University of Wollongong Theses Collection University of Wollongong Theses Collection University of Wollongong Year State-society interaction and the survival of the state: the case of Papua New Guinea and Japan Kazuhiro Monden University of Wollongong Monden, Kazuhiro, State-society interaction and the survival of the state: the case of Papua New Guinea and Japan, PhD thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/144 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/144 STATE–SOCIETY INTERACTION AND THE SURVIVAL OF THE STATE: THE CASE OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND JAPAN Kazuhiro Monden A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Wollongong 2008 DECLARATION This thesis represents my own work except where otherwise acknowledged. Kazuhiro Monden 21 October 2008 In memory of my friends and grandparents: my friends – Kevin Artango and Kenny Albert Leana – who made the ultimate journey without saying ‘goodbye’; and my grandparents – Yoshiaki and Chie Kano – who inspired my interest in the history of humankind. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………i ACRONYMS/GLOSSARY…..…………………………………………………………...iii LIST OF TABLES……………...………………………………………………………...vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.………………………...…………………………………..viii INTRODUCTION………………………………...…………………………………...…...1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….2 SECTION ONE: Nation States, Weak States and Strong States………………….…..10 Chapter One: Globalisation and the Role of the Nation-State Introduction…………………………………………………………..…….11 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….23 Chapter Two: State Strengths and Capacities Introduction………………………………………………………………...24 Conclusion…………...…………………………………………………..…47 SECTION TWO: PNG’s Domestic and Foreign Policy – A Weak State and a Strong Society………………………………....................................51 Chapter Three: Domestic Challenges to a Weak State – PNG’s Experience Introduction.………………………………………………………………..52 Conclusion.……………………………………………………………..…116 Chapter Four: PNG Foreign Policy – ‘Friends to All, Enemies to None’ Introduction…………………………………………………………….…118 Conclusion……………………………………………………………..….172 SECTION THREE: Japan’s Domestic and Foreign Policy – A Strong State and a Strong Society……………………………………………………174 Chapter Five: A Strong Society with a Strong State – Challenges and Particular Interests Penetrating Government Policy-making Introduction……………………………………………………………….175 Conclusion………………………………………………………………...216 Chapter Six: Japan’s foreign policy – Japan’s Official Development Assistance is Used as a Political Tool Introduction……………………………………………………………….218 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….......257 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………..260 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...…261 APPENDIXES APPENDIX-A Chart of the gap between rich and poor under Globalisation………..273 APPENDIX-B The terms of reference of the Commission of Inquiry into the sale of the PNBGC to BSP……………...…………………….……..274 APPENDIX-C Ministers returned and lost after the June/July 2002 General Election in PNG………………………………………..……....277 APPENDIX-D Japan’s GNP Growth (1955-1992)……………………………….……..279 APPENDIX-E Selected Social indicators for Japan (1935-1992)………………….…..280 APPENDIX-F Japan’s Trade: Export and Import (1935-1993)………..……………..281 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………...………………………………………………………..282 ABSTRACT This thesis deals with questions of how state-society interactions of two different states, a weak state – Papua New Guinea – and a strong state – Japan – have influenced responses to their respective internal and external challenges, particularly those caused by the anarchic and economic competitive nature of the post-Cold War international environment, globalisation and fragmentation. It is also a study of state endeavours for the survival of these two states. The investigation was founded on the view that traditional state explanations of international relations do not satisfactorily account for the complexity of how state-society interactions in these two countries influence their internal and external efforts towards their state survival. The thesis is also innovative in that there have been almost no studies that have researched the two countries, side by side. Section One of the thesis provides a theoretical framework and explanatory tools – a theoretical framework in international relations through examining globalisation and fragmentation. In exploring the bases for the survival of the state, this thesis investigates the link between domestic political conditions and foreign policy responses by employing the explanatory tools of the state-in-society analysis and foreign policy behaviour analysis. By so doing, the studies presented in this thesis enable the capture of the dynamics of intensified state-society interactions in two different states, and show how these influence the survival of the state. In particular, it considers the difference between a weak state and a strong state. A weak state is limited in its state strength in terms of compliance, government legitimacy and participation and ability to create social cohesion. On the other hand, a state that can maximise its state strength is a strong state. It is argued that both kinds of states have different abilities when responding and adapting to the challenges of globalisation. Section Two explores domestic and foreign policy in PNG. The first study is a critical examination of the interaction between the state and society in a weak state – PNG. It is argued that a state that is being challenged by domestic social forces is weakened, but also that a weak state is not necessarily synonymous with a weak society. The second i part of Section Two offers a critical and comprehensive examination of the foreign policy responses of PNG and how it has responded to its external challenges. It is shown to be a country with limited available state resources and foreign policy options. Therefore, it is also argued that PNG's foreign policy behaviour must be considered from the point of view of the ongoing need for the survival of the state, that is, ‘friends to all, enemies to none’. Section Three is a critical examination of how particular social forces penetrate the policy-making of a state in domestic politics and in the foreign policy arena in Japan. It is argued that Japan's hierarchical structure is a fundamental cause for the intensified state-society interaction, and results in certain social forces penetrating the policy- making of the state by gaining proximity to the highest authorities of the state. In domestic politics, it is argued that the penetration of policy-making by certain social forces weakened state capacity, and ultimately resulted in the annihilation of non- conservative politics that led Japan's political transformation in the 1990s. In the foreign policy arena, it is argued that the penetration of policy-making by particular social forces occurred because Japan's Official Development Assistance provides relative material power that the state leaders and elite can mobilise as a powerful diplomatic tool, minimising its foreign policy vulnerability, while maximising its strategic foreign policy objectives. It is therefore argued that Japan’s state-society interactions determine its external responses. This thesis has shown how state-society interaction in PNG and Japan has influenced various responses for their survival. The studies throughout the thesis show that while the state that is a strong state has greater capacity than a state that is a weak state, a society in a weak state possesses greater resilience and tenaciousness than its counterpart society in a strong state. ii ACRONYMS/GLOSSARY ABC Australian Broadcasting Corporation ADB Asian Development Bank ADF Australian Defence Force AEST Australian Eastern Standard Time ALP Australian Labour Party ANGAU Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit ANU Australian National University APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASE Active, Selective Engagement ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations AusAID Australian Agency for International Development BCF Bougainville Copper Foundation BCL Bougainville Copper Limited BIG Bougainville Interim Government BPNG Bank of Papua New Guinea BRA Bougainville Revolutionary Army BSP Bank of South Pacific BTG Bougainville Transitional Government CEO Chief Executive Officer CEPG Commonwealth Eminent Person’s Group CGP Komeito – Clean Government Party CHGM Commonwealth Head of Government Meeting CNS Comprehensive National Security CPC Constitutional Planning Committee CPI Consumer Price Index CRA Cozinc Riotinto Australian Limited CSTB Central Supply and Tenders Board DAC OECD Development Assistance Committee DEFAT Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DFRBF Papua New Guinea Defence Force Retirement Benefit Fund DSP District Support Grant DPJ Democratic Party of Japan EA Japan Environment Agency EC Economic Cooperation EDF Electoral Development Fund EEZ 200 miles Exclusive Economic Zone EHP Eastern Highlands Province E-IBJ Export-Import Bank of Japan ENBP East New Britain Province E-ODA Japan’s Environmental Official Development Assistance EPA Japan Economic Planning Agency EPIP Eight Point Improvement Plan ESP East Sepik Province FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDI Foreign Direct Investment FFA South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency FY Fiscal Year FPWP Foreign Policy White Paper GAP Japan’s Green Aid Plan GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product iii