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Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: a Generative Transformational Study

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Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: a Generative Transformational Study International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Research Paper Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study Esron Ambarita, Robert Sibarani, Dwi Widayati, Eddy Setia Doctoral Program of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia Corresponding Author: Esron Ambarita ABSTRACT This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The theory of generative morphology has predictive power to generate new words. Considering the particular rules of word formation in Toba Batak language, Halle‟s theory is modified to be adjusted to Toba Batak morphological system. Two new integrated components, Orthographic and Phonological Rules are added between Halle‟s Filter and Dictionary. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. Data analyses were done using modified theory but they refer to Halle‟s model as the main theory. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained by using observation methods and their techniques and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings comprise that deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language are done by attaching: (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [paN-], (3) confix [ha-an], (4) confix [paN-an], (5) confix [paN -on], (6) confix [par-an], (7) affix combination [paηin-], and (8) affix combination [paηun-]. The processes of attaching those affixes generate complex words which have different grammatical and lexical meanings. Morphological processes found in the word formation are phoneme deletion, phoneme assimilation, and phoneme addition. The processes of attaching those affixes bring about semantic and phonological idiosyncrasies, therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language. Key words: deverbal nominals, generative transformational study, affixations, derivational INTRODUCTION ways, they are: (1) by attaching affixations, Most studies on word formations (2) by inserting premodifier ni between from the view point of generative adjectival bases and nominal bases, and (3) transformational study focus on affixation by moving the stress of free adjectival bases processes, reduplication processes, and (Ambarita, 2018a: 309). Affixation as one compounding processes (cf. Loe 2018; of the morphological processes will Zainuddin 2012; Nasution 2011; Sukri generate new word when affixes are 2008; Simpen 1995) and other works. The attached to stems (Ambarita, 2018b: 75). central issues of this study are deverbal The native speakers of a language nominals in Toba Batak language, a are able to relate linguistic elements in regional language, majority spoken in Batak morphological sub-systems. Speakers of a Land in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. language normally possess knowledge not The language is studied from the view only about the words of the language but point of generative transformational study also about the composition and structure of i.e. word formations from verbs to nouns. the words (Halle, 1973: 1). The Nominal word formations in Toba Batak composition of a word will determine the language are distinguished in three main form and the meaning of the word International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 183 Vol.5; Issue: 9; September 2018 Esron Ambarita et.al. Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study (Ambarita, 2016: 11). The structure of a (2) a. marguru, manggonihon, manakkul word deals with the elements and forms of b. *marpandita, *mamiso the word itself (Ambarita, 2017c: 131). Morphologically, the words in (2b) Thus, for instance, speakers of Toba Batak are formed according to word formation know that the words in (1a) are words in rules in Toba Batak language. Morphemes their language, whereas those in (1b) are as the elements for word formation have not. very important roles in word formation, (1) a. horas, parlindungan, ompung therefore, there are a lot of morphological b. transformation, books, childish issues that can be studied, not only free Talking about meanings, the native morphemes but also bound morphemes speakers of a language understand semantic (Ambarita 2017c: 131). details of each word in their own language. Looking at the Toba Batak language Original meanings are found in all phenomena above, it can be assumed that languages empirically because they are word formation of a language can generate universal lexemes. The product of affixation acceptable words, unacceptable words, and lexeme derivationally is another potential words, and impossible words. The manifestation of word formation to form form of unacceptable words will not make new different word class but also new problems as long as the forms are based on different lexical meaning (Ambarita, 2017b: word formation rules. On the other hand, the 15). These sets of lexemes can be applied to form of unacceptable words can be the analyze meanings of spoken language implication of breaking transformation rules naturally. As an example, English native or attaching improper affixation. The speakers intuitively understand that the product of affixation and lexeme word table does not directly refer only to derivationally is another manifestation of such entity used to put something on, but word formation to form new different word there is another meaning of table such as a class but also new different lexical meaning place to write names, addresses, and other (Ambarita, 2017b: 15). personal data. Whereas, intuitively Toba A theory of word formation must Batak speakers will directly mean the word include an explanation of the fact that table as a tool to put something on like complex lexical items differ semantically dinner table. from the sum of their components (Lipka. In Toba Batak language, the words 1975: 179). The theory of generative in (2a) are grammatically accepted and they morphology proposed by Halle (1973) have been used in daily conversation. On cannot be applied fully to analyse the data the other hand, the words in (2b) still of Toba Batak language. Therefore, Halle‟s emerge a big question for Toba Batak theory is modified as shown in Diagram 1. speakers and they feel reluctant to use them The data analysis, however, refers to Halle‟s when they interact. model as the main theory. [[LM] ↔ [ WFR ] ↔ [ FILTER ↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔ [DICTIONARY]] Diagram 1: Model of Modified Theory List of Morphemes (henceforth: affixes such as prefixes, infixes, suffixes, LM) will send bases and affixes to Word and confixes (Ambarita, 2017a: 191). Formation Rules (henceforth: WFR) to Scalise (1984: 16) explains the form words. In Toba Batak language, LM correlation of Halle‟s model (1973) and are realized by bases, roots, stems, and Aronoff‟s model (1976) that word International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 184 Vol.5; Issue: 9; September 2018 Esron Ambarita et.al. Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study formation is handled by special describes characteristics, features, or all mechanism called WFR. language phenomena which are studied Then the WFR will send the words through data selection. The uniqueness to filter and next filter will directly send and phenomena of a language can be them to Orthographic Rules (henceforth: known through field facts where the OR) to be marked orthographic rules if no language is studied. idiosyncrasies are found. On the other hand, The research was conducted in Pasar if the words are found to have idiosyncrasies, Pangururan and Tanjung Bunga, two they must be stopped and processed in filter. villages located in Pangururan subdistrict, Furthermore, OR will send the words to North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The Phonological Rules (henceforth: PR). This collected data were voice-recordings and needs emphasizing because the rules of writings. The data were collected by writing are different from the rules of interviewing and observation. The data of pronunciation in Toba Batak language. PR this study are analysed based on interactive detects words and labels them model proposed by Miles, Huberman, and phonologically. After that PR will send the Saldana (2014, 31-33). The data are words to dictionary to be saved. condensed, and displayed. Furthermore, The sequence of representations conclusions are drawn and verified based on formed in this process is called a the data analysis. “derivation” of the phonetic representation from the underlying phonological DISCUSSION representation (Chomsky and Halle, 1968: Deverbal nominals in Toba Batak 60). Derivational processes are assumed to language are found by attaching prefix be limited in various indiosyncratic ways (henceforth: PREF) [par-], PREF [paN-], (Anderson, 1982: 585). Thus, the confix (henceforth: CONF) [ha-an], CONF phonological component specifies the [paN-an], CONF [paN -on], CONF [par- relation between phonetic and phonological an], affix combination (henceforth: AC) representation. According to Schane (1992: [paηin-], and AC [paηun-]. The processes of 50), when morphemes are united to form attaching those affixes will generate words, different segment of morphemes complex words (henceforth: CW) which are in sequences
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