“Does Democracy Reduce Corruption?”
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Global Peace Index 2018: Measuring Peace in a Complex World, Sydney, June 2018
Quantifying Peace and its Benefits The Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit think tank dedicated to shifting the world’s focus to peace as a positive, achievable, and tangible measure of human well-being and progress. IEP achieves its goals by developing new conceptual frameworks to define peacefulness; providing metrics for measuring peace; and uncovering the relationships between business, peace and prosperity as well as promoting a better understanding of the cultural, economic and political factors that create peace. IEP is headquartered in Sydney, with offices in New York, The Hague, Mexico City and Brussels. It works with a wide range of partners internationally and collaborates with intergovernmental organisations on measuring and communicating the economic value of peace. For more information visit www.economicsandpeace.org Please cite this report as: Institute for Economics & Peace. Global Peace Index 2018: Measuring Peace in a Complex World, Sydney, June 2018. Available from: http://visionofhumanity.org/reports (accessed Date Month Year). Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Key Findings 4 RESULTS 5 Highlights 6 2018 Global Peace Index rankings 8 Regional overview 12 Improvements & deteriorations 19 TRENDS 23 Ten year trends in the Global Peace Index 26 100 year trends in peace 32 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF VIOLENCE 45 Results 46 The macroeconomic impact of peace 52 POSITIVE PEACE 59 What is Positive Peace? 60 Trends in Positive Peace 65 What precedes a change in peacefulness? 69 Positive Peace and the economy 73 APPENDICES 77 Appendix A: GPI Methodology 78 Appendix B: GPI indicator sources, definitions & scoring criteria 82 Appendix C: GPI Domain scores 90 Appendix D: Economic cost of violence 93 GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2018 | 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the twelfth edition of the Global Peace Index Afghanistan, South Sudan, Iraq, and Somalia comprise (GPI), which ranks 163 independent states and the remaining least peaceful countries. -
GDI) and Governance, Democracy, and Emancipation Index (GDEI): a Cross-Country Empirical Study (1998 – 2017
Open Political Science, 2021; 4: 15–26 Research Article Debasish Roy* Formulation of Governance and Democracy Index (GDI) and Governance, Democracy, and Emancipation Index (GDEI): A Cross-country Empirical Study (1998 – 2017) https://doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0002 received July 6, 2020; accepted August 10, 2020. Abstract: This research paper is aimed at formulation of a composite Governance and Democracy Index (GDI) based on the six indicators of good governance by Kaufmann et al. (2003, 2007) to assess and evaluate the relative performances of 10 major democracies of the world for the time period of 20 years (1998 – 2017) (Base Year = 1996). In order to do so, three distinct methodologies are adopted based on the absolute values and relative changes in the observations of independent variables. The extended part of this research involves formulation of Governance, Democracy, and Emancipation Index (GDEI) which incorporates the Emancipative values. Keywords: Control of Corruption Relative (CCR); Government Effectiveness Relative (GER); Political Stability Relative (PSR); Governance and Democracy Index (GDI); Governance and Democracy Index Area (GDIA); Governance, Democracy, and Emancipation Index (GDEI). JEL Classifications: C10; C43; C65; H11; P52. 1 Introduction The modern concept of governance originated from the Greek verb κυβερνάω (kubernáo) as coined by Plato which means “to steer” – and it should be the focal theme of a political leader (Republic 8.551c). According to Shin (2016), “Whereas government is a descriptive term that refers to the official institutions of a state, the term governance has had a normative cast since its inception, signifying forms of rule that produce desired ends”. -
Democracy Index 2010 Democracy in Retreat a Report from the Economist Intelligence Unit
Democracy index 2010 Democracy in retreat A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit www.eiu.com Democracy index 2010 Democracy in retreat The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy 2010 Democracy in retreat This is the third edition of the Economist Intelligence Unit’s democracy index. It reflects the situation as of November 2010. The first edition, published in The Economist’sThe World in 2007, measured the state of democracy in September 2006 and the second edition covered the situation towards the end of 2008. The index provides a snapshot of the state of democracy worldwide for 165 independent states and two territories—this covers almost the entire population of the world and the vast majority of the world’s independent states (micro states are excluded). The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes. Free and fair elections and civil liberties are necessary conditions for democracy, but they are unlikely to be sufficient for a full and consolidated democracy if unaccompanied by transparent and at least minimally efficient government, sufficient political participation and a supportive democratic political culture. It is not easy to build a sturdy democracy. Even in long-established ones, if not nurtured and protected, democracy can corrode. Democracy in decline The global record in democratisation since the start of its so-called third wave in 1974, and acceleration after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, has been impressive. -
The Evolution of Canada's Relations with French Africa, 1945-1968
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Shifting Priorities: the evolution of Canada's relations with French Africa, 1945-1968 by Robin Stewart Gendron A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PI-IILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST, 2001 O Robin Stewart Gendron 2001 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 191 of canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KI A ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada Your file Voire r$lérsnce Our fife NoIr8 dl$mnce The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fh, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ,ownership,of ,the L'auteur ,conserve ,la propriété ,du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract In the 1940s and 1950~~the Canadian government viewed developments in France's African dependencies through the prism of the Cold War, the importance to Canada of its relations with France, and France's membership in the North Atlantic alliance. -
North Africa, South Africa
North Africa Tunisia* BIZERTE CRISIS A LONG-SMOLDERING Franco-Tunisian dispute over the key air and naval base of Bizerte (AJYB, 1961 [Vol. 62], p. 346), the last bit of Tu- nisian territory still under French control, erupted into open fighting on July 28, 1961. The resulting crisis was the most important faced by the Tunisian state in its five years of independent existence. The French position was that, in principle, France agreed to turn over Bizerte, but that this could not be done so long as there was a Soviet threat to the West. Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba had over the years alternated between threats to take the base by force and assurances that he would wait for the problem to be settled by negotiation. His tactics had secured some gains for Tunisia, in- cluding French withdrawal from the city of Bizerte to the base proper. Pros- pects for a peaceful solution seemed particularly good after a meeting be- tween French President Charles de Gaulle and Bourguiba in February 1961. This notably eased the tensions then existing, including those caused by a dispute over Tunisian demolition in 1960 of a wall around the French ambassador's home (AJYB, 1961 [Vol. 62], p. 346). But in July the French military lengthened an airstrip by a few yards. Tunisia saw this as evidence that the French had no intention of leaving, and Tunisian troops and young volunteers surrounded the base. After a French helicopter was fired upon, French paratroops seized much of the city in bitter fighting. Hundreds of Tunisians, including civilians, were killed. -
Democracy Index 2020 in Sickness and in Health?
Democracy Index 2020 In sickness and in health? A report by The Economist Intelligence Unit www.eiu.com The world leader in global business intelligence The Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group, the sister company to The Economist newspaper. Created in 1946, we have over 70 years’ experience in helping businesses, financial firms and governments to understand how the world is changing and how that creates opportunities to be seized and risks to be managed. Given that many of the issues facing the world have an international (if not global) dimension, The EIU is ideally positioned to be commentator, interpreter and forecaster on the phenomenon of globalisation as it gathers pace and impact. EIU subscription services The world’s leading organisations rely on our subscription services for data, analysis and forecasts to keep them informed about what is happening around the world. We specialise in: • Country Analysis: Access to regular, detailed country-specific economic and political forecasts, as well as assessments of the business and regulatory environments in different markets. • Risk Analysis: Our risk services identify actual and potential threats around the world and help our clients understand the implications for their organisations. • Industry Analysis: Five year forecasts, analysis of key themes and news analysis for six key industries in 60 major economies. These forecasts are based on the latest data and in-depth analysis of industry trends. EIU Consulting EIU Consulting is a bespoke service designed to provide solutions specific to our customers’ needs. We specialise in these key sectors: • Healthcare: Together with our two specialised consultancies, Bazian and Clearstate, The EIU helps healthcare organisations build and maintain successful and sustainable businesses across the healthcare ecosystem. -
Hegemonic Power from Colonisation to Colonial Liberation
Hegemonic power from colonisation to colonial liberation: A historical-analytical narrative of French colonial dominance over Tunisia from 1881-1956 and how it resulted in the Bizerte crisis of 1961 Leïla Inès Soukni European Studies – Politics, Societies and Cultures Bachelor´s Degree 15 credits Spring 2020 Supervisor: Inge Eriksson Leïla Inès Soukni Abstract This thesis studies how the colonial implementations of foreign rule in Tunisia by France between 1881-1956 caused and resulted in the Bizerte crisis of 1961 taking place. In 1881, Tunisia was invaded by France as a part of France’s colonial policy to expand its territory and power. The initial purpose was for France to gain the military-strategic geographical point in the middle of the Mediterranean sea; the city of Bizerte. This thesis follows the trajectory of France’s colonial dominance through a combination of descriptive research design and a historical-analytical narrative using the theoretical and epistemological concepts of hegemonic power, neo-gramscianism, post structuralism and world system theory to research the problem of how France’s colonial, hegemonic power affected their postcolonial relations and eventually consequenced in the Bizerte crisis of 1961. France’s colonial dominance gained them the position of hegemon and Tunisia the position of the subordinate. Through its colonial rule, France would implement its power over Tunisia that would result in the division of power between the states to be established. Once Tunisian independence was gained the distance of power between France and Tunisia would come to decrease as France’s direct rule had been removed. The transition to postcolonial relations would affect how France would influence its former colony and how the power over Tunisia by its former coloniser would change the hegemonic power dynamics between the state resulting in the Bizerte crisis of 1961. -
The Exodus of the Tunisian Jewish Population 1954-1967
The American University in Cairo School of Global Affairs and Public Policy SEEKING A PLACE IN A NATION: THE EXODUS OF THE TUNISIAN JEWISH POPULATION 1954-1967 A Thesis Submitted to: The Center for Middle Eastern Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Sean Haley Table of Contents 1) Introduction and Theoretical Framework………………………………..3 2) Tunisian Jewry and the Birth of a Nation-State: The Independence of Tunisia 1954- 1957……………………………………………………………………...21 3) The State Takes Shape: The Reordering of the Jewish Community and Tunisian Constitution 1958-1959………………………………………………….35 4) Casualties of Colonialism? Tunisian Jews, Identity and the 1961 Bizerte Crisis……………………………………………………………………..54 5) A Far Away War and Self-Imposed Exile: 1967, Identity and the Tunisian Jews………………………………………………………………………70 6) Conclusion………………………………………………………………..82 7) Bibliography……………………………………………………………...90 2 Introduction In the eleven years after the independence and creation of the Republic of Tunisia, the population of the Jewish community declined by approximately 88.7% because of emigration to France, Israel, and other countries. This period, as will be shown, was critical in shaping the ethno-religious arrangement of peoples in Tunisia today. This occurred because a centralizing newly-independent state created a nation through identity based upon citizenship. Tunisia is a particularly good case study of homogenizing post-colonial nation-states because the government never sought to exclude any part of the population through direct action. Instead, domestic and international events that shook the nation and had an impact on the Jewish minority, such as independence, the reorganization of the Jewish community of 1958, the 1961 Bizerte Crisis and the Six Day War, made a solution such as exile palatable for the Jews. -
2012-Global-Peace-Index-Report.Pdf
INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMICS AND PEACE GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2012 1 THE INStitUTE FOR ECONOMICS AND PEACE GLOBAL QUANTIFYING PEACE AND ITS BENEFITS PEACE INDEX The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) is an 2012 independent, non-partisan, non-profit research organization dedicated to shifting the world’s focus to peace as a positive, achievable, and tangible measure of human well-being and progress. IEP achieves its goals by developing new This is the sixth edition of the Global Peace Index peaceful environments. conceptual frameworks to define peacefulness; (GPI), which ranks nations according to their level In the spirit of deepening knowledge and providing metrics for measurement; uncovering the of peacefulness. It is composed of 23 qualitative and understanding of the relative peacefulness of nations, relationship between peace, business and prosperity; quantitative indicators from highly respected sources, IEP has developed the first known attempt to quantify and by promoting a better understanding of the which gauge three broad themes: the level of safety measures of positive peace through the Positive Peace cultural, economic and political factors that drive and security in society; the extent of domestic or Index (PPI). This study measures the strength of the peacefulness. international conflict; and the degree of militarisation. attitudes, institutions, and structures within nations IEP has offices in Sydney, New York, and The 2012 GPI has been expanded to rank 158 which sustain peace. This provides a framework Washington, D.C. It works with a wide range of independent states and updated with the latest to determine a nation’s institutional capacity and partners internationally and collaborates with available figures and information. -
Democracy for All? V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018
INSTITUTE VARIETIES OF DEMOCRACY Democracy for All? V-DEM ANNUAL DEMOCRACY REPORT 2018 Table of Contents V-DEM ANNUAL REPOrt 2018 INTRODUCTION EXECUTivE SUMMARY V-DEM IN A NUTSHELL A WORD FROM THE V-DEM IN NUMBERS, TEAM COLLABORATIONS, METHODOLOGY, AND HisTORICAL V-DEM 05 06 08 SECTION 1 STATE OF THE WORLD 2017 – LiBERAL AND ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY 16 SECTION 2 INCLUsiON is AN ILLUsiON 34 SECTION 2.1 SECTION 2.2 SECTION 2.3 WOMEN’S INCLUsiON INCLUsiON OF SOCiaL POLITICAL EXCLUsiON AND ACCEss TO POWER GROUPS BasED ON SOCIO- ECONOMIC INEQUALITY 38 44 52 V-DEM UsERS V-DEM PUBLICATIONS REFERENCES PRACTITIONERS, ACadEMIC JOURNAL ACadEMICS, STUDENTS, ARTICLES FROM THE AND MUSEUMS V-DEM TEAM 58 60 69 APPENdiX COUNTRY SCORES FOR 2017 71 V-Dem is a unique approach to measuring democracy – historical, multidimensional, nuanced, and disaggregated – employing state- of-the-art methodology. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) produces the largest V-Dem measures hundreds of different attributes global dataset on democracy with some 19 million of democracy. V-Dem enables new ways to study data for 201 countries from 1789 to 2017. Involving the nature, causes, and consequences of democracy over 3,000 scholars and other country experts, embracing its multiple meanings. V-Dem is or has been funded by (not in order of magnitude): Development Agency, NORAD/the Norwegian Research Coun- Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation, cil, International IDEA, Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos, Marianne & Marcus Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Aarhus University, the Quality of Government Institute and the Council, the Mo Ibrahim Foundation, the European Research University of Notre Dame, with co-funding from the Vice Chancel- Council, the Danish Research Council, the European Union/the lor, the Dean of the Social Sciences, and the Department of Politi- European Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Sweden, the cal Science at University of Gothenburg. -
Democracy Index 2018: Me Too? Political Participation, Protest and Democracy a Report by the Economist Intelligence Unit
Democracy Index 2018: Me too? Political participation, protest and democracy A report by The Economist Intelligence Unit www.eiu.com The world leader in global business intelligence The Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU) is the research and analysis division of The Economist Group, the sister company to The Economist newspaper. Created in 1946, we have over 70 years’ experience in helping businesses, financial firms and governments to understand how the world is changing and how that creates opportunities to be seized and risks to be managed. Given that many of the issues facing the world have an international (if not global) dimension, The EIU is ideally positioned to be commentator, interpreter and forecaster on the phenomenon of globalisation as it gathers pace and impact. EIU subscription services The world’s leading organisations rely on our subscription services for data, analysis and forecasts to keep them informed about what is happening around the world. We specialise in: • Country Analysis: Access to regular, detailed country-specific economic and political forecasts, as well as assessments of the business and regulatory environments in different markets. • Risk Analysis: Our risk services identify actual and potential threats around the world and help our clients understand the implications for their organisations. • Industry Analysis: Five year forecasts, analysis of key themes and news analysis for six key industries in 60 major economies. These forecasts are based on the latest data and in-depth analysis of industry trends. EIU Consulting EIU Consulting is a bespoke service designed to provide solutions specific to our customers’ needs. We specialise in these key sectors: • EIU Consumer: We help consumer-facing companies to enter new markets as well as deliver greater success in current markets. -
Democracy Facing Global Challenges
INSTITUTE VARIETIES OF DEMOCRACY Democracy Facing Global Challenges V-DEM ANNUAL DEMOCRACY REPORT 2019 V-Dem is a unique approach to measuring democracy – historical, multidimensional, nuanced, and disaggregated – employing state- of-the-art methodology. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) produces V-Dem measures hundreds of different the largest global dataset on democracy attributes of democracy. V-Dem enables with some 27 million data points for 202 new ways to study the nature, causes, and countries from 1789 to 2018. Involving over consequences of democracy embracing its 3,000 scholars and other country experts, multiple meanings. We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this venture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/v-dem-institute/funders The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an official position of the V-Dem Project or the V-Dem Steering Committee. Produced by the V-Dem Institute Editing/Proof-Reading: John Jennings V-Dem Institute: at the University of Gothenburg Design: Anders Wennerström, Spiro Kommunikation AB Department of Political Science Printing: Response Tryck, Borås University of Gothenburg V-Dem Annual Report Team: Anna Lührmann (Lead Author Picture credits go to: Evan Wise (cover image: Parthenon Sprängkullsgatan 19, PO 711 and Coordination), Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Staffan I. on Acropolis, Greece), Karin Andersson (team picture), Mika SE 405 30 Gothenburg Sweden Lindberg, Laura Maxwell, Valeriya Mechkova, Richard Morgan, Baumeister, Danielle Muscato, Lana H. Haroun, Kieran Lettrich, [email protected] Natalia Stepanova, Shreeya Pillai.