International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Research Paper

Deverbal Nominals in Toba : A Generative Transformational Study

Esron Ambarita, Robert Sibarani, Dwi Widayati, Eddy Setia

Doctoral Program of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan,

Corresponding Author: Esron Ambarita

ABSTRACT

This paper aims at exploring deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language from the view point of generative transformational study. The theory of generative morphology has predictive power to generate new words. Considering the particular rules of word formation in Toba Batak language, Halle‟s theory is modified to be adjusted to Toba Batak morphological system. Two new integrated components, Orthographic and Phonological Rules are added between Halle‟s Filter and Dictionary. Therefore, there are six components of sets of generative transformational rules as modified theory in this study, i.e. List of Morphemes, Word Formation Rules, Filter, Orthographic Rules, Phonological Rules, and Dictionary. Data analyses were done using modified theory but they refer to Halle‟s model as the main theory. This research applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were obtained by using observation methods and their techniques and interlocution method and its techniques. The collected data are voice-recordings and writings. The research findings comprise that deverbal nominals in Toba Batak language are done by attaching: (1) prefix [par-], (2) prefix [paN-], (3) confix [ha-an], (4) confix [paN-an], (5) confix [paN -on], (6) confix [par-an], (7) affix combination [paηin-], and (8) affix combination [paηun-]. The processes of attaching those affixes generate complex words which have different grammatical and lexical meanings. Morphological processes found in the word formation are phoneme deletion, phoneme assimilation, and phoneme addition. The processes of attaching those affixes bring about semantic and phonological idiosyncrasies, therefore, such words must be processed in filter to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak language.

Key words: deverbal nominals, generative transformational study, affixations, derivational

INTRODUCTION ways, they are: (1) by attaching affixations, Most studies on word formations (2) by inserting premodifier ni between from the view point of generative adjectival bases and nominal bases, and (3) transformational study focus on affixation by moving the of free adjectival bases processes, reduplication processes, and (Ambarita, 2018a: 309). Affixation as one compounding processes (cf. Loe 2018; of the morphological processes will Zainuddin 2012; Nasution 2011; Sukri generate new word when affixes are 2008; Simpen 1995) and other works. The attached to stems (Ambarita, 2018b: 75). central issues of this study are deverbal The native speakers of a language nominals in Toba Batak language, a are able to relate linguistic elements in regional language, majority spoken in Batak morphological sub-systems. Speakers of a Land in North Province, Indonesia. language normally possess knowledge not The language is studied from the view only about the words of the language but point of generative transformational study also about the composition and structure of i.e. word formations from verbs to nouns. the words (Halle, 1973: 1). The Nominal word formations in Toba Batak composition of a word will determine the language are distinguished in three main form and the meaning of the word

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(Ambarita, 2016: 11). The structure of a (2) a. marguru, manggonihon, manakkul word deals with the elements and forms of b. *marpandita, *mamiso the word itself (Ambarita, 2017c: 131). Morphologically, the words in (2b) Thus, for instance, speakers of Toba Batak are formed according to word formation know that the words in (1a) are words in rules in Toba Batak language. Morphemes their language, whereas those in (1b) are as the elements for word formation have not. very important roles in word formation, (1) a. horas, parlindungan, ompung therefore, there are a lot of morphological b. transformation, books, childish issues that can be studied, not only free Talking about meanings, the native morphemes but also bound morphemes speakers of a language understand semantic (Ambarita 2017c: 131). details of each word in their own language. Looking at the Toba Batak language Original meanings are found in all phenomena above, it can be assumed that empirically because they are word formation of a language can generate universal lexemes. The product of affixation acceptable words, unacceptable words, and lexeme derivationally is another potential words, and impossible words. The manifestation of word formation to form form of unacceptable words will not make new different word class but also new problems as long as the forms are based on different lexical meaning (Ambarita, 2017b: word formation rules. On the other hand, the 15). These sets of lexemes can be applied to form of unacceptable words can be the analyze meanings of spoken language implication of breaking transformation rules naturally. As an example, English native or attaching improper affixation. The speakers intuitively understand that the product of affixation and lexeme word table does not directly refer only to derivationally is another manifestation of such entity used to put something on, but word formation to form new different word there is another meaning of table such as a class but also new different lexical meaning place to write names, addresses, and other (Ambarita, 2017b: 15). personal data. Whereas, intuitively Toba A theory of word formation must Batak speakers will directly mean the word include an explanation of the fact that table as a tool to put something on like complex lexical items differ semantically dinner table. from the sum of their components (Lipka. In Toba Batak language, the words 1975: 179). The theory of generative in (2a) are grammatically accepted and they morphology proposed by Halle (1973) have been used in daily conversation. On cannot be applied fully to analyse the data the other hand, the words in (2b) still of Toba Batak language. Therefore, Halle‟s emerge a big question for Toba Batak theory is modified as shown in Diagram 1. speakers and they feel reluctant to use them The data analysis, however, refers to Halle‟s when they interact. model as the main theory.

[[LM] ↔ [ WFR ] ↔ [ FILTER ↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔ [DICTIONARY]]

Diagram 1: Model of Modified Theory

List of Morphemes (henceforth: affixes such as prefixes, infixes, suffixes, LM) will send bases and affixes to Word and confixes (Ambarita, 2017a: 191). Formation Rules (henceforth: WFR) to Scalise (1984: 16) explains the form words. In Toba Batak language, LM correlation of Halle‟s model (1973) and are realized by bases, roots, stems, and Aronoff‟s model (1976) that word

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 184 Vol.5; Issue: 9; September 2018 Esron Ambarita et.al. Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study formation is handled by special describes characteristics, features, or all mechanism called WFR. language phenomena which are studied Then the WFR will send the words through data selection. The uniqueness to filter and next filter will directly send and phenomena of a language can be them to Orthographic Rules (henceforth: known through field facts where the OR) to be marked orthographic rules if no language is studied. idiosyncrasies are found. On the other hand, The research was conducted in Pasar if the words are found to have idiosyncrasies, Pangururan and Tanjung Bunga, two they must be stopped and processed in filter. villages located in Pangururan subdistrict, Furthermore, OR will send the words to Province, Indonesia. The Phonological Rules (henceforth: PR). This collected data were voice-recordings and needs emphasizing because the rules of writings. The data were collected by writing are different from the rules of interviewing and observation. The data of pronunciation in Toba Batak language. PR this study are analysed based on interactive detects words and labels them model proposed by Miles, Huberman, and phonologically. After that PR will send the Saldana (2014, 31-33). The data are words to dictionary to be saved. condensed, and displayed. Furthermore, The sequence of representations conclusions are drawn and verified based on formed in this process is called a the data analysis. “derivation” of the phonetic representation from the underlying phonological DISCUSSION representation (Chomsky and Halle, 1968: Deverbal nominals in Toba Batak 60). Derivational processes are assumed to language are found by attaching prefix be limited in various indiosyncratic ways (henceforth: PREF) [par-], PREF [paN-], (Anderson, 1982: 585). Thus, the confix (henceforth: CONF) [ha-an], CONF phonological component specifies the [paN-an], CONF [paN -on], CONF [par- relation between phonetic and phonological an], affix combination (henceforth: AC) representation. According to Schane (1992: [paηin-], and AC [paηun-]. The processes of 50), when morphemes are united to form attaching those affixes will generate words, different segment of morphemes complex words (henceforth: CW) which are in sequences and sometimes changes. have their own grammatical and lexical meanings. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study is descriptive qualitative 1. Prefix [par-] which describes Toba Batak language Example: [parminum] phenomena naturally. The research The process of forming the word method of a language must relate with parminum [parminum] as noun (henceforth: theory and theoretical frame. N) from [minum] as verb (henceforth: V) Descriptively, a language researcher can be seen in the following diagram.

[[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔ [FILTER] ↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]] [minum]V [minum + par-] [parminum] [parminum]N „drink‟ [V + PREF] (semantic /parminum/ [parminum] „alcoholic drinker‟ [par-]PREF idiosyncrasy)

Diagram 2: The Processes of Neologism using Prefix [par-] to Verbal Base

The diagram shows that CW other words, it can be said that [minum]V + [parminum]N is processed from the V [par-]PREF → [parminum]N. The process [minum] „drink‟ added with PREF [par-]. In of forming [parminum] is derivational

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 185 Vol.5; Issue: 9; September 2018 Esron Ambarita et.al. Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study because it changes the word class and the (2) [t]; phoneme[t] is assimilated as in meaning. the following example: The grammatical meaning of [paN-] + [tingkir]V „seek‟ → [parminum]N is „expressing the paningkir [panikkir]N „seeker‟ characteristics mentioned by the base (3) [s]; phoneme [s] is assimilated as in [minum]V‟. Semantic idiosincracy is found the following example: after the attachment of PREF [par-] to the V [paN-] + [sintak] „pull‟ → [minum] „drink‟ becomes [parminum], panintak [panittak]N „puller‟ Therefore, filter labels it with new meaning (4) [s]; phoneme [s] is not assimilated as the lexical meaning, that is „alcoholic orthographically as in the following drinker‟. examples: [paN-] + [sadi]V „stop‟ → 2. Prefix [paN-] pansadi [passadi]N The attachment of PREF [paN-] to V „peoplewhostop‟ with certain initial phonemes will cause (e) [paN-] → [paηa-] if the initial phonemes some allomorphs, they are: of the base are [l] and [r] as in the (a) [paN-] → [pam-] if the initial phonemes following examples: of the base are [b] and [p]. The initial [paN-] + [lala]V „destroy‟ → phoneme is not assimilated pangalala [paηalala]N „destroyer‟ orthograpically as in the following [paN-] + [rambas]V „cut through‟→ examples. pangarambas [paηarabbas]N„some [paN-] + [butbut]V „pull‟ → one who cuts through‟ pambutbut [pabbuɂbut]N „puller‟ (f) [paN-] → [paη-] if the initial phonemes [paN-] + [pultak]V „break‟ → of the base are: pampultak [pappultak]N „breaker‟ (1) [g] or [h]; phoneme [h] → [k] as in (b) [paN-] → [pam-] if the initial phonemes the following examples: of the base are [b] and [p]. The initial [paN-] + [gotil]V „pinch‟ → phonemes are assimilated panggotil [paηgotil]N „pinchers‟ orthograpically as in the following [paN-] + [hail]V „fish‟ → examples. pangkail [pakkail]N „fisher‟ (c) [paN-] + [bondut]V „swallow‟→ (2) [a], [e], [i], [o], and [u]; the initial pamondut [pamoddut]N „swallower‟ phoneme are not assimilated as [paN-] + [pinsang]V „prohibit‟ → follows: paminsang [pamissaη]N „someone who [paN-] + [allang]V „eat‟ → prohibits‟ pangallang [paηallaη]N „eater‟ (d) [paN-] → [pan-] if the initial phonemes [paN-] + [elek]V „persuade‟ → of the base are: pangelek [paηelek]N „persuader‟ (1) [d] or [j]; phoneme [d] and [j] are [paN-] + [onjar]V „push‟ → not assimilated as in the following: pangonjar [paηojjar]N„pusher‟ [paN-] + [dabu]V „fall‟ → [paN-] + [umpat]V „pull‟ → pandabu [paddabu]N „some one pangumpat [paηuppat]N„puller‟ who makes something fall‟ [paN-] + [jou]V „call‟ → Example: [paηoli] panjou [pajjou]N „the way of The process of forming the word pangoli calling‟ [paηoli] as a N from [oli] as a V can be seen in the following diagram.

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[[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔ [FILTER] ↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]] [oli]V [oli + paN-] semantic idiosyncrasy [paηoli] „marry‟ [V + PREF] (the term pangoli is only /pangoli/ [paηoli] N [paN] addressed to female) „groom‟ PREF

Diagram 3: The Processes of Neologism using Prefix [paN-] to Verbal Base

Based on the diagram above the „groom‟ as a new meaning. In Toba Batak word [paηoli] is formed from [oli]V „marry‟ culture, it is a male who marries a female added with PREF [paN-] → [paηoli]N. The and not a female who marries a male. That process of forming the word [paηoli] is is why there is not any special call for bride derivational because it brings about the as the opposite of groom. change of word class and meaning. The grammatical meaning of [paηoli] is 3. Confix [ha-an] „expressing status as mentioned by the Example: [hamatean] base‟. Semantic idiosyncrasy is found in the The process of forming the word process of forming the word [paηoli]. hamatean [hamatean] „death‟ is shown in Therefore, filter processes and labels it with the following diagram.

[[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔[FILTER]↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]] [mate]V [mate + ha-an] [hamatean] „die‟ [V + CONF] /hamatean/ [hamatean] N [ha-an]CONF „death‟

Diagram 4: The Processes of Neologism using Confix [ha-an] to Verbal Base

The process of forming the word the base‟. The lexical meaning of the word [hamatean] from [mate]V added with [hamatean] is „death‟. CONF [ha-an] in Toba Batak language can be analyzed as follows: [mate]V + [ha-an] 4. Confix [paN-an] CONF → [hamatean]N. The process of Example: [paηaloppaan] forming the word [hamatean] is derivational The process of forming the word because it changes word class and meaning pangalompaan [paηaloppaan]N from as well. The grammatical meaning of [loppa]V can be seen in the following [hamatean] expresses „thing mentioned by diagram.

[[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔[FILTER]↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]] [loppa]V [loppa + paN-an] *[palop- [pangalom- [paηalop- [paηaloppaan] „cook‟ [V + CONF] paan] paan] paan] N [paN-an]CONF „a place to cook‟

Diagram 5: The Processes of Neologism using Confix [paN-an] to Verbal Base

The form *[paloppaan] is : *[paloppaan] (unacceptable unacceptable in Toba Batak language, in Toba Batak language) therefore, the form must be processed in Phoneme addition [ηa]: *[#[pa-] + [ηa] + filter as shown in the following: [loppaan]#]N : *pa[ηa]loppaan] Deep Structure: *[#[loppa]V + [paN- Surface Structure : [paηaloppaan] an]CONF#]N

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The process of forming [paN-] + [litok]V „muddy‟ → [paηaloppaan] is derivational. The pangalitok [paηalitok]N „a person who grammatical meaning of [paηaloppaan] makes something muddy‟ shows place to do the activity mentioned by [paN-] + [raprap]V „destroy‟ → the base [loppa]V „cook‟. Therefore, lexical pangaraprap [paηararap]N „destroyer‟ meaning of [paηaloppaan] is „a place to [paN-] + [rahut]V „pick‟ → cook‟. In other words, PREF [paN-] → pangarahut [paηarahut]N „picker‟ [paηa-] if the initial phonemes of the base are [l] and [r] as shown in the following 5. Confix [paN -on] examples. Example: [pananomom] [paN-] + [lompa]V „cook‟ → The process of forming the word pangalompa [paηaloppa]N „cook‟ pananomon [pananomon]N „planting‟ from [paN-] + [lele]V „chase‟ → [tanom]V can be seen in the following pengalele [paηalele]N „chaser‟ diagram.

[[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔ [FILTER] ↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]] [tanom]V [tanom + *[patanomon] „tanam‟ paN-on] (phonological [paN-on]CONF [V + CONF] idiosyncrasy)

Diagram 6: The Processes of Neologism with Phonological Idiosyncrasy

The form *[patanomon] is Phoneme Assimilation [n]: unacceptable in Toba Batak language, The *[#[pa[n]anomon] #]N form must be stopped and processed in filter : [pananomon] because phonological idiosyncrasy is found. Surface Structure: pananomon [pananomon] The process is shown as follows: (acceptable in Toba Batak language) Deep Structure: *[#[tanom]V + [paN- After the process is done, filter sends on]CONF. #]N [pananomon] as an acceptable word in Toba : *patanomon (unacceptable Batak language to the next component as in Toba Batak language) shown in the following diagram. Phoneme Deletion [t]: *[#[pa[t]anomon]#]N

[[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔ [FILTER] ↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]] [tanom]V [tanom + [pananomon]N „plant‟ paN-on] *[patanomon] /pananomon/ [pananomon] „planting‟ [paN-on]CONF [V + CONF]

Diagram 7: The Processes of Neologism using Confix [paN-on] to Verbal Base

The process of forming the word is [t]; phoneme [t] assimilates becomes [pananomon] from [tanom] is: [tanom]V + phoneme [n] as in the following examples: [paN-on]CONF → [pananomon]N. The [paN-on] + [tanom]V „plant‟ → process of forming the V [pananomon] is pananomon[pananomon]N„planting‟ derivational. The grammatical meaning of [paN-on] + [tingkir]V „seek‟ → [pananomon] expresses thing or doing paningkiran[panikkiron]N „the place to activity mentioned by the base [tanom] seek‟ „plant‟. Lexical meaning of [pananomon] is [paN-on] + [tillok]V „raise seedlings‟→ „planting‟. In Toba Batak language CONF panillok [panillokon]N „process of [paN-on] → [pan-on] if the initial phoneme raising seedlings‟.

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Example: 2 [paddidion] The process of forming the word pandidion [paddidion]N „baptism‟ from [didi]V can be seen in the following diagram.

[[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔ [FILTER] ↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]] [didi]V [didi + paN-on] [pandidion] [paddidion]N „bathe‟ [V + CONF] (semantic /pandidion/ [paddidion] „baptism‟ [paN-on]CONF idiosyncrasy)

Diagram 8: The Processes of Neologism using Confix [paN-on] to Verbal Base

The process of forming the word changed by PR as the consonant following [paddidion] from [didi] added with CONF it. Therefore, consonant cluster [nd] and [nj] [paN-on] can be analysed as follows: → [dd] and [jj] respectively as in the [didi]V + [paN-on]CONF → [paddidion]N. following examples. The grammatical meaning of [paddidion] [paN-on] + [didi]V„bathe‟ → pandidion expresses „thing mentioned by the base [paddidion]N „baptism‟ [didi] „bathe‟. In the event of [paddidion] [paN-on] + [jou]V„call‟ → panjouon „baptism‟ there is feature of semantic [pajjou]N „call‟ idiosyncrasy where water is spattered to the baptised baby. In other words, [paddidion] 6. Confix [par-an] does not really bathe. Example: [parmaηanan] In Toba Batak language The process of forming the word orthographically, CONF [paN-on] → [pan- parmanganan [parmaηanan]N „a place to on] if the initial phonemes of the stem are eat‟ from [ ma ηan ] V „eat‟ can be seen in the [d] and [j]; Consonant [n] of CONF [pan- following diagram. on] as the allomorph of CONF [paN-on] is

[[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔ [FILTER] ↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]]

[maηan]V [maηan + [parmaηanan]N „eat‟ par-an] [parmanganan] [parmaηanan] „a place to eat‟ [par-an]CONF [V + CONF]

Diagram 9: The Processes of Neologism using Confix [par-an] to Verbal Base

The N[parmaηanan] is formed from [maηan] and CONF [par-an] is attached. 7. Affix Combination [paηin-] The process is derivational because it Example: [paηittubu] changes word class and meaning. The affixation process of forming Grammatical meaning of [pardahanan] the word pangintubu [paηittubu] is shown in expresses „a place to do the activity the following diagram. mentioned by the V‟ and the lexical meaning is „a place to eat‟. [[LM] ↔ [WFR] ↔ [FILTER]↔ [OR] ↔ [PR] ↔[DICTIONARY]] [tubu]V [tubu + paηin-] [paηittubu]N „born‟ [V+ AC] /pangintubu/ [paηittubu] „a person who gives [paηin-]AC a birth to some one‟

Diagram 10: The Processes of Neologism using Affix Combination [paηin-] to Verbal Base

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The word [paηittubu] is formed by phoneme addition, and phoneme adding AC[paηin-] to [tubu]V → assimilation take place in the word [pangintubu]N. In Toba Batak language, formation. Despite its contribution to /n/ followed by consonant linguistic knowledge, this study, however, /t/ or /s/is changed by PR as the consonant has limitations, i.e. this study focuses on following it as follows: forming verbs from nouns. Therefore, other [paηin-] + [tubu]V „born‟ → paηintubu neologisms need to be studied further to [paηittubu]N „a person who gives explore Toba Batak language phenomena. a birth to some one‟ [paηin-] + [surut]V „decline‟→ paηinsurut REFERENCES [paηissurut]N „a person who  Ambarita, Esron, 2018a. Nominal Word Formations in Toba Batak Language: A declines‟ st The process of forming the word Study of Generative Morphology. The 1 [paηittubu] is derivational. The grammatical Annual International Conference on Language and Literature (AICLL), pp. 306- meaning of [paηittubu] shows „person who 320, does activity as mentioned by the verb‟ and https://knepublishing.com/index.php/Kne- the lexical meaning of [paηittubu] is „a Social/article/view/1942/4340 person who gives a birth to some one‟.  Ambarita, Esron. 2018b. Adjectival Affixations in Toba Batak Language. A 8. Affix Combination [paηun-] Descriptive Analysis of Adjectives. A Example: [paηussande] Proceeding of International Conference, 5 th The word pangunsande ELT, Linguistics, Literature, and [paηussande] „a person who leans‟ is Translation (ICELLTS), pp. 74-83, formed by attaching AC [pangun-] to https://uhn.ac.id/files/akademik_files/18060 [sadde]V. The attachment of AC[pangun-] 60434_2018_The%20Episteme%20Journal to [sadde] has changed the word class from %20of%20Linguistics%20and%20Literatur e%20Vol%204%20No%203_1.%20ADJEC V to N. The word [paηussande] is formed in TIVAL%20AFFIXATIONS%20IN%20TO WFR and there are not any idiosyncrasies BA%20BATAK%20LANGUAGE%20- found as shown in the following: %20esron.pdf. Deep Structure : *[#[paηun-]AC +  Ambarita, Esron. 2017a. Daftar Morfem [sadde]V#]N dalam Sistem Morfologi Generatif Bahasa : * [paηun-] + [sadde] Batak Toba. Jurnal TIFA, Volume 9, Nomor : [paηunsande]N 1, Edisi Januari 2017, ISSN: 2088-7124, Surface Structure : pangunsande Medan: Penerbit Program Pascasarjana S2 [paηussadde]N Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia, Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al Wasliyah, pp. 191- CONCLUSIONS 207. Deverbal nominals in Toba Batak  Ambarita, Esron. 2017b. Denominal Verbs in Toba Batak Language. The Episteme: language are found by attaching (1) PREF Journal of Linguistics and Literature, Vol. 3 [par-], (2) PREF [paN-], (3) CONF [ha-an], Number 3, May 2017, pp. 13-24. (4) CONF [paN-an], (5) CONF[paN -on], https://uhn.ac.id/files/akademik_files/17120 (6) CONF [par-an], (7) AC [paηin-], and 70859_2017 (8) AC [paηun-]. The derivational processes The%20Episteme%20Journal%20of%20Lin generate CW which have different guistics%20and%20Literature%20Vol%203 grammatical and lexical meanings. %20No%203_2.Esron%20Ambarita%20,De Semantic and phonological idiosyncrasies nominal%20Verbs%20In%20Toba%20Bata are found in some word formations that is k%20Language.pdf. why such words must be processed in filter  Ambarita, Esron. 2017c. Morphological to generate acceptable words in Toba Batak Analysis of Adjective Reduplications in language. Besides, phoneme deletion, Toba Batak Language. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Vol. 2 No. 1

International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 190 Vol.5; Issue: 9; September 2018 Esron Ambarita et.al. Deverbal Nominals in Toba Batak Language: A Generative Transformational Study

April 2017, pp. 130-137. http://jurnal-  Loe, Efron Erwin Yohanis. 2018. Morfologi lp2m.umnaw.ac.id/index.php/cccccc/article/ Bahasa Rote Dialek Dengka: Kajian download/157/149/. Morfologi Generatif. A Dissertation,  Ambarita, Esron. 2016. Morphological Doctoral Program of Linguistics, Faculty of Analysis of Adjectival Affixations in Toba Cultural Sciences, Denpasar: University of Batak Language. Metholangue: Language Udayana. Teaching Learning, Linguistics, and  Miles, M. B, Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, Literature, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 9-20, J. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A http://ojs.lppmmethodistmedan.education./ Methods Sourcebook. 3rd Edition. Thousand index.php/METHOLANGUE/article/view/1 Oaks: Sage Publications. 62/142  Nasution, Khairina. 2011. Pembentukan  Anderson, Stephen R. 1982. Where’s Kata dalam Bahasa Indonesia yang Berasal Morphology. Linguistic Inquiry, Volume 13 dari Bahasa Arab: Kajian Morfologi Number 4, 571-612 Winter, 4(I) I/73 (1- Generatif. A Dissertation, Doctoral Program 108) ISSN 0024-3892.URL: of Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4178287. Medan: University of Sumatera Utara.  Aronoff, Mark. 1976. Word Formation in  Scalise, Sergio. 1984. Generative Generative Grammar. Cambridge: The MIT Morphology. Dordrecht-Holand/ Press. Cinnaminson-USA: Foris Publications.  Chomsky, Noam dan Halle, Morris. 1968.  Schane, Sanford A. 1973. Generative The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Phonology.New Jerssey: Prentice-Hall. Harper and Row.  Simpen, I Wayan. 1995. Afiksasi Verbal  Dardjowidjojo, Soenjono. 1988. Morfologi Bahasa Bali: Sebuah Kajian Morfologi Generatif: Teori dan Permasalahan dalam Generatif. A Master Thesis, Linguistic PELLBA I Pertemuan Linguistik Lembaga Study Program, Jakarta: University of Bahasa Atma Jaya: Pertama, Penyunting Indonesia. Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Jakarta: Lembaga  Sukri, H. Muhammad. 2008. Sistem Bahasa Unika Atmajaya. Morfologi Bahasa Sasak Dialek Kuto-Kute:  Halle, Morris. 1973. Prolegomena to a Kajian Transformasi Generatif. A Theory of Word Formation. Linguistic Dissertation, Doctoral Program of Inquiry, Volume 4 Number I, 3-16 Winter, Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, 4(I) I/73 (1-108) ISSN 0024-3892.URL: Denpasar: University of Udayana. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4177748.  Zainuddin,2012. Sistem Morfologi Bahasa  Lipka, Leonard. 1975. Prolegomena to Gayo: Kajian Transformasi Generatif. A Prolegomena to a Theory of Word Dissertation, Doctoral Program of Formation: A Reply to Morris Halle. Linguistics, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and Medan: University of Sumatera Utara. History of Linguistic Science IV, Volume 1, 175-184, The Transformational-Generative Paradigm and Modern Linguistic Theory.

How to cite this article: Ambarita E, Sibarani R, Widayati D et.al. Deverbal nominals in toba batak language: a generative transformational study. International Journal of Research and Review. 2018; 5(9):183-191.

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International Journal of Research & Review (www.ijrrjournal.com) 191 Vol.5; Issue: 9; September 2018