News and Comment

An Unbeliever Among D The Faithful his past May, Cambridge Univer- jointly by the president of the Society sity appointed its first research for Psychical Research (Archie E. Roy) Tfellow in . Nor- and three past presidents 0ohn Beloff, mally, you might not expect this to Arthur J. Ellison, and Alan Gauld). be a high-profile news item. But the "Dr. Humphrey," they wrote, post went to a skeptic, Nicholas Humphrey, and this turned an unus- ual academic appointment into a media event in Britain. The Times of London wasted no time in interviewing Humphrey, who was refreshingly forthright in his replies. "After a hundred years of experiments into the ," he said, "they have come up with nothing convincing. I want to show not only that these things don't happen, but that they are logically impossible, that the paranormal is all in the mind." Nor did he give any ground to the spiritually minded. "Roman Catholi- cism without the paranormal would be nothing; it needs its miracles. But then who needs Catholicism? Praying has no paranormal benefits—statisti- cally, it is not going to help." "The most important work to be done in this area," he said, "is to expose the fallacies. This is not a game. A lot of people are putting around mislead- ing ideas, and others are being conned financially and intellectually." Almost immediately, ruffled feath- ers began afluttering in the dovecotes of academe. A letter to the Times was signed Inquirer

Winter 1993 115 "appears to be lumping together all the concerned with research into the silliest nonsense and foolish supersti- physical sciences, and the dons there tions he (and we) dislike and calling were imperfectly sensible of the honor it parapsychology. . . . We had hoped thus bestowed upon them. Hugh that the day was long past when Mellor, professor of philosophy, com- academics not noted for their wide plained that it would link the college experiences of psychical research with "spooks, , and card could feel free to dismiss it in a manner games." And as a body, they insisted that would damage their reputation that "the dubious terms 'psychical if applied to any other scientific research' and 'parapsychology' should discipline. Sadly we seem to have been not be used either in the title or in mistaken." the public advertisements." A day or two later, Times columnist Finally it was agreed to use the Bernard Levin devoted an article to money for research into "why some an attack on Humphrey, under the people could be induced to believe headline "Why do scientists become impossible things." unscientific when confronted with This shift of emphasis has upset evidence of the paranormal?" He many in the paranormal establish- criticized Humphrey for behaving "as ment who seem to see a researcher's though all mysteries, large and small, job as a search for evidence to support are either already solved or very their previous conclusions. It is all shortly will be." uncomfortably redolent of the SPR's Humphrey replied: "I recognize at early days, when its declared purpose least as well as Levin (possibly better) was to demonstrate the survival of the how far we are from understanding soul empirically. (Frederic Myers said the workings of the human mind. But, in his presidential address that the when faced by evidence of paranormal Society's very aim was to supply a powers, I, unlike Levin, am inclined "preamble to all religions.") to be more curious about their natural Since then, the ripples have spread. meaning than reverent about their In Edinburgh University, Charles supernatural one." Honorton said he found "several It all began when two members of misleading statements" about para- the Society for Psychical Research psychological research in the brief (SPR) left a grant of money, known comments that New Scientist made on as the Perrott and Warwick Fund. It the appointment. was given to Trinity College in In Cambridge itself, further com- Cambridge University to administer. plaints came from Brian Josephson It incorporated two bequests. One was (usually referred to simply as the that the money be used "absolutely inventor of the Josephson junction, for the purpose of psychical research." but in fact also a staunch publicist of The other was that phenomena should psi): "Since there are satisfactory be investigated when they seemed to rational reasons for belief in psi, such suggest "(a) the existence of supernat- as there now being good experimental ural powers of cognition or action in evidence for psi for which critics have human beings in their present life; or failed to find alternative explanations, (b) the persistence of the human mind investigating irrational ones seems after bodily death." beside the point." Trinity College in turn passed the None of this is likely to faze buck to Darwin College (also of Humphrey, whose standing is secure Cambridge). Darwin College is largely among his professional peers. He is

116 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, Vol. 17 a distinguished theoretical psychol- Skeptics tried to warn that these ogist and a leading authority on the reports weren't all they might seem evolution of the brain, and he has held (Si, News and Comment, Winter reading and research posts at both 1985-86). But promoters of parapsy- Oxford and Cambridge. In 1981 he chology have tried to use talk of a "psi was chosen to give the BBC's Bron- gap" to persuade the U.S. government owski lecture, and in 1987 he wrote to do research on extrasensory per- and presented the comprehensive 90- ception (ESP). Now a former inves- minute television documentary "Is tigator for Anderson has admitted Anybody There?"—a searching inves- that he made up tales of psychic tigation of paranormal claims. research to win a $10 bar bet. He has held fellowships in the Ron McRae, author of Mind Wars, United States and Germany and was wrote in the June 1992 issue of the awarded the Glaxo Science Writers' irreverent magazine Spy that after Prize in 1980 and the Martin Luther becoming "convinced that many jour- King Memorial Prize in 1985. nalists lied, and that many journalists On the very day of the Times who didn't lie weren't very scrupulous interview this past May, Humphrey's about confirming the truth of what latest book appeared: A History of the their sources told them," he bet a Mind. In it, he sets out to define the friend that there were no limits to mind-body problem, and to solve it. what people would believe. Daniel Dennett (author of Conscious- After learning that the CIA was ness Regained) has described the book spending $100,000 to study Soviet as "brilliant, unsettling, and beauti- experiments on ESP and that the Navy fully written. . . . Nobody else brings was paying the Stanford Research such an astonishing range of knowl- Institute to study professional psy- edge to bear on these issues." chics, McRae wrote, "I invented my It may not be 100-percent certain own psychic-research projects, and that well be hearing a lot more of Nick Anderson, convinced that I had Humphrey, but that's surely the way remarkable sources in the Pentagon to bet. . . . printed my tale of a 'psychic task force' that was working to 'perfect —Lewis Jones psychotechtronic weapons that will work through extrasensory percep- Lewis ]ones is a writer in London. tion—like long-distance telepathic hypnosis to enslave enemy leaders.' "A month later," McRae continued, "Anderson described the 'hyperspatial Former Jack Anderson howitzer, which supposedly could transmit a nuclear explosion in the Researcher Says 'Psi Gap'Nevad a desert to the gates of the Stories Were a Hoax Kremlin with the speed of thought.' " McRae said he won the bar bet, and later went on to concoct at least one ince 1981, syndicated columnist other psychic contraption: a satellite- Jack Anderson has periodically deployed dowsing rod (SADDOR), S told his readers about psychic which was a Y-shaped rod sent into research financed by the Pentagon and orbit that allowed psychics to hunt for efforts by the Soviet Union to push enemy missiles and submarines. for a breakthrough in psychic warfare. Anderson, in his introduction to

Winter 1993 117 McRae's psychic-warfare book, pub- today's special effects films is poised lished in 1984 by St. Martin's Press, to thrust all our old ideas about called McRae "one of the best inves- "photographic evidence" into the tigators in the business." dustbin of history. McRae, writing in Spy, argued that Until about 1990, flying an actor Mind Wars "was generally accurate, in a movie studio meant taking enor- apart from the sections on SADDOR mous pains to hide wires. Wire tech- and a few other items." He doesn't say nology had remained unchanged for what those "few other items" were. decades. Disney's Son of Flubber, a After seeing similar cases in which black-and-white comedy from the anonymous sources were willing to fifties, featured a convincing high verify information that McRae says he school basketball game in which knew to be untrue, "the difference players could fly. The filmmakers between my reporting and that of pulled off dozens of flawless flying most other reporters, I concluded, was shots—but first they had to establish that I published firsthand fabrications, that this was the big homecoming while the ones they published were game. That gave them an excuse to secondhand." decorate the gymnasium set with McRae said that after recovering thousands of strips of crepe paper, from a bout with depression he is back which hung vertically from the ceiling. in journalism "reporting on matters The paper strips provided vertical of banking and finance, and I never "noise" that made spotting the wires quote an anonymous source." impossible. Advances like color, the wide screen, and finer-grain film made —C. Eugene Emery Jr. it harder and harder for cinematog- raphers to hide the wires. On the Superman pictures of the seventies and Gene Emery is a science writer for the early eighties, the wires had to be so Providence Journal. (See also Psychic thin that they limited both the range Vibrations column, this issue—Ed.) of available flying maneuvers and the safety of the actors. (During produc- tion, one wire rig failed, dropping one of Christopher Reeves's doubles tens Photographic Proof? of feet onto a studio floor. Amazingly, Not for Long the stunt man was unhurt.) Of course there are other ways to make people appear to fly. For long f you saw Steven Spielberg's Hook, shots, traveling matte techniques 1991's holiday blockbuster movie, allow an actor photographed else- I you may have been impressed with where to be inserted into any back- the fluidity and realism of its flying ground imagery. Many of the large- scenes. Robin Williams as Peter Pan scale shots of Superman flying Lois (obviously not a stunt man) would Lane over the city of Metropolis were swoop around those studio sets with done this way, with New York City the greatest of ease, while the camera predictably standing in for the Man wheeled gracefully around him. of Steel's hometown. Another tech- How was it done? With a technol- nique is process projection. A still or ogy called "wire removal." Why should moving background is projected onto skeptics care? Because the digital a screen behind the actor. This lends visual-effects technology behind itself to closer shots. Today's savvy

118 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, Vol. 17 viewers can often spot the degrada- graphics workstation. Using propri- tion in the quality of the background etary software, they removed the rods image that goes with process projec- and wires. They extrapolated back- tion. And the technique does not lend ground imagery from either side of itself to shots in which the flyer must the objects to fill in the spaces where interact in complex ways with the the hardware had been. And it all projected background. worked invisibly, frame after frame, If you are a movie director and 24 frames for every second of screen want your star to fly across a room, time. Finally, each manipulated frame pick an acorn out of the ceiling rafters, was laser-scanned back onto 35mm or and drop it in the villain's drink, there's 70mm film negative. Cut into the no substitute for the kind of effects finished picture, these highly ma- that people call nipulated shots "wire gags." As a matched per- director, your fectly with "vir- priorities are gin" first-genera- twofold. First, tion footage. You you don't want never saw the the wires to wires, and you show. Second, never saw where you want the rig they'd been re- to be safe enough moved. that you can fly Which brings your actual star, us to Hook. Unen- not a stunt dou- cumbered by the ble whose face need to make needs to be hid- wires invisible to den. New, digital the camera, techniques of Spielberg's tech- manipulating nicians concen- imagery give What can you trust? Hoax photos have trated on build- today's directors always been with us, but with new elec- ing a flying rig previously un- tronic technologies they are easier to create and harder to detect. Videotape faking is that would do precedented tools also now an emergent technology. just about any- for achieving thing—and do it these shots. with such a margin of safety that It all started with Back to the Future Robin Williams could do most of the 11. That picture featured dozens of flying himself. All Spielberg had to shots with Michael J. Fox on a flying worry about was getting the moves skateboard. To execute these shots, and the performance right. The technicians at Industrial Light and techno-pixies at ILM would take care Magic (ILM), George Lucas's cutting- of everything else. If you saw the edge special-effects facility, rewrote movie, you know it worked. the book on flying scenes. On the set, Wire removal has figured in director Robert Zemeckis simply flew numerous big-budget films. The zero- his cast around on big, bulky, clumsy, gravity assassination sequence in Star safe steel rods, wire harnesses, and the Trek VI used wire removal as well as like. All the hardware was allowed to computer graphics to create the show. Then ILM technicians scanned floating blobs of "blood" that spilled each frame of film into a powerful from the floating Klingon victims. The

Winter 1993 119 slow-motion sequence in Terminator 2 like, will hinge on a form of evidence in which Arnold Schwarzenegger that's even easier to manipulate. jumps a motorcycle off a bridge and Finally, electronic still cameras are into the dry bed of the Los Angeles beginning, however slowly, to move River was not slow motion at all; the into applications that once belonged bike was held in a bulky steel cage, exclusively to silver-halide film tech- suspended from thick cables, and nology. These devices produce graph- lowered on a crane at about the speed ics files, not negatives—the ideal you see on the screen. Then all the format for easy manipulation. support hardware was removed. The days when a skilled photo- Nor is wire removal limited to analyst could be sure of detecting a flying shots. Preview audiences doctored image may soon be history. laughed at a shot from Batman Returns The next Rodney King-style scandal in which the Batmobile careened out could be set in motion by faked of control down an alley, scattering camcorder footage and the fakery may parked cars as it went. The thick steel prove difficult or impossible for cables used by the filmmakers to flip authorities to detect. While we wait the full-scale automobiles showed for that, skeptics can occupy them- clearly. When the film was released, selves wading through what I'm sure the wires were gone. ILM didn't do will be a growing stream of increas- this sequence;, the wire removal for ingly better-quality "proof-shots" of Batman Returns was performed by Los ghosts, levitations, UFOs, and who Angeles-based Boss Films, probably knows what else. ILM's foremost competitor. The tech- nology is getting around. —Tom Flynn New technologies like digital wire- removal have made for some fine Tom Flynn is director of Inquiry Pro- entertainment—and for rising anxiety ductions. Flynn recently completed produc- among specialists in visual forensics. tion of the CSICOP video "Beyond Belief: Suppose someone with access to this Explorations in the Paranormal." This level of technology created a phony is an expanded version of an article UFO photograph. If the faker was originally published in the CSICOP skillful, neither the photo nor its newsletter, Skeptical Briefs. negative (previously the Achilles' heel of photo manipulators) would betray any signs of the manipulation they had undergone. Miraculous Signs Picture-massaging technology almost as sophisticated as the equip- • in Cold Spring? ment at ILM is already in use at service bureaus, in corporations, and on college and university campuses. It's August 31, 1992, came and went a sizable installed base, much of which ^JL in the northern Kentucky com- is good enough to manipulate 35mm # \munity of Cold Spring, where negatives at snapshot resolution. With an estimated 7,000 folks gathered at the ubiquity of camcorders, which midnight in the parking lot of St. Jo- produce low-resolution moving seph's Catholic Church in expectation imagery already in electronic form, an of a miracle. However, the promised increasing number of extraordinary visitation of the Virgin Mary did not claims, criminal prosecutions, and the come to pass, according to the dioce-

120 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, Vol. 17 An estimated 7,000 pilgrims attended a midnight vigil for the Virgin Mary on August 311992, at a church in Cold Spring, Kentucky. (Photo by Joe Nickell.) san bishop, William A. Hughes. Georgia, for the same reason. Bishop Hughes had earlier enjoined Although the original prediction St. Joseph's priest, the Reverend Leroy was for a message, not an apparition, Smith, to silence in the affair, which and although the bishop officially began the previous month. Smith had concluded—after conferring with the announced that an anonymous Reverend Smith—that "nothing of a "visionary" had told him the Blessed miraculous nature" had occurred at Virgin would appear inside the church the church, some of the charismatic at the appointed time. Catholics who gathered outside With huge throngs being forecast, clearly thought otherwise. As I the city adopted special ordinances to mingled with the spectators both protect residents and their property, the local police requested help from the National Guard, and souvenir hawkers readied their wares—one replacing his best-selling goose figures with religious statuettes. For their part, church officials limited attend- ance inside St. Joseph's to approxi- mately 1,000 to 1,500 parishioners on an invitation-only basis, the news media and spectators being restricted to the church grounds. Despite some misgivings about the restrictions, I decided to attend—not because of the religious nature of the event but in order to assess whatever Photographs of the "Golden Door," like the paranormal claims might be made. one shown here, were among the "signs" The Rocky Mountain Skeptics visited supposedly given by the Virgin Mary at Cold Spring. The shape, however, is merely that the Cabrini Shrine near Denver and of the iris of the Polaroid One Step camera the Georgia Skeptics went to Conyers, used to take them.

Winter 1993 121 during the afternoon of the thirty- much more striking. Although such first and the period before and after pictures resulted from pointing the the midnight hour, I learned there camera directly at the sun, the resul- were many paranormal experiences tant images were not disc-shaped but being alleged. This was not unex- rather straight-sided forms that many pected, since many in attendance had believed represented the "door . . . previously visited the Marian appari- opened in heaven" (as referred to in tion site of Medjugorje (before the war Revelation 4:1). However, as Georgia in what had been Yugoslavia turned skeptic Dale Heatherington has ably it into a virtual ghost town), and demonstrated, the shape is merely Medjugorje T-shirts, banners, and that of the iris of the Polaroid One literature were much in evidence. Step camera used to take such pic- Indeed, the Reverend Smith had tures! (Heatherington readily dupli- himself made nine trips to cated the effect, even producing one Medjugorje. "golden door" picture by photograph- During the afternoon there were ing a halogen spotlight in a dark reports of "sun miracles" as well as room.) of photographs purporting to depict As to the "bright lights" and related either the Virgin Mary or what is "apparitions" reported around mid- sometimes called the Golden Door, or night, these seemed the least surpris- the Gateway to Heaven, and of ing of all. Described as "almost like rosaries and crucifixes turning from a lightning flash" or, collectively, silver to gold. Then around midnight "almost ... as if there were a light many saw bright lights that they show," the effects were just what I, claimed were evidence for a Marian too, experienced: At midnight, count- visitation—in the form of the "Lady less spectators and news photog- of Light," as she was depicted on a raphers tripped their electronic souvenir Cold Spring T-shirt hastily flashes—ironically in hopes of captur- silk-screened for the occasion. ing the expected miracle on film. As it turned out, the proffered "signs" all had mundane explanations. —Joe Nickell For example, in the past rosaries that have supposedly been transmuted into Joe Nickell is completing his ninth gold have been discovered to have investigative book, a critical look at modern been merely tarnished or to have had miracles. their thin surface plating of silver worn away by repeated handling so that the underlying brass or copper was exposed. On other occasions, it appears that the experient may delib- Maharishi Followers R o s s Perot's July with- erately or mistakenly have mis- Try Presidential Runith • drawal speech still echoing represented the metal's original color. from the nation's television Again, the wispy shapes in some sets, a new political party announced instant-camera snapshots that some that it had a presidential ticket with interpreted as the face or figure of good looks and novel ideas for solving Mary were obviously due to lens flares America's problems. (i.e., the result of interreflection between lens surfaces) or to other artifacts. The Golden Door images were

122 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, Vol. 17 The Natural Law Party billed itself ment and people who buy the Maha- as "the first political party in the rishi's brand of herbal medicines. nation based on sound scientific Natural Law Party Chairman and MIU principles and scientific research." A President Bevan Morris said, "Any press release sent to major news- contribution you make up to $250 will papers announced that the party "is be matched dollar for dollar by the gaining considerable strength across United States government." the nation" with its plan to "bring the It was not clear whether the party light of science into politics." had qualified for federal matching The press release said the party was funds when Perot made his withdraw- based in Fairfield, Iowa, but it didn't al announcement. reveal that Fairfield is the U.S. head- quarters for the Transcendental Med- —C. Eugene Emery Jr. itation cult, founded by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. It identified the presidential candi- date as John Hagelin, "a Harvard- Associated Press trained quantum physicist," but didn't reveal that Hagelin is a guru at the Twists Facts For Maharishi International University (MIU) in Fairfield. Hurricane Prediction The only direct hint of a connection to the cult came when the press release said the party would hire he Associated Press is apparently people to practice TM to "create a unwilling to let the facts get in the calming influence in the city" and to Tway of a good story when it comes produce "a significant reduction in to reporting on the weather predic- negative tendencies, such as crime, tions in The Old Farmer's Almanac. sickness, and accidents, and a streng- thening of positive social and eco- nomic trends in the population as a whole." The press release also didn't tell people that in the Maharishi's uncon- ventional view of "science," large groups of avid meditators can psy- chically impose inner tranquillity on hostile nations, the entire physical world can be summed up in one long pseudo-equation, and meditators can learn to float in the air and halt the aging process. The press release also claimed that the party had 40 candidates running for Congress and implied it was on the presidential ballot in 11 states. Why were they doing it? One clue may have been in a fund-raising letter mailed last June to followers of the Transcendental Meditation move-

Winter 1993 In a dispatch from New Hampshire Almanac said the region would have about the Almanac's latest issue, warm weather from April through which was given prominent play by August. Cable News Network and other news outlets, AP said the Almanac was —C. Eugene Emery Jr. "fresh off its prediction of Hurricane Andrew," because the 201-year-old Gene Emery is a science writer for the publication had "warned of a possible Providence Journal. hurricane in south Florida the last week of August." The AP also reported the Almanac's claim that its predictions have an "80 Testing a 'Psychic' percent accuracy." If readers had known about the On Italian TV Almanac's actual Florida forecast when the hurricane hit on August 24, they might have been less impressed recently had the opportunity to test with both the accuracy of the one of the most famous psychic Almanac's predictions and AP's I phenomena of the 1970s, that is, reporting. the effect produced in the homes of The forecast for August 23-27: viewers by the powers of a "psychic" "Thundershowers, milder." appearing on TV. The reference to "possible hurri- As the investigator for the Italian cane south" was not for "the last week Committee for the Investigation of of August," but for August 30-31, a the Paranormal (CICAP) and a skep- week after Andrew. tical conjurer, I was invited to be on Was this a near-coincidence blown the popular evening TV show called out of proportion, or did the Almanac "L'Istruttoria" ("The Inquest," on the deserve credit for a prediction that was Italia 1 network). With Giuliano just a little off (which might be under- Ferrara, the host, it was agreed that standable considering that the fore- I would be presented to the public as cast was written a year in advance)? a "psychic." To prove it, I performed Consider the Almanac's typically several feats: the bending and break- vague predictions for Louisiana. When ing of a spoon, the watch trick Andrew actually struck on August 26, (changing the time on your watch the weather was supposed to be while you hold it in your hands), and "partly cloudy, showers; milder." The the divination of a drawing made by forecast for September 1 (when the host, which I had not been able Andrew would have hit Louisiana if to see. I also made some radish seeds it hadn't arrived a week "early" in germinate in my hand. Florida): "Sprinkles, hot." After this exposure of psychic By making the Almanac's prediction potential, the ground was fertile for appear better than it was, AP resorted the expected phenomenon. I invited to the same tactics the tabloids use the viewers to bring broken watches to justify their sensationalized stories. and cutlery to their TV sets, and then In fact, the Almanac couldn't even I told them that while I concentrated forecast the weather in its own "something" would happen in their backyard. homes: the watches might start work- New England's summer of 1992 ing again, the cutlery might become was one of the coldest in years. The bent, or other strange phenomena

124 SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, Vol. 17 could take place. The viewers were then invited to D Editor's Notebook call the show and report if anything occurred. As expected, the switch- Look for SI in Bookstores. For most board became jammed in a matter of of our existence, we have been a seconds, and the operators started to nearly exclusively subscription-only collect calls from all around Italy. In publication. Subscribers have been less than an hour they had received uncommonly loyal, and renewal rates more than 60 calls (an average of a are quite good. To increase our vis- call a minute) reporting that "broken" ibility and outreach to new audiences, watches had been fixed, spoons had however, in addition to our continuing mysteriously bent, and other unusual direct-mail campaigns we now are phenomena had taken place: a TV set broadening our circulation efforts to suddenly turned off, a glass of water quality newsstands. Newsstand circu- started to boil while I was talking, two lation started quite small but is now forks had misplaced themselves, a growing steadily, from 1,633 copies of watch strap broke, a clock's pendu- Winter 1992 to 3,200 of Winter 1993. lum fell to the floor and broke, and CSICOP Executive Director Barry so on. Karr estimates that SI is now carried in about 625 bookstores. This once again demonstrates the powerful psychological effect of sug- gestion. Anyone can convince those A New Printer for SI. Certain willing to believe that otherwise mechanical requirements of the new normal happenings can be interpreted printer of the SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, as being paranormal if it is suggested starting with this issue, have resulted that they are and if the request is in our changing to a high-opacity placed in the correct context. lighter-weight paper. The number of It goes without saying that at pages per issue has not changed. the end of the show I revealed the hoax. —K.F.

—Massimo Polidoro WE VALUE YOUR OPINION Massimo Polidoro (Via Garibaldi, 42, 2 7058 Voghera [PV], Italy) is a magician Our readers are o u r most impor- and the investigator for the Italian tant asset. If you have some Committee for the Investigation of the thoughts about the SKEPTICAL Paranormal (C1CAP). INQUIRER, please share them with us. Are there subjects we have neglected? Are there mat- ters you think we give too much D For the Record attention? What would make the SKEPTICAL INQUIRER a better he map of the Marfa, Texas, area magazine. on page 405 of our Summer 1992 Please put your ideas in a letter issue was taken by permission and mail it to: Kendrick Frazier, T Editor, SKEPTICAL INQUIRER, from The Marfa Lights, 2nd rev. ed., by Judith M. Brueske (Ocotillo Enter- 3025 Palo Alto Drive N.E., Albu- prises, P.O. Box 194, Alpine, TX querque, NM 87111. 79831). D

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