Understanding (1748), L.A. Selby-Bigge (Ed.) Enquiries Concerning
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Notes Introduction 1. Hume, 'Of Miracles', Sect. X of An Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding (1748), L.A. Selby-Bigge (ed.) Enquiries concerning Hu man Understanding and concerning the Principles of Morals (Oxford: Oarendon, 1902) 3rd edn., 1975, pp. 109-31, p. 115 note. Chapter 1: THE CRISIS IN MODERN THEOLOGY 1. Later published in Kerygma und Mythos: Ein theologisches Gespriich, H. W. Bartsch (ed.) (Hamburg: Reich, 1947), 2 vols., I, pp. 15--48. The quotations which follow are given to the English translation of this work by R. H. Fuller, Kerygma and Myth: A Theological Debate, with contributions 1fy Rudolf Bultmann, Ernst Lohmeyer, Julius Schniewind, Friedrich Schumann, Helmut Thielicke and Austin Farrer (London: S.P.C.K., 1953) 2 vols., I, pp. 1-44. These, together with wider references, will be given in the text under the prefix 'KM'. 2. Bonhoeffer, Letters and Papers from Prison, translated from Widerstand und Ergebung: Briefe und Aufzeichnungen aus der Haft by R. H. Fuller, P. Clarke and others (London: SCM, 1953); enlarged edition, ed. E. Bethge (London: SCM, 1971) p. 285. The German edition, as may be noted, appeared in 1970. 3. Robinson (London: SCM, 1963). Further references to this work will be given in the text under the prefix 'HG'. 4. Robinson, 'The Debate Continues', D. L. Edwards (ed.), The Honest to God Debate: Some reactions to the book 'Honest to God' with a new chapter 1fy its author John A. T. Robinson (London: SCM, 1963) pp. 232-75, p. 262. Further references to this work will be given in the text under the prefix 'HGD'. 5. Paul Tillich, The Shaking of the Foundations (New York: Scribner, 1948) p. 57. 6. The logical difficulties raised here will be the subject of later remark. See chap. 12 of this volume. 7. Anonymous, The Times (London, 4 April 1963). The comment, of course, was originally made of Auguste Comte. 8. Bultmann, Jesus Christ and Mythology, Yale and Vanderbilt Lectures, 1951 (New York: Scribner, 1958) pp. 16, 37. Chapter 2: THE IDEA OF THE MIRACULOUS 1. Jaspers, Bultmannl}aspers, Myth and Christianity: An Inquiry into the Possibility of Religion Without Myth (New York: Noonday, 1958) pp.3-4. 2. Cf. the well-known contribution of H. and H. A. Frankfort to this 211 topic in the collection of essays. H. and H. A. Frankfort (eds), The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1946); reprinted under the title Before Philosophy (London: Pelican, 1949). 3. Bultmann, Jesus Christ and Mythology, pp. 37-8. 4. Hume, op. cit., p. 115 note. Further references to this work will be given in the text under the prefix 'HU'. 5. Lecky, History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe (London: Longmans, Green, 1865); reprinted (New York: Braziller, 1955) p. 101 (my italics). Cf. chap. 6 of this volume for a qualifying note on the intellectual milieu of the period which saw the emergence of this famous treatise. 6. Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), fly-leaf summary. 7. Solzhenitsyn, The Cancer Ward trans. Rachel Frank (New York: Dial, 1968) p. 164. 8. Paul Dietl, 'On Miracles', American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April1968) pp. 130-4, p. 132. 9. Broad, 'Hume's Theory of the Credibility of Miracles', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (New Series) XVII (191fr17) pp. 77-94; re printed in Human Understanding: Studies in the Philosophy of David Hume, A. Sesonske and N. Fleming (eds) (Belmont: Wadsworth, 1965) pp. 8fr98, p. 86. 10. Odegard, 'Miracles and Good Evidence', Religious Studies, Vol. 18 (1982) pp. 37-46, p. 38. 11. The archetypal statement of this claim, in its eighteenth century form, is given by William Paley in his A View of the Evidences of Christianity (1794) and Natural Theology (1802). 12. Lewis, Miracles (London/New York: Macmillan, 1947) p. 124. 13. Broad, op. cit., p. 94. 14. Penelhem, Hume (London: Macmillan, 1975) p. 178. Chapter 3: MIRACLES AND NATURAL NECESSITY 1. Huxley, Science and Christian Tradition: Essays (London: Macmillan, 1894) p. 133. 2. Lewis, op. cit., p. 124. 3. Flew, God and Philosophy (London: Hutchinson, 1966) p. 149. A theological formulation of, what might be taken as, the same argument is given by Tillich: 'Miracles cannot be interpreted in terms of a supernatural interference in natural processes. If such an interpretation were true, the manifestation of the ground of being would destroy the structure of being; God would be split within himself, as religious dualism has asserted.' Systematic Theology (London: Nisbet, 1964) 3 vols., I, p. 129. 4. Huxley, op. cit., p. 133. 5. McKinnon, American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 4, No.4 (1967) pp. 308-14. Notes to pp. 29-41 213 6. Cf. R. F. Holland, 'The Miraculous', American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 2, No.1 (1965) pp. 43-51, p. 46. 7. Robinson, 'Miracles', Ratio, Vol. ix, No. 2 (1967) pp. 155--66, p. 159. The position is one that is endorsed by Malcolm Diamond, 'Mira cles', Religious Studies Vol. 9 (1973) pp. 307-24. 8. Cf. in this connexion the words of John Maynard (later, Lord) Keynes after reading through the masses of Newton's private papers following their being opened to public scrutiny in 1936: 'Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians. He looked on the whole universe and all that there is in it as a riddle, as a secret which could be read by applying pure thought to certain evidence, certain mystic clues which God had laid about the world to allow a sort of philosopher's treasure hunt to the esoteric brotherhood. He believed that these clues were to be found partly in the evidence of the heavens and in the constitution of elements (and that is what gives the false suggestion of his being an experimental natural philosopher), but also partly in certain papers and traditions handed down by the brethren in an unbroken chain back to the original cryptic revelation in Babylonia. He regarded the universe as a cryptogram set by the Almighty.' Quoted by B. J. T. Dobbs, The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975) pp. 13-14. Cf. chap. 11 in this volume. 9. Holland, op. cit., p. 48. Similar views are expressed by Richard Swinburne, The Concept of a Miracle (London: Macmillan, 1970) p. 27; and by Margaret Boden 'Miracles and Scientific Explanation', Ratio, Vol. xi, No. 2 (1969) pp. 137-44, p. 140. 10. Smart, 'Miracles and David Hume', Philosophers and Religious Truth (London: SCM, 1964) pp. 26-56, pp. 39-41. 11. Swinburne, op. cit., p. 26. 12. Nowell-Smith, 'Miracles', New Essays in Philosophical Theology, ed. A. Flew and A. Mcintyre (London: SCM, 1955) pp. 243-53. The essay was originally published in the Hibbert Journal, Vol. xlviii (1950) pp. 3~. 13. Swinburne, op. cit., p. 53. Chapter 4: MIRACLES AND MIND 1. Odegard, op. cit., p. 41. 2. Lewis, op. cit., p. 58. 3. Broad, op. cit., p. 96. 4. Smart, op. cit., pp. 47-8. 5. Lewis, op. cit., p. 59. 6. Lewis, ibid., pp. 56-7. 7. Broad, op. cit., p. 90. 8. Dietl, op. cit., p. 132. 9. Dietl, ibid., p. 132. 10. Boden, op. cit., p. 140. 11. Broad, 'The Relevance of Psychical Research to Philosophy', Reli gion, Philosophy and Psychical Research: Selected Essays (London: Rout- 214 Notes to pp. 43-57 ledge, Kegan Paul, 1953) pp. 7-26. Cf. also, Broad, Lectures on Psychical Research, incorporating the Perrott Lectures given at Cambridge University in 1959 and 1960 (London: Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1962) pp. 3-4. 12. Broad, 'Hume's Theory of the Credibility of Miracles', op. cit., p. 96. 13. Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work (London: Hogarth, 1953) 2 vols., I, p. 45. Chapter 5: MIRACLES AS A MODE OF THE SUPER-NORMAL 1. Bultmann, Jesus Christ and Mythology, p. 15. 2. Broad, 'Hume's Theory of the Credibility of Miracles', op. cit., p. 96. 3. Schniewind, 'A Reply to Bultmann' (1943}, Kerygma and Myth, I, pp. 45-101, p. 51 (my interpolations). 4. Thielicke, 'The Restatement of New Testament Mythology', Kerygma and Myth, I, pp. 13&-74, pp. 174, 173. 5. Landrum, 'What a Miracle Really Is', Religious Studies Vol. 12 (1976}, pp. 49-57, pp. 52-3. 6. F. L. Cross (ed.) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957) p. 920. 7. Cf. Aquinas, Summa Theologica, I, 110, 4. 8. Lecky, op. cit., pp. xix-xx. 9. Swinburne, op. cit., pp. &-9 (my italics). 10. Schopenhauer, 'Versuch iiber das Geistersehn und was damit zusammenhangt', Parerga und Paralipomena (1851), Siimtliche Werke (Wiesbaden: Brokhaus, 1960) V, pp. 239-329: trans. E. F. J. Payne, 'Essay on Spirit Seeing and everything connected therewith' Parerga and Paralipomena (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974) 2 vols., I, pp. 227-309, p. 266. Chapter 6: SUPER-NORMALITY AS A MODE OF THE REAL 1. Lecky, op. cit., pp. 27, 161, 162. 2. Cf., in this connexion, three works of especial relevance which, together, contain an extensive bibliography relating to the matters in hand- Henri F. Ellenberger, The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry (New York: Basic Books, 1970); Alan Gauld, The Founders of Psychical Research (London: Routledge, Kegan Paul, 1968); and R. Lawrence Moore, In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology and American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977). 3. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research ijuly, 1882}, I (1883), pp. 3-4 (my italics). Proceedings of the Society have been issued since the foregoing date and a Journal from February 1884.