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Capturing the Paranormal in Science

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Capturing the Paranormal in Science Capturing the paranormal scientifically Suggestions for the investigation of the history of Dutch parapsychology Master Thesis ‘Historical and Comparative Studies of the Sciences and Humanities’ Ingrid Kloosterman (0336912) [email protected] 24 th of August 2009 Utrecht University Prof. Dr. J. Vijselaar “What happens when I die? Will I know my loved ones on the other side? Is there an “other side” and what is it like? Does heaven exist? What about reincarnation and soul mates? Is there an infinite knowledge in the universe that I can connect with and use to help make my life better here on earth, or am I just a random by-product of the chemical processes we call life? Human beings have been seeking answers to these questions throughout recorded history. Some of their answers are based on faith; some on scientific data; some on fantasy. But a few answers, very few, are based on the actual experience of tapping in to a realm beyond this physical world, where we can speak directly with energies we call ‘spirits,’ and, more important, where we can connect directly with the highest level of universal and infinite love, wisdom, and light that we call God.” (Fragment of the ‘personal mission’ on the website of Char, an American medium – or ‘Spiritual Intuitive’ as she calls herself – particularly famous in the Netherlands). Images front page (clockwise starting with the one above left): a mesmeric treatment; the lifting of a table during a spiritualistic séance; the experimental setting of Gerard Heymans’ investigation into telepathy; an experiment into telepathy with Joseph Banks Rhine’s Zener-cards; a test subject during a ‘Ganzfeld’-experiment. See at the end of the bibliography for the origin of the images. Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................... 6 Introduction .................................................................................................. 8 Chapter One: The Historiography of Parapsychology ...................................... 13 Insiders’ perspective ...................................................................................... 14 The rich history of the SPR .............................................................................. 15 The SPR and beyond ..................................................................................... 25 Summing up the insiders’ perspective ................................................................... 32 Kuhnian revolution ....................................................................................... 34 Parapsychology as a scientific revolution ................................................................ 35 The first outsiders’ histories .............................................................................. 37 Finalistic historical accounts ............................................................................. 43 Summing up the Kuhnian revolution ................................................................... 47 A Cultural turn ............................................................................................ 49 The Victorian cultural context ........................................................................... 49 The German and French cultural context ............................................................... 53 The esoteric context ...................................................................................... 58 The scientific context ..................................................................................... 61 Summing up the cultural turn ........................................................................... 65 Conclusions: outlining a new history .................................................................. 66 Chapter Two: Parapsychology as Psychology .................................................. 69 Psychology in parapsychology histories ............................................................... 70 Abnormal or supernormal mediums ...................................................................... 71 Recovering or discovering the unconsciousness .......................................................... 72 Summing up psychology in parapsychological histories ................................................ 77 The psychologists’ perspective .......................................................................... 78 Biographies of James, Freud, Jung and Van Eeden ..................................................... 78 Overviews of the history of abnormal and clinical psychology ......................................... 89 Overviews of the general history of psychology ......................................................... 92 Summing up the psychologists’ perspective .............................................................. 93 Historical accounts of psychology ...................................................................... 96 Interpretations of the history of psychology ............................................................. 96 Methods for the investigation of the history of psychology ............................................ 102 Summing up the historical accounts of psychology .................................................... 108 Conclusions: proceeding to a new history ........................................................... 109 Chapter Three: The Dutch Situation .............................................................. 112 The Dutch fin de siècle .................................................................................. 113 Crisis or synthesis? ....................................................................................... 114 The individual socialism of ‘petites religions’ ......................................................... 116 4 Medical ‘petites religions’ .............................................................................. 119 The science in ‘les religions’ ............................................................................ 122 The enchantment of the 20 th century ................................................................... 124 Summing up the Dutch fin de siècle .................................................................... 125 The history of Dutch spiritualism ..................................................................... 127 Animal magnetism and spiritualism .................................................................... 127 A parapsychological perspective on spiritualism ....................................................... 129 Spiritualistic religion ................................................................................... 132 Theosophical spiritualism ............................................................................... 135 The Dutch East-Indies and spiritualism ............................................................... 139 The science in Dutch spiritualism ...................................................................... 143 Summing up the history of Dutch spiritualism ........................................................ 145 The History of Dutch Parapsychology ................................................................ 146 The classical histories ................................................................................... 147 The psychoanalytic perspective ......................................................................... 153 A unique history ......................................................................................... 156 New elements in the history of Dutch parapsychology ................................................ 158 Summing up the history of Dutch parapsychology thus far ........................................... 163 Conclusions: approaching a new history ............................................................. 165 Chapter Four: Approaching the History of Dutch Parapsychology .................. 168 Key periods in the history of parapsychology ....................................................... 171 Prehistory of parapsychology ............................................................................ 172 Institutionalization ..................................................................................... 173 The first private lecturers ............................................................................... 174 The first professor in parapsychology ................................................................... 175 The parapsychological laboratory ...................................................................... 176 A contextual approach .................................................................................. 177 Internal developments ................................................................................... 178 The context of psychology ............................................................................... 180 Broader scientific context ............................................................................... 183 Social and cultural context ............................................................................. 184 The international context ............................................................................... 185 Summing up the contextual approach .................................................................. 187 Several relevant themes ................................................................................. 190 Disenchantment ........................................................................................
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