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A Multigear Protocol for Sampling Crayfish Assemblages in Gulf of Mexico Coastal Streams

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A Multigear Protocol for Sampling Crayfish Assemblages in Gulf of Mexico Coastal Streams Hydrobiologia https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3619-7 PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER A multigear protocol for sampling crayfish assemblages in Gulf of Mexico coastal streams William R. Budnick . William E. Kelso . Susan B. Adams . Michael D. Kaller Received: 24 January 2018 / Revised: 24 March 2018 / Accepted: 14 April 2018 Ó This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2018 Abstract Identifying an effective protocol for sam- Although pooled data from combined gears showed pling crayfish in streams that vary in habitat and greater total numbers of crayfishes, CPUE, and physical/chemical characteristics has proven prob- richness compared to either gear individually, com- lematic. We evaluated an active, combined-gear bined gear and backpack electrofisher results differed (backpack electrofishing and dipnetting) sampling minimally. Overall, richness was negatively related to protocol in 20 Coastal Plain streams in Louisiana. specific conductance, indicating potential agricultural Using generalized linear models and rarefaction influence. Neither crayfish sex ratios, lengths, nor curves, we evaluated environmental and gear (separate frequencies of rare species differed by gear; however, and combined) effects on crayfish catch-per-unit- combining data from both gears ensured crayfish were effort (CPUE), orbital carapace lengths, sex ratios, captured in all study streams, which was not found for frequencies of rare species, and sample richness. electrofishing or dipnetting alone. Species accumula- tion and rarefaction curves indicated sampling was sufficient for recording crayfish diversity at the scale Handling editor: Eric Larson of the study and that adding streams (versus sites within streams) would be most effective for water- Electronic supplementary material The online version of shed-scale studies. Our results suggested the com- this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3619-7) con- bined gear protocol was effective for assessing tains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. crayfish population and assemblage characteristics in these Coastal Plain streams. W. R. Budnick Á W. E. Kelso Á M. D. Kaller School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State Keywords Crayfish Á Active sampling Á University Agricultural Center, 227 Renewable Natural Resources Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA Electrofishing Á Undersampling Á Gulf Coastal Plain S. B. Adams USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, 1000 Front St., Oxford, MS 38655, USA Introduction Present Address: Warmwater streams in the southeastern United States & W. R. Budnick ( ) are globally unique, containing the highest diversities Department of Biology, University of Texas – Arlington, 519 S. Nedderman Dr, Arlington, TX 76019, USA of freshwater fishes, mussels, and crayfishes outside of e-mail: [email protected] the tropics (Isphording & Fitzpatrick, 1992; Neves 123 Hydrobiologia et al., 1997; Warren et al., 2000; Thorp & Covich, gears into a single unit of effort can also eliminate 2009). More than 320 crayfish species ([ 80% of the analytical problems associated with inter-gear com- total crayfish diversity in the United States) occur in parisons and differences in biases among gear types the Southeast, although many are vulnerable to (Weaver et al., 1993). Unfortunately, most studies that ongoing alteration of riparian and aquatic habitats have compared sampling gear efficacy for crayfish driven largely by agriculture and urbanization (Taylor used pairwise comparisons between gears, and no et al., 2007). The conservation status of many rare or previously published studies have compared data distributionally restricted crayfishes is often unknown, pooled from combined gears with data obtained from and evaluation and restoration efforts are hindered by gears singly. deficient or antiquated survey data (Crandall & Buhay, The precision of data used to measure local/ 2008; Richman et al., 2015). Methods of sampling for regional scale ecological characteristics (e.g., diver- crayfish have been well researched, but surprisingly, sity, abundances, and traits) may or may not be there are few standard recommendations for gear improved by incorporating and pooling data from choice and sampling time (diurnal versus nocturnal) additional gears (see discussions by Jackson & for particular research questions (Engelbert et al., Harvey, 1997; Ruetz et al., 2007). Thus, gear selection 2016; Larson & Olden, 2016). Sampling methods have and number also play a role in the decision to included manual excavation of burrows, baited traps, apportion effort between intensive, multigear sam- quadrat samplers, seines, dipnets, and electrofishing plings of fewer locations versus sampling more units (Rabeni et al., 1997; Harliog˘lu, 1999; DiStefano locations with less effort. Adopting the wrong sam- et al., 2003), due in part to the diversity of habitat types pling gear and protocol can be costly in terms of effort, occupied by crayfish, study goals (presence/absence money, and data quality. Given finite resources and versus population estimation), and type of data desired time, integrating multiple gears into a sampling (quantitative or semiquantitative/qualitative, see protocol could potentially reduce the number of Legendre and Legendre, 2012). Active sampling gears localities necessary for characterizing population and may be preferred for population and assemblage diversity patterns in a project area, although the studies because of increased areal coverage and fewer sampling limitations of each complementary gear site visits required compared to passive techniques must also be considered. For example, surveying lotic (e.g., overnight trapping), but effort (i.e., crew size) crayfish with a single gear in Gulf of Mexico (hereafter and expense may be considerably greater (Dorn & Gulf) Coastal Plain streams can result in a mismatch Volin, 2009; Parkyn, 2015). between gear type and most effective habitat resulting Depending on the research question, active sam- in loss of efficacy, because stream habitat conditions pling protocols that record relative abundance and can rapidly change from riffle and pool reaches with catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) are often reasonable abundant woody debris and low specific conductance alternatives to more time consuming and labor-inten- to deeper, channelized, higher specific conductance, sive estimation of density (e.g., mark and recapture) or and more turbid agricultural canals (Felley, 1992; absolute abundance (e.g., depletion sampling). How- Felley & Daniels, 1992; Isphording & Fitzpatrick, ever, population and assemblage data derived from 1992; Brown et al., 2006; Kaller et al., 2013). relative abundance and CPUE are biased by under- Moreover, published literature pertaining to crayfish sampling, as these data often do not represent a sampling protocols in this region of the United States complete inventory of a stream community (Codding- is sparse, as is information on crayfish diversity, ton et al., 2009; Beck & Schwanghart, 2010; Colwell habitat associations, and population dynamics (Moore et al., 2012). Integrating complementary sampling et al., 2013). Thus, it is unknown if published gears into a sampling protocol could reduce under- protocols for crayfish sampling in other ecoregions sampling and improve statistical power (Sørensen of the United States translate well to Gulf Coastal et al., 2002), especially in situations where streams/ Plain streams. Active gears such as backpack elec- reaches differ in habitat characteristics or crayfish trofishers and dipnets have been successfully exam- species differ in habitat use and diel activity (Clifford ined for semiquantitative and qualitative sampling of & Casey, 1992; Knight & Bain, 1996; Paillisson et al., crayfish populations in a variety of studies (Rabeni 2011). Despite additional onsite effort, integration of et al., 1997; Alonso, 2001). However, deep water with 123 Hydrobiologia high turbidity and low specific conductance can limit hathawayi blacki (Walls 1972), a potential species of the effectiveness of backpack electrofishing (Reynolds conservation concern (Holcomb et al., 2015). Study & Koltz, 2013), and dipnets typically collect low streams in the Calcasieu and Houston river drainages numbers of smaller individuals (Price & Welch, were predominantly forested with abundant woody 2009). Thus, integrating these gears as a single unit debris and mostly sand substrates, whereas Vermil- of effort could improve crayfish sampling effective- lion-Teche drainage streams were agriculturally ness in terms of sample size, species richness, and impacted with generally homogeneous clay substrates species traits (e.g., size and sex) relative to a single- (Brown et al., 2006; Daigle et al., 2006; Felley, 1992), gear approach. (see reviews by Parkyn, 2015; Larson and Red River drainage streams included both agri- & Olden, 2016). culturally impacted and forested streams. From 40 We examined the efficacy of an integrated back- sites that we initially assessed for habitat characteris- pack electrofisher and dipnet sampling protocol for tics and access, we randomly selected five perennial lotic crayfishes in Gulf Coastal Plain streams of central streams in each of the four drainages (20 sites total). In Louisiana. In our preliminary sampling, other gears Louisiana, similar to other regions of central and (e.g., seines and traps) showed low-to-mixed success southern United States (Brown et al., 2006), ephem-
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