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8Th Slide Set Computer Networks

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8Th Slide Set Computer Networks Forwarding, Path Determination Distance Vector Routing Protocols Link State Routing Prot. Diagnosis Internetworking + NAT 8th Slide Set Computer Networks Prof. Dr. Christian Baun Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences (1971–2014: Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main) Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering [email protected] Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 8th Slide Set Computer Networks – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 1/55 Forwarding, Path Determination Distance Vector Routing Protocols Link State Routing Prot. Diagnosis Internetworking + NAT Learning Objectives of this Slide Set Network Layer (part 2) Forwarding and path determination Distance vector routing protocols Link state routing protocols Diagnosis information and error messages via ICMP Internetworking (summary) Network Address Translation (NAT) Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 8th Slide Set Computer Networks – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 2/55 Forwarding, Path Determination Distance Vector Routing Protocols Link State Routing Prot. Diagnosis Internetworking + NAT Network Layer Functions of the Network Layer Sender: Pack segments of the Transport Layer into packets Receiver: Identify the packets inside the frames of Data Link Layer Provide logical addresses (IP address) Determinate the best path to the destination = Routing Forward packets between logical networks (across different physical networks) Devices: Router, Layer-3-Switch (Router without WAN port) Protocols: IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, IPX/SPX, DECnet Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 8th Slide Set Computer Networks – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 3/55 Forwarding, Path Determination Distance Vector Routing Protocols Link State Routing Prot. Diagnosis Internetworking + NAT Forwarding Primary task of Routers: Forwarding IP packets To carry out this task, Routers must determine for each incoming packet, the correct port Each Router maintains a local routing table The routing table contains. the logical networks, a Router knows about the information, which logical network can be accessed via which port Image source: Computernetzwerke. Peterson and Davie. dpunkt (2000) See the addressing example for Network Layer in slide set 7 A Router transmits the IP packets in the direction, which is specified in the routing table Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 8th Slide Set Computer Networks – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 4/55 Forwarding, Path Determination Distance Vector Routing Protocols Link State Routing Prot. Diagnosis Internetworking + NAT Path Determination (Routing) The path determination (routing) is the process of creating routing tables by using routing protocols The routing tables are necessary for calculating the best path, which allows to reach the destination at the lowest cost possible The routing protocols are carried out between the Routers Routing protocols base on distributed algorithms Reason: scalability 2 major classes of routing protocols exist: Distance vector routing protocols (implement the Bellman-Ford algorithm) Example: Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Link state routing protocols (implement the Dijkstra algorithm) Examples: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 8th Slide Set Computer Networks – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 5/55 Forwarding, Path Determination Distance Vector Routing Protocols Link State Routing Prot. Diagnosis Internetworking + NAT Areas of application – Autonomous Systems Routers are organized in Autonomous Systems (AS) Each AS consists of a group of logical networks, which. use the Internet Protocol (IP) are operated and managed by the same organization (e.g. an Internet Service Provider, a corporation or university) use the same routing protocol The interconnected AS in their totality form the internet Each AS has a unique Autonomous System Number (ASN) The ASNs are assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) in blocks to the Regional Internet Registries The Regional Internet Registries assign ASNs to entities inside their areas For Europe: RIPE NCC: http://www.ripe.net An ASN can be a 16-bit integer value (old standard) or a 32-bit integer value (new standard) Prof. Dr. Christian Baun – 8th Slide Set Computer Networks – Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences – WS1920 6/55 Forwarding, Path Determination Distance Vector Routing Protocols Link State Routing Prot. Diagnosis Internetworking + NAT Map of the Internet in 2011 The Internet Topology of Autonomous Systems, 2011.01.02 A B C D E F G H J K L N O P Q R S T U 1 Source: Rajan Sodhi. PEER 1 Hosting Blog. March, 1st 2011 2 3 http://www.peer1.com/blog/2011/03/map-of-the-internet-2011 4 5 6 7 8 Shows the connections between the 10 autonomous systems 11 12 13 An interactive version is available 14 15 16 Explanation of the author 17 18 “Each autonomous system is a network operated by a single 19 organization, and has routing connections to some number of 20 neighboring autonomous systems. The image depicts a graph of 19,869 21 autonomous system nodes, joined by 44,344 connections. The sizing and Large ISP Small ISP Internet Exchange Point Network Information Center Organization Network University H17 aapt limited F11 global one comunicacoes ltda H8 rede nacional de ensino e pesquisa layout of the autonomous systems are based on their eigenvector The Internet is made up of autonomous systems. Each autonomous system is a network L12 abilene university corporation for advanced internet development I16 globe telecom M12 rgnet/psgnet operated by a single organization, and has routing connections to some number of N17 aconet services @ vienna internet exchange L4 glowpoint inc N6 romania data systems sa O7 adelphia corp G6 go daddy software inc H9 romtelecom neighboring autonomous systems. L6 african network information center G15 golden telecom moscow russia Q8 rtcommru K5 akamai technologies M6 goldenlines G16 runnet Q6 alestra I8 google inc D12 samsung global management institute E15 american digital network O16 hanaro telecom G11 savvis This image depicts a graph of 19,869 autonomous system nodes joined by 44,344 I17 amsterdam internet exchange P15 hinet data communication business group K10 sbc internet services connections. The sizing and layout of the autonomous systems is based on their I14 aol K4 hinet service center R12 schlund + partner ag P17 arcor S9 hk cable tv ltd S13 seednet digital united inc centrality, which is a measure of how central to the network each eigenvector centrality, which is a measure of how central to the network each K7 asia netcom corporation P13 hungarian telecom N16 shaw communications inc I9 at&t worldnet services E9 hurricane electric E8 sify limited autonomous system is—an autonomous system is central if it is connected to other P5 avensys networks ltd K16 hutchison global communications I21 singapore telecom S12 axione O5 indosatnet I12 sita autonomous systems that are central. This is the same graph-theoretical concept that N13 bandcon O18 inforelay online systems inc D11 sonatel R8 bayantel-sky internet P10 infostrada M17 sprint forms the basis of Google’s PageRank algorithm. J11 bell advanced communications inc Q12 init seven ag zurich switzerland J17 starhub internet singapore U9 beyond the network america inc Q16 internap network services blk2 H16 starnet communications N5 bezeqint M4 internap network services blk4 J7 sunrise tdc switzerland The graph layout begins with the most central nodes and proceeds to the least, K9 bharti bt internet ltd O6 internet systems consortium inc J15 surfnet the netherlands autonomous system is: an autonomous system is central if it is L19 biznet isp R10 internode systems pty ltd O15 swisscom enterprise solutions ltd positioning them on a grid that subdivides after each order of magnitude of centrality. K12 bt european backbone U13 interoute communications ltd N14 switch swiss education and research network O11 cable & wireless R6 itd network Q10 t-online france / club-internet Within the constraints of the current subdivision level, nodes are placed as near as I10 cablevision systems corp J14 janet U17 taiwan internet gateway possible to previously placed nodes that they are connected to. F10 cantv servicios ca J13 jpnic S14 taiwan fixed network telco and network service provider J18 cavalier telephone K14 jpnic K17 tdc data networks H6 charter communications O17 korea telecom N11 tele2 ab O9 chinanet no31 jin-rong street K13 kpn internet backbone J5 telecity london J12 cncgroup china169 backbone R11 ldcom networks I1 telecom italia sparkle Q13 cogent/psi H5 leaseweb J6 telecom centre joint stock company connected to other autonomous systems that are central. This is the N12 colt telecommunications I13 level 3 communications G8 telecomunicacoes da bahia sa K6 corbina telecom J9 limelight networks llc I6 telecomunicacoes de santa catarina sa M1 cox communications inc R15 lirexnet L10 telecore network autonomous system N4 cox internet services M5 london internet exchange ltd I15 telefonica P8 cprm G7 mci emea E13 teleglobe america inc O12 dacom corporation H18 merit network inc G10 telekom srbija J8 dci M11 metromedia fiber network R13 telenor-nextel Q5 de-cix the german internet exchange H14 microsoft corp M13 telianet global network E17 deutsche telekom ag F8 moscow telecommunication corporation (comcor) L16 telus advanced communications P7 dial telecom bratislava L13 mtu-intel moscow region network Q11 terrenap datacenters madrid es same graph-theoretical concept that forms the basis of Google’s
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