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Helios Megistos: Zur Synkretistischen Theologie Der Spdtantike

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Helios Megistos: Zur Synkretistischen Theologie Der Spdtantike RELIGIONS IN THE GRAECO-ROMAN WORLD EDITORS R. VAN DEN BROEK H.J.W. DRIJVERS H.S. VERSNEL VOLUME 125 HELIOS MEGISTOS %ur synkretistischen Theologie der Spätantike VON WOLFGANG FAUTH EJ. BRILL LEIDEN · NEW YORK · KÖLN 1995 Thu series Religions in the Graeco-Roman World presents a forum for studies in the social and cultural function of religions in the Greek and the Roman world, dealing with pagan religions both in their own right and in their interaction with and influence on Christianity and Judaum during a lengthy period of fundamental change. Special attention will be given to the religious history of regions and cities which illustrate the practical workings of these processes. Enquiries regarding the submission of works for publication in the series may be directed to Professor H.J.W. Drijvers, Faculty of letters, University of Groningen, 9712 ΕΚ Groningen, The Netherlands. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fauth, Wolfgang. Helios megistos : zur synkretistischen Theologie der Spätantike / von VV. Fauth. p. cm. (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world. ISSN 0927-7633 ; v. 125) Includes index. ISBN 9004101942 (cloth : alk. paper} 1. Helios (Greek deitv) I. Title. II. Series. BL820.S62F38 1995' 292. Γ2113--de 20 94-38391 CIP Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Fauth, Wolfgang: Helios megistos : zur synkretistischen Theologie der Spätantike / von W.'Fauth. Leiden ; New York ; Köln : Brill, 1995 (Religions in the Graeco-Roman world ; Vol. 125) ISBN 90-04-10194-2 NE: G Γ ISSN 0927-7633 ISBN 90 04 10194 2 © Copyright 1995 by K.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by E.J. Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 09123, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERIANDS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Vorwort vii Einleitung: Der griechische Sonnengott in der vorsynkretistischen Phase xvii I. Der orphische Helios-Hymnos und die 'Mithrasliturgie' 1 II. Der Sonnengott in den griechischen Zauberpapyri 34 1. Helios als Ordner des Kosmos und Herr der Elemente 34 2. Helios-Apollon 41 3. Helios αίλουροπρόσωπος, Mithras, Jao, Seth und Agathodaimon 56 4. Helios-Sarapis-Aion, Helios Kantharos (Hepre), Helios Jao Abrasax 74 5. Der hypersolare Pantheos und der Sonnengott als δεύτερος θεός 89 Zusammenfassung 114 III. Der Helios-Hymnos des Proklos und die hymnische Lobrede des Julianus Apostata auf den Sonnengott 121 IV. Der Hymnos auf Herakles Astrochiton-Helios in den Dionysiaka des Nonnos von Panopolis 165 Abschluß: Generelle Symptome des solaren Synkretismus in den vorgelegten literarischen Äußerungen antiker Mystik, Magic, Philosophie und Epik 184 Appendix: Der Bezug ägyptischer und vorderorientalischer Sonnengottheiten zu Rechtswahrung, Unterwelt, Magie und Königtum 189 Textstellen (Τ 1 245) 203 Index der Götter- und Personennamen 263 VORWORT Während der zweiten Hälfte dieses Jahrhunderts hat sich die religions• geschichtliche und religionswissenschaftliche Forschung eingehender als zuvor mit der Eigenart und den mannigfachen Varianten des sogenannten Synkretismus befaßt. Neben einigen Monographien' und Zeit- bzw. Festschriftaufsätzen2 vermochte vor allem die Publikation von Beiträgen zu mehreren Kolloquien oder Symposien über dieses diffizile und weitgefächerte Thema die Erkenntnis der Vielfalt des religiösen Synkretismus zu fördern, ebenso aber auch die Problema• tik einer Bestimmung seines Wesens und einer Abgrenzung seines Spektrums zu verdeutlichen. Bei dem Symposium von Abo (Schweden) 19663 ergab sich eine außerordentliche Bandbreite dieses Spektrums, vom altnordischen Skandinavien (O. Nordland) bis zum Mesopotamien der sumerisch- 1 G.W. Ahlström, Aspects of Syncretism in Israelitic Religion (Horae Soe- dcrblomianac 5), Lund 1963. J.H. Kamstra, Encounter or Syncretism. The Initial Growth of Japanese Buddhism, Leiden 1967. A. Matsunaga, The Buddhist Philoso• phy of Assimilation. The Historical Development of the Honji-Suijaku Theory, Rutland/Vermont-Tokyo 1969. G. I^nczkowski, Begegnung und Wandel der Reli• gionen, Düsseldorf-Köln 1971. B. Altenmüller, Synkretismus in den Sargtexten (Göt• tinger Orientforschungen IV. Reihe: Ägypten, Band 7), Wiesbaden 1975. M.Th. Derchain-Urtel, Synkretismus in ägyptischer Ikonographie. Die Göttin Tjenenet (Göttinger Orientforschungen IV. Reihe: Ägypten, Band 9), Wiesbaden 1979. J.A. Berling, The Syncretic Religion of Lin Chao-en, Xew York 1980. A. Böhlig, Gnosis und Synkretismus. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur spätantiken Religionsgeschichte I.II, Tü• bingen 1989. 2 D. Seyfort-Ruegg, Sur les rapports entre le Bouddhisme et le 'substrat religieux' indien et tibétain, JÄ 252, 1964, 77-95. M. Pye, Syncretism and Ambiguity, Numen 18, 1971, 89-93. P. Kvaerne, Aspects of the Origin of the Buddhist Tradition in Tibet, Numen 19, 1972, 22-40. H. Biezais, Transformation und Identifikation der Götter im Synkretismus, Temenos 11, 1975, 5 26. C. Colpe, Syncretism and Secu• larization: Complementary and Antithetical Trends in New Religious Movements?, HR 17, 1977/78, 158 176 (Lit.). -W. Hage, Christentum und Schamanismus. Zur Krise des Nestorianertums in Zentralasien, in: B. Jaspert-R. Mohr (Hrsg.), Traditio- Krisis-Renovatio aus theologischer Sicht. Festschrift Winfried Zeller, Marburg 1976, 117-124. J. Gwyn Griffith, Motivation in Early Egyptian Syncretism, in: Studies in Egyptian Religion dedicated to Professor Jan Zandee (Numen Suppl. 43), Leiden 1982, 43-55. D. Placido, La conquista del norte de la peninsula ibérica: sincretismo religioso e praticas imperialistas, in: M.M. Mactoux-E.Geny (Eds.), Mélanges Pierre Lévêque 1, Paris 1988, 229-244. 3 S.S. Hartman (Ed.), Syncretism. Papers read at the Symposium on Cultural Contact, Meeting of Religions, Syncretism held at Abo on the 8th- 10th of Septem• ber 1966, Stockholm 1969. Vlll VORWORT akkadischcn Ära (J. van Dijk) und dem Iran islamischer Prägung (S.S. Hartman), von der nordgermanischen Literatur im Strahlungs• feld des Christentums (Ä.V. Ström) bis zur mandäischen Uminter- pretation biblischer Gestalten (E. Segelberg), von Kontakten zwischen ägyptischer und griechischer Göttermythologie (J. Bergman) bis zum Nebeneinander eines nestorianischen Christentums und eines synkre- tistisch transformierten Manichäismus in Tibet (G. Uray) sowie zur Kontingenz zwischen Buddhismus und christlicher Religion in Japan (H. Thomsen), schließlich von den religiösen Elementen einer Akkul- turation an die christlich geprägte Welt der Weißen in Afrika (O. Petterson) bis zu eben solchen bei den Indianern Nordamerikas (Ä. Hultkrantz). Einleitend präsentierte H. Ringgren kritische Über• legungen zum Fehlen einer präzisen Definition des Synkretismus und zu der dadurch gegebenen, in den einzelnen 'Papers' des Symposi• ums sich spiegelnden begrifflichen Unscharfe. Das Straßburger Kolloquium von 1971 brachte unter anderem Analysen synkretistischer Erscheinungen diverser Qualität und Inten• sität in der stoischen Philosophie (G. Rocca-Serra), im ägyptisch• hellenistischen Isis- und Osiriskult (F. Dunand, K. Parlasca), in der Spätzeit Anatoliens (E. Laroche), Nubiens (J. Leclant) und der ibe• rischen Halbinsel (R. Etienne), ferner zwei Betrachtungen zur Ter• minologie (S. Wikander) und Typologie (P. Lévêque) des Synkretis• mus.4 Das thematisch daran anknüpfende Kolloquium von Besançon (1973)5 umgreift kulturgeographisch die Ägäis (P. Lévêque), Kypros (J. Pouilloux), das hethitische Kleinasien (E. Laroche), Thrakien und das Pontosgebiet (I. Chirassi Colombo), das frühe Italien (R. Bloch), das römische Afrika und Ägypten (M. LeGlay, F. Dunand), Dakien (E. Condurachi) und das keltische Helvetien (R. Fellmann); es mün• det aus in den Nachweisen jüdischer Einflüsse auf die Hermetik des Poimandres (M. Philonenko) und hellenistischer Infiltration des Chri• stentums (R. Nouailhat). Für das Anliegen des vorliegenden Buches sind am meisten relevant die Äußerungen von J. Leclant über die (fragliche) Existenz eines 'Synkretismus' in der Religion Ägyptens während der Pharaonenzeit, da nicht zuletzt die Besonderheit der Götterverbindungen (z.B.Horus-Min), speziell auch der solaren 4 Les syncrétismes dans les religions grecque et romaine. Colloque de Strasbourg (9 11 juin 1971), Paris 1973. 5 F. Dunand-P. Lévêque (Eds.), Les syncrétismes dans les religions de l'antiquité. Colloque de Besançon (22 23 octobre 1973) (EPRO 46), Leiden 1975. VORWORT IX Triadenbildung (Khepri[Hepre]-Re-Atum) unter den Bedingungen des altägyptischen Weltbildes kritisch erörtert wird (Points de vue récents sur le syncrétisme dans la religion de l'Egypte pharaonique S. 1 — 18).6 Gegenüber einer Ausweitung des Radius der Beobachtungen auf die 'Antike' im weitesten Sinne bilden verständlicherweise Iran und Israel die Schwerpunkte einer von B.A. Pearson 1975 edierten Samm• lung von Essays mit dem Zuschnitt auf die religionsgeschichtlichen Ansichten und Aussagen Geo Widengrens, des bedeutendsten Re• präsentanten der Schule von Uppsala.7 Dieser selbst kommt mit ei• ner einleitenden Zusammenschau kultureller Kontakte,
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