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SOCIOCULTURAL VALUES Umpama of Batak Toba.Pdf ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer is grateful to special person such as, Claudia Benedita and Lissa Donna for their valuable patience in accompanying him writing, revising, and printing this book. He also expressed his thanks to Benny and Victor for their typing For the concept of the book till the finishing of their script. His thanks also goes to Bryan in his correction of the structure of Lissa Donna Manurung the writing and the content or meaning of the English Writing as the means of the language in this book. and At last his thanks go to Paitoon M. Chaiyanara, Ph.D. for his aid in publishing this book. Claudia Benedita Pardede Medan, 2013 The Writer, Hilman Pardede CHAPTER I of the body.We use the terms sender as the source of information, and INTRODUCTION receiver as the addressee. When interaction occurs in a social context by using spoken 1.1. Background language, the ones who are involved in the interaction need to be able Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of of to communicate verbally, in other words they have a verbal skill. communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of According to Hartmann and Stork (1972) verbal skill is a linguistic or voluntarily produced symbols (Sapir,1921:17). From the defenition, it spoken skill (Crystal, 1980), which refers to the ability of an is important to note that language is a means of communication purely individual speaker to use his language well. Every social group grants owned by human. Sapir further pointed out that language does not high status to members with good verbal skill ( Chaika, 1982). This is exist apart from culture, that is, the socially inherited assemblage of true since in certain culture, like in Toba Batak culture those with practices and beliefs that determines the texture of our lives. From this good verbal skills play an important role in cultural events. we can imply that the speech activities as the reflection of culture In a universal categorization of culture, Kluckhohn (1953) practiced by a social group reveal the underlying attitudes in which placed language as the most important category above other categories they are living. which included knowledge, social organization, technology, earning Based on the way language is communicated, it can be devided of living, religion, and art. It implies that language has an important into three: 1) spoken language, 2) written language, and 3) gestures. role c in human life. Besides functioning as a means of When we use spoken language we refer to the terms speaker and communication, it also functions as codifying the culture. It is a hearer. In this case the language is produced by the human organs of human who owns the language, or in broader sense, it is a human who speech in terms of sounds. In written language we refer to the writer owns the culture. In broader meaning, the society in certain social and reader, meaning that the communication occurs by means of groups or ethnic group possesses language as a means of witten symbols, and these symbols are interpreted by the reader. communication in codifying the culture. Gestures is a form of communication by using the movement of parts Language and society are so interwined that it is impossible to understang one without the other (Chaika,1982). From this we can 1 2 imply that language cannot be separated from culture. We used in the past to make an investigation on the culture of ethnic groups. language to reveal our personal identity, our character, our social The Toba Batak culture, for example, has long been investigated by a background, and our art and technology. Whatever we may do; foreigner such as, Vergouwen, J.C. (1964 ) in his book; The Social whatever we play, make friends or make war, we do it by using Organization and Customery of The Toba Batak. language. Today Indonesia has taken apart in the World Youth The language communities, consciously or not, are in contact Exchange. It is a program of cultural exchange among the youn by using the dynamic language. The language can also bind the group students from different countries. Some of the Indonesia students are in the community to be an strong, unified community sent abroad to have cultural experiences in the countries they are ( Kartomihardjo,1988 ). Of course, there will be a social interaction in staying in. On the other hand, foreign students come to Indonesia with society. The ways people interact or use language in social interaction the same goal. FKIP of Nommensen University Pematangsiantar, is will be the scope of sociolinguistics. As what Chaika further states regularly visited by American students each year. They come to learn sociolinguistics is concerned with the stuff of everyday life; how you Indonesian culture especially the regional culture that exists in the talk to your friends, family, and teachers, as well as the storekeepers place they are visiting. At FKIP Nommensen University they learn and strangers, how a given society is stratified, that is, what groups the Toba Batak culture, that is, the language. Those American students make up the society, examining the speech activities of different are given opportunities to interact with the students of FKIP social groups, values, and beliefs that have helped shape the groups. Nommensen. Before interacting with the English students of FKIP , In line with the facts mentioned above, the Toba Batak they are first of all taught the Toba Batak culture by a team which language, one of the regional languages in Indonesia has been consisists of all the English lecturers of FKIP Nommensen. When examined as a part of regional culture which together with other experiencing the teaching of the Toba Batak culture to the American language, forms one unified language and culture of Indonesia. It is students, the writer realied that there is not a fixed material available. only the ethnic groups who are involved in their culture, but also the The materials were taught loosely so that some values of the culture strangers of foreigners are interested in the regional culture. for were not included in the teaching. For this reason, it is essential to example, there were some foreign researchers who came to Indonesia learn and explore the Toba Batak culture. 3 4 Based on the ideas stated in the beginning of the Indonesian beautiful one he had met. As an example let us see the following 1945 Constitution: “ The various cultures of the ethnic groups umpama: constitute a main resource of National Culture of Indonesia based on Tali ihot ni hoda the way of life “Pancasila”, the culture of the group are involved in Hata ihot ni jolma shaping one unity culture, that is, Indonesian Culture. It is therefore, A rope ties a horse the task of the people in each of the ethnic groups to develop and A word ties a man maintain its own culture in order that it remains existent. Its notion is, when a man talks in an Adat ceremony he should talk Batak culture is one of the various cultures in Indonesia that very carefully, as the truth of what he is talking about depens on his still exists and is practised by the group members in its customory word. patterns called Adat. The cultural life of the Batak people is often There are only a few people who made an investigation on expressed verbally, i.e. through language. It may be said that for TBL. The information about the Batak culture and TBL documented Batak people , Batak language is seen as functioning both as social has not yet been read and written scientifically, so that it is not very solidaritiy as well as group identity. One of the social functions of useful. It was a stranger who first made a research on TBL ( Manik, Batak language is seen in its Umpama, akind of proverbial expression 1987 ). Developing TBL as an integral part of Toba Batak Culture in which is mostly practised when the people conduct ceremonies such the present day does not mean to move the present condition into the as weddings, funerals, graduations, etc. Umpama has been widely past, but to maintain the traditional heritage personified by the older used before before the coming of missionaries and is especially used generation who still keep with them the richness and originally of the by the Toba Batak tribe. culture. The main characteristic of the ‘Umpama’ is that the expression It has been stated previously that language can codify the must be beautiful in sense that the choice of the words must be culture , or in other words, the language reflects the culture, but it is carefully selected and the rhytm is arranged in such a way that it not total reflection of the culture ( Oka, 1987 ). The values in culture attracts the hearers’ attention. This has been mentioned by Kern in that the language always transforms are easily taken for granted ( Sihombing ( 1989 ) that Toba Batak language ( TBL ) was the most Horton and Horton, 1971 ). From this, we can imply that the language 5 6 may reflect the values in culture. The umpama as a part of the Toba TBL is owned by the Toba Bataks who live in the south-west Batak language will reflect the culture, but what sociocultural values part of the province of North Sumatra. As for numerical strenght they are there in umpama? rank above the other Bataks group. i.e. the Mandailing, the Angkola, The inclusion of the Local Load in the 1994 curriculum makes the Simalungun, the Dairi, the Karo, and the Pardembanan- Batak in it possible that the regional language be included.
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