive to climate change. With relatively Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory CO mixing ratio observed during this campaign, low investment and operational cost require­ ments, continuous in-situ measurements of 0 , Summary Report No. 26 2000-2001, pp.106-135, i.e. 2467 ppbv.The CO concentration increase, 3 NOAA Oceanic and Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 2002. N 0, NO , CO, C0 , CH , 222Rn, halocarbons and reaching 1071 ppbv on the 1500-km section of 2 x 2 4 Lelieveld, J., PJ. Crutzen,and FJ. Dentener, Changing the Russian Far East, was unique in extent other trace gases were obtained without signifi­ concentration, lifetime and climate forcing of reflecting severe wildfires.These fire events cant contamination from the train. Using the atmospheric methane, Tellus, 50B, 128-150,1998. Trans-Siberian railway to survey the atmospheric Nilsson, S., and A. Shvidenko. Is sustainable develop­ also caused a concomitant increase of CH4, with high peaks exceeding 2 ppmv, and NO boundary layer over vast distances of Russia ment of the Russian forest sector possible? IUFRO concentrations of ca. 2 ppbv. Back trajectory plays a significant role in air pollution studies Occassional Paper No. 11 ISSN 1024414X.The analysis confirmed the interception of fire and helps provide information on emissions, Russian forest sector—A position paper for the world commission on forests and sustainable plumes. Using 14CO measurements,Bergamaschi which in the future could be used for regional and global models. development, WCFSD meeting in St. Petersburg, etal. [1998] unambiguously showed, that in Russia, 23-24 September 1997. summer 1996,biomass burning caused an Oberlander, E.A., et al.,Trace gas measurements unusual increase in CO mixing ratios between along the Trans-Siberian railroad: the Troica 5 Chita and Khabarovsk (Figure 2,TROICA-2, summer expedition, J. Geophys.Res., 107(014), 10.1029/ Authors 2001JD000953,2002. 1996).The nighttime 03 concentrations increased up to 30 ppbv and higher were also registered Eva A. Oberlander, Carl A. M. Brenninkmeijer, Shvidenko, A., and J. G. Goldammer, Fire situation in Russia, Int. Forest Fire News, 24,41-59,2001. on the Chita-Khabarovsk route, during east- Paul J. Crutzen, Jos Lelieveld, and bound and westbound parts of TROICA-2. Yakushev,V S., and E. M. Chuvilin, Natural gas and gas Nikolai FElansky hydrate accumulations within permafrost in Rus­ Similarly to TROICA-2, high nighttime 03 values For additional information, contact Eva Oberlander, sia, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 31, in eastern Siberia during TROICA-5 were Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Insti- 189-197,2000. Ice cores are unique: of all the paleo-records, Extending The Ice Core Record they have the most direct linkage with the atmosphere. At some sites, the time resolution is sufficient to study extremely fast climate Beyond Half A Million Years changes; and they have information about many forcing factors for climate (including PAGES 509,517 [Petit et al., 1999], while Japanese scientists greenhouse gas concentrations) displayed in drilling at Dome Fuji have obtained records the same cores as the resulting climate changes. Ice cores have been a crucial source of extending to 330,000 years. Now, a new core Ice cores have already played a central role information about past changes in the climate being drilled by a consortium of European in informing the debate about global change, and atmosphere. The Vostok ice core from laboratories has surpassed these ages, and providing the only direct evidence of historical Antarctica has provided key global change looks like extending the ice core record several changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, data sets extending 400,000 years in the past hundred thousand years into the past. the clearest evidence of past linkage between Eos,Vol. 83, No. 45,5 November 2002 greenhouse gases and climate, and the first indication that very rapid climate changes (linked to changes in thermohaline circulation) occurred in recent Earth history Both European and U.S.
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