Abstracts of Papers, 93Rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April 24-25, 1981, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Volume 88 Number Article 9

1981

Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April 24-25, 1981, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa

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Recommended Citation (1981) "Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April 24-25, 1981, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 88(1),. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol88/iss1/9

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ABSTRACTS of PAPERS 93rd Session Iowa Academy of Science

APRIL 24-251 19B1 Coe College

CEDAR RAPIDS, IDWA

Author Abstract"'""""'""M_, ... ~ Author Abstract Page Albertson, M.C. 10 3 Edwards, C. 6S 16 Ales, D. C. 79 19 Espenson, J. H. B IS Anderson, W. I. 104 24 Farmer, J. N. IS9 37 Anellis, I. H. 121 24 Fay, L. P. 109 2S Baker, R. G. A 8 Ferrell, J. L. SI 12 Bakken, C. K. 28 6 Ferrett, T. A. 71 17 Bergquist, B. L. A IS Fisher, A. K. 29 6 Black, A.C., Jr. 60 14 Ford, J.E. 68 16 Bovbjerg, R. 8S 20 Frest, T. J. F 9 Bovee, E. C. 61,119,131,164 14,27 ,30,38 Friis, J.M. 40 9 Bower, J.R.F. 27 6 Galloway, K. E. 116 27 Bowles, J. B. 89 21 Gerk, A. J. lOS 24 Buchheim, M.A. 47 11 Gerlovich, J. ISi 3S Burggraf, D.R., Jr. 113 26 Gilpin, A. R. 137 32 Burkhart, C. P. 100 23 Godfrey, L. R. 36 8 Celander, D. W. 80 19 Goeppinger, W.W. 13 3 Chatterjee, R. 7S 18 Goff, H. M. c IS Christiansen, J.L. G 8 Graeff, R. W. 114 26 Christiansen, P. A. 82 19 Greenwood, J.C. 138 32 Cloud, T. A. 110 2S Gurira, R. C. 66 16 Cole, J. R. 33 7 Hallauer, A. R. s I Coleman, R. W. S6 13 Hanson, R. J. 127 29 Cooper, Curt S. 74 18 Hartman, K. A. IS3 36 Crawford, R. P. 9 2 Haustein, C. A. 64 IS Critchlow, S. C. 67 16 Henthorn, S. 31 7 Crossett, J.M. 120 28 Hightshoe, G. L. 83 19 Curry, T. M. 12 3 Hill, K. R. 90 21 Delannay, X. 11 3 Hodges, C. A. S8 13 Dobbins, M. S. 102 23 Hogben, C. A. M. 13S 31 Downs,G. E. 146 34 Holden, M. L. 99 23 Dumkrieger, B.J. S3 12 Horner, H. T., Jr. 43,44 10 Hull, B. L. 139 32 (Continued on back page.)

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 1 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

3. Direct and indirect selection for grain Agricultural Science yield in oats (Avena sativa L.). S. K. JOHNSON and K. J. FREY

1. Cereal leaf beetle resistance of pubescent Iowa State University Agronomy Department, Room 3 Avena sativa-~. sterilis hybrids. Agronomy Building, Ames, Iowa 50011.

C. YOUNG Direct selection has been used by plant breed ers for the improvement of grain yield. Microplots Iowa State University Agronomy Department, Room 1 are valuable for preliminary studies in small grains, Agronomy Building, Ames, Iowa 50011. but selections for grain yield based upon me-asuring this trait in such small plots usually leads to little if any genetic gain. Indirect selection pro The objectives of this study were to discover vides a possible alternative method for choosing the inheritance of leaf pubescence in oats and to lines which have improved grain yield. Using com assess the effect of pubescence on oviposition ponent traits of grain yield, which generally have preference and larval antibiosis of the cereal leaf higher heritability than yield itself, has been sug beetle (Oulema melanopus). Avena sterilis PI 311677 gested. was selected for introgression of pubescence genes Four selection criteria were used to test the into six glabrous ~· sativa lines. Several F seg degree to which predicted gains in grain yield would regates exhibited greater trichome density th~n the be realized. The component criteria were: 1) grain pubescent parent indicating transgressive segrega yield (GYD), 2) harvest index (HI=grain wt/total tion for trichome expression. These pubescent plant wt), 3) growth rate (GR=stra~ wt/growth dura progenies were used in subsequent tests. Glabrous tion), and 4) HI+ GR (assigned equal weight). All 'Mariner,' included as a susceptible check, was pre data were coded into standardized units before ferred as an oviposition site when tested with the applying selection. In the evaluation experiment, hybrid progenies and A. sterilis. However, the the realized gain in grain yield were a) 6.7% when beetles distinguished-between A. sterilis and the GYD was the selection criterion, b) 3.0% when HI was pubescent test material, indicating that wild type selected, c) 7.8% when GR was selected, and d) 6.3% resistance had not been completely recovered. Lar when HI + GR was the index criterion. val feeding damage was significantly more severe on glabrous than pubescent plants. The results of 4. The impact of sixty years of plant breeding this study indicate that progress toward cereal leaf on the genetic variability of oats. beetle resistance may be made by selection for in D. M. RODGERS, J. P. MURPHY, and K. J. FREY creased leaf pubescence. Iowa State University Agronomy Department, Room 3 2. Inheritance of tertiary seed development in Agronomy Building, Ames, Iowa 50011. oats. An investigation of the genetic relationships B. D. McBRATNEY and K. J. FREY within the North Central gene pool of cultivated oats was conducted using the coefficient of parent Iowa State University Agronomy Department, Room 3 age (r), an inbreeding parameter developed by Male Agronomy Building, Ames, Iowa 50011. cot. The pedigrees of cultivars and breeding stocks Most cultivated oats (Avena sativa L. and A. developed during the period between 1920 and 1980 byzantina L.) set one primary and one secondary were used to obtain estimates of r. The change in floret in each spikelet, but Avena nuda sets as many inbreeding (r) over time and the level of inbreed as six florets per spikelet. Lines of A. sativa ing among contemporary cultivars were examined. with low, intermediate, and high proportions of A positive relationship between varietal yields tertiary seeds were intercrossed for this study. and r was observed over time.· A plateau in varietal These crosses showed that inheritance of the yields due to a loss of genetic variability among tertiary floret set in oats was due to alleles at breeding stocks is highly probable unless the cur two loci. As tertiary floret percentage increased, rent genetic base is broadened through the use of grain weight, heading date, plant height, and spike unadapted or unimproved germplasm. The results of lets per panicle remained constant, and bundle and our study should be helpful to plant breeders both straw weights decreased. Since grain weight remain in identifying parental combinations having optimum ed constant while bundle and straw weights decreased, r-values and also in designing comprehensive it must be assumed harvest index increased. Even breeding schemes for germplasm utilization. though the study showed sink size of oats can be. increased by greater tertiary seed set, there was no 5. Response to reciprocal full-sib selection increase in grain weight due to this factor. Prob in two corn populations ably, the photosynthetic capacity of the plant was not efficient enough to take advantage of the in Arnel R. Hallauer creased sink size. USDA-SEA, AR Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Ames, IA 500ll

Reciprocal full-sib selection is a method of interpopulation recurrent selection that includes the

https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol88/iss1/9 2 et al.: Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April

evaluation of full-sibs produced between two popula another method for managing Phytophthora megasperma tions. Five cycles of reciprocal full-sib have been var. sojae that has repeatedly overcome specific completed for Iowa Two-ear Synthethic (BSlO) and genetic resistance alone. Also problems of new Pioneer Two-ear Composite (BSll). Yield was the pri pathogenic races have been only accentuated through mary trait emphasized in selection, but indirect genetic remedies. When susceptible, high yielding selection also was practiced among plants used to soybeans are grown with the protection of Ridomil, a produce full-sib progenies and among full-sib progen degree of genetic diversity can be retained in the ies for other agronomic traits. One cycle of selec crop that has been made more uniform with emphasis tion can be completed in 2 years. Response to on incorporation of resistance into the majority of selection for yield has been positive in each popula the connnercial varieties. Integrating the use of tion and the population cross; 14.2% for BSlO, 11.9% Ridomil along with the principles of the "prescribed BSll, and 18.7% in the population cross. Correlated resistant variety" concept for BSR of soybean would response for other agronomic traits were in the provide diversity in method, genetics, and geography desired direction except for BSll for root lodging, for control of Phytopathora rot of soybeans in Iowa. which showed an increase. There was no evidence that the genetic variability was reduced after four cycles 8. Conservation tillage and eyespot disease of of selection. Reciprocal full-sib selection seems to maize. have potential for integrating germplasm improvement with line and hybrid development. C. A. Martinson

6. Possible pathogenic seed-borne fungi of 425 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA sunflowers 50011 L. E. Sweets and H. L. Bissonnette Conservation tillage utilizes crop residues on the soil surface for soil erosion control and less Iowa State University, 109 Bessey, Ames, IA 50011 water runoff. Eyespot caused by Kabatiella zeae Narita & Hiratsuka has become prevalent in many Iowa Several sunflower seed lots with low germination maize (Zea mays L.) fields where conservation til values in laboratory tests were examined to deter lage is practiced, especially in Northern Iowa. In mine if seed-borne fungi might be affecting germi 0.4 hectare plots, eyespot severity was 5 to 20 nation. Preliminary isolations on APDA and in blo1! times greater in no-till maize than in maize planted ter tests indicated that 93% of the sunflower seeds in plowed soil. Partial burial of maize debris by were infected by Alternaria alternata and 17% by a disking, chisel plowing, and till planting reduced Phomopsis sp. Seeds from four sunflower seed lots the disease proportionately. A maize-soybean-maize were plated directly on APDA, washed in running rotation effectively controlled eyespot in the maize water and plated, and washed in running water, sur crop. Yield losses due to eyespot varied from 3 to face disinfected in 2% NaOH and plated. Rhizopus 20% with different hybrid varieties. Eyespot has stolonifer and A. alternata were isolated from 90- emerged as a problem in conservation tillage of 100% of the seed directly plated. Alternaria maize but eyespot can be controlled economically by alternata was isolated from more than 50% of the crop rotation, partial tillage, and resistant seed which was washed or washed and surface disin varieties without sacrificing the benefits of con fected before plating. Phomopsis sp., Sclerotinia servation tillage. sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus nigrans, and a Penicillium sp. were isolated at low frequen cies from the treated seeds. In petri plate antt 9. Pythium ultimum resistance and cold blotter tests, the Alternaria alternata covered the tolerance in maize. seed coat and spread out on developing seedlings, but it did not injure or kill the hypocotyl or rad R. P. Crawford and C. A. Martinson icle. The Phomopsis sp. and Sclerotinia sclerotic ~ covered the seed coat and spread out on the Dept. Plant Pathology, Seed & Weed Sciences, 3~3 developing seedling causing damping-off of seedling. Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011

Three maize (Zea mays L.) populations (BS13 [SCT]C2 7. Integrated control of Phytophthora rot of improved for cold tolerance and BSSS2LFP1C· and soybeans. BS7[FP]C3 both improved for resistance to ~vthium H. Tachibana, R. A. Thompson, and J. D. Hatfield. ultirnum Trow) and the respective unimproved C0 popu lations were evaluated by S1 testing of 105 families AR-SEA-USDA, Dept. Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed per population for cold tolerance and resistance to Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 P. ultimum. Relationships between the traits were ;tudied. Data on germination, survival, and root Ridomil (N-[2, 6-dimethylphenyl]-N [methoxyacetylJ weight were recorded for environments with and with alanine methyl ester), a systemic fungicide specific out P. ultimum. Cold tolerance was assayed under for-Phycomycetes, effectively controlled Phytophthora controlled temperature and moisture conditions in rot of soybeans in Iowa in 1979 and 1980. Soybean natural soil and was based on criteria o~ final cultivars with different levels of resistance were stand and daily rate of seedling emergence. Good tested. The susceptible variety 'Marshall' yielded progress had been made for cold tolerance but not as well as the highest yielding specific-resistant resistance to P. ultimum. Apparently, cold toler cultivar 'Harcar' when both seed and soil treatments ance was mistaken for P. ultimum resistance. The were used. No significant benefit resulted from traits were inherited independently, with occasional treatment of resistant soybeans. Ridomil provides fortuitous co-inheritance. Cross~products analyses

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 3 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

of phenotypic and genotypic correlations support results in abnormal stem morphology. The fasciated the feasibility of simultaneous screening for both trait (f) is inherited as a single-gene recessive. traits. In soybeans, three different plant introductions show fasciation. Allelism tests indicate that the 10. Zea mays/~. diploperennis interspecific gene for fasciation is at the same locus in all hybrids three plant introductions. Linkage studies show that f is not linked to pubescence color, flower M.C. Albertsen and R.W. Pohl color-;- seed coat peroxidase level, or to a synaptic mutant (st2). Additionally,!. is not located on Department of Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, primary trisomics A, B, or C, and no linkage was Iowa 500ll found between the mutant and the chromosome inter change from PI 101,404B. Results from single.wedge, Interspecific hybrids were produced from intercross double scion wedge, and approach grafts showed that ing Zea mays with ~· diploperennis, using ~· diplo plant phenotype was that of the scion and not the perennis as the female parent. Hybrid plants pro rootstock. Different growth parameters were duced multiple culms but did not produce the rhi analyzed during the growing season. Significant zomes that are characteristic of ~· diploperennis. differences between fasciated and normal plants Major culm tassels on hybrid plants resembled those were observed with shoot dry weight, stem circumfer of ~- mays but lacked the prominent central spike. ence, and petiole number. Additionally, simple terminal staminate inflores cences were produced by many of the ear shoots. 13. Zea Diploperennis opens new horizons for Culms produced by hybrid plants developed three to corn agriculture eight major leafy branches. Because all the middle W.W. Goeppinoer and upper nodes produced ear shoots, the total num ber of ears per plant was numerous, with 10-82 ears Goeppinger Farms, P.O. Box 358 occurring on various culms. Hybrid plants produced Boone, Iowa 50036 paired pistillate spikelets, forming four-rowed ear The discovery of the long sought after diploid per shoots. Hybrid plants were backcrossed both to z. ennial teosinte by Mexican botanist Rafael Guzman in diploperennis and to~· mays. Using~· mays as - the Sierra Manatlan mountains of Jalisco in 1978was female parent yielded both yellow and darkly color the-break through basic corn breeding scientists had ed caryopses. This color segregation may help to been hoping for for decades. Hitchcock had found a determine the constitution of the aleurone color perennial teosinte in Mexico early this century in alleles in z. diploperennis. tetraploid form but it was of no great value to corn improvement because it was a tetraploid and corn a 11. Genetics of root fluorescence in soybeans. diploid. Guzman's find was corroborated a diploid by Dr. Hugh Iltis, Director Herbarium, University of Wisconsin. This led Iltis and other scientists in ~· Delannay and R. G. Palmer cluding the author to promptly visit the site of the Department of Genetics, Iowa State University find to make further research. Subsequent studies Ames, Iowa 50011 and plantings of seed, stalk, leaf and root materials from the plants of the diploid teosinte were made. Most soybean cultivars and plant introductions Extensive laboratory tests of resistence of the express a bright blue fluorescence when exposed diploid to air, insect and soil borne corn diseases to ultra-violet light. Some lines have been already indicate high values of possible corn im found that do not show this trait. Negative provement. The author's chief interest lies in root-fluorescent genotypes are uncommon in cul searching for and stimulating other corn researchers tivated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), but to find a plant containing a cold resistant gene in are found frequently in the wild progenitor one of the plants capable of over-wintering and (G. soja Sieb. & Zucc.). Genetic studies of growing again the next season, thus opening the possi negative root fluorescent plants indicate that bility of perenniality to corn agriculture. three independent recessive genes, and one dominant gene, are involved in the inheritance of root fluorescence in the cultivated species. 14. Germination of Convolvulus arvensis L. Only the dominant gene has been fotlnd in the seed wild species so far. Root fluorescence in soybeans, therefore, seems J. L. Jordan and L. S. Jordan to be a good trait to use in the study of the relationships between the wild and the cultivated Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Science, Iowa species. These studies should contribute to our State Univ., Ames, IA 50011; Botany and Plant understanding of the domestication of the soybean. Sciences, Univ. of Calif., Riverside, CA 92521 Initial germination of Convolvulus arvensis L. 12. Genetic and growth comparisons between seeds was less than 10%. Exposure to microorgan normal and fasciated soybeans. isms in the soil did not increase germination. Continuous chilling at 11 C increased germination, !.· !i· curry, M. c. Albertsen and R. G. Palmer but alternation between 11 C and 16.6 C did not increase germination. The chilling response oc Departments of Botany and Genetics curred with both moist and dry seeds. Dry and Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 wet heating also increased germination. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the seed coat Fasciation in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) revealed an open, porous structure of coats on

https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol88/iss1/9 4 et al.: Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April

seeds that will germinate tight, nonporous high level of both methionine and auxin at 25 than structure for seeds which will not germinate. at 30° C.

15. Competition of Avena fatua L. with 18. Role of cotyledons in temperature-dependent Triticum turgidom L. durum group cv. inhibition of hypocotyl elongation Mexicali and Triticum aestivum L. cv. Anza for nitrate Nader Seyedin, J. S. Burris, C. E. LaMotte and I. C. Anderson L. S. Jordan, J. F. Henson and J. L. Jordan Dept. of Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Sciences and Botany and Plant Sciences, Univ. of Calif., Dept. of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011 Riverside, CA 92521; Plant Pathology, Seed and Seedlings of certain cultivars of soybean Weed Science, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011 (Glycine max L) exhibit breakage and reduced elonga tion of hypocotyl at 25° C. Samimy and LaMotte Growth and nitrogen of wheat and wild oats alone (Plant Physiol. 58:786, 1976) have implicated were the same with a 1.5 mM nitrate Hoaglands ethylene in this phenomenon. Burris and Knittle solution. When nitrate content was increased to (Crop Sci. 15:461, 1975) have demonstrated that 15 mM, growth and nitrogen of Anza and wild oats partial removal of cotyledon tissue from seeds of increased threefold, with a twofold increase for 'Amsoy 71' results in normal hypocotyl elongation Mexicali. Wheat with the 15 mM nitrate solution, at 25° C. Removal of 50% of the cotyledon signifi and in a 1:1 wheat to wild oat ratio, had greater cantly decreased ethylene evolution. Intact seed growth and nitrogen than expected from growth and lings of 'Amsoy 71' evolve twice as much ethylene nitrogen of pure stands. With wild oat populations at 25 as at 30° C. Apical 2-cm sections excised of 5 oats to 1 wheat, both topgrowth and total from hypocotyls of 'Amsoy 71' and 'Cutler 71' show nitrogen for each wheat type were reduced. When a similar temperature dependence. Hypocotyl the nitrate content was 15 mM, the ratio of Anza to sections from the normal cultivar 'Corsoy' evolved Mexicali for grain yield was 1.8, 1.5, and 1.0 with significantly less ethylene compared with those of no wild oats, 1:1 and 1:5 wild oat to wheat ratios. 'Amsoy 71' and 'Cutler 71'. These findings suggest that the cotyledon controls ethylene production in 16. Chenopodium al bum L. seed coat the hypocotyl. characterist~ 19. The ecology component of weed science. J. L. Jordan and L. S. Jordan David W. Staniforth Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Science, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011; Botany and Plant Icwa State Univ. 457 Bessey Hall, Ames IA 50011 Sciences, Univ. of Calif., Riverside, CA 92521 Weed control methods are based on exploiting known The seed coat of Chenopodium album L. was investi differences in the ecological characteristics of gated using scanning electron microscope techniques. crops and weeds. These special attributes which fit Black and brown lambsquarters seeds do not show any plants for the role of weeds include life history, differences in exterior surface details. However, survival mechanisms, germination requirements, and the cryofractured black seeds had seed coats ap competitive efficiency. Weeds are the vegetational proximately twice as thick as the brown seeds. common denominator of arable land. The reservoir of Also, differences in structure are revealed; the seeds and vegetative propagules buried in the soil seed coat of black seeds appears to be more con in various conditions of dormancy, comprises the densed than the seed coat of brown seeds. habitat into which the crop is planted. Effective weed control subjects this crop-weed association to 17. Temperature-dependent interaction of auxin habitat manipulation with tillage and herbicides and ethylene in anomalous cultivars which minimizes the competitive effects of weeds. Annual weeds are major in Iowa agriculture. Modern Nader Seyedin, J. S. Burris, C. E. LaMotte, and control methods are based on the creation of the I. C. Anderson even-start seedbed habitat for crop and weeds at planting time. Seedbed tillage promotes rapid weed Seedlings of certain soybean cultivars fail to germination and enhances the effi racy of soil exhibit normal hypocotyl elongation at 25° C. applied selective herbicides. A major challenge Samimy and LaMotte (Plant Physiol. 58:786, 1976) facing the adopticn of conservation tillage is to have implicated ethylene in this phenomenon. maintain weed control efficacy in a soil habitat Neither methionine (125µM) nor auxin (lOµM IAA) where the dominant effects of tillage are minimized. alone stimulate ethylene production in isolated apical 2-cm section of hypocotyls. When combined 20. Soybean seed disease tests they stimulated ethylene production, both at 25 and 30° C. In the presence of methionine, lµM IAA D. C. McGee and A. G. Wacha stimulated ethylene production at 30° C but not at 25° C. The immediate precursor of ethylene, ACC, Dept. of Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Sciences, at 125µM significantly stimulated ethylene pro Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 duction by isolated hypocotyls at both temperatures. We propose that the temperature-dependent inhibi Concerns about the effects of seed-borne fungi tion of hypocotyl elongation involves an abnormally on soybean seed qualitv have led to the development

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 5 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

of a soybean seed health testing service at Iowa maize competition are more prone to be seed-coat State University. Seeds are incubated on damp induced dormant. Whereas, seeds from plants blotters for 10 days at 25° C in the dark and then growing with maize competition ten to have an examined for the presence of fungal colonies. embryo induced dormancy. Quantitative estimates can be made of the incidence of about 10 fungal genera in the seedlot. The 23. Tke effect of ultrafreezing (-196 C) on seedsman receives a report indicating the signifi barnyardgraBs seeds: I. seed dormancy and cance of the various fungi found with respect to ultrastructure. seed quality. A test also has been developed to estimate pod-borne inoculum of Phomopsis spp. (the JORDAN, J. L, cause of pod and stem blight) on soybeans. Pods, detached in the field when still green, are surface Plant Pataology, Seed and Weed Science. Ia State sterilized in sodium hypochlorite, inunersed momen Univ. Alles, IA. 50011. tarily in a herbicide and incubated for 7 days on a Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-gali (L.) Beauv.) damp blotter. Infected pods are then identified by seeds were ultrafrozen in liquid nitrogen and the presence of Phomopsis spp. pycnidia on the pod slowly thawed. The number of seeds that would surface. The amount of pod-borne inoculum is used germinate increased. No increase in water i•bibition to determine whether a fungicide application is of ultrafrozen seeds was noted. Scanning electron, needed on the seed crop to control Phomopsis seed light, and traasmission electron microscopy reveal infection. This predictive scheme is presently no changes in the seed coat. Changes in the lipid experimental, but hopefully, will be made available bodies were noted to occur in the embryo. Also, to growers in 1982. differences in the breakdown of the protein bodies during germination (of ultrafrozen vs. nonultrafro 21. Monte Carlo simulation of spring and summertime zen seeds) were noted. How these findings relate to precipitation patterns barnyardgraas dormancy and germination will be discussed. H. C. Vaughan, G. R. White and P. H. Carr 304 Curtiss Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 24. The effect of ultrafreezing {-196 C) on An understanding of the natural distribution of precipitation is barayardgrass seeds: II. physiology during of prime importance to the agricultural community. Because of germination. economic and geographic constraints it is often necessary to limit the number and restrict the location of rain gauges within a re JORDAN, J. L. gion. The present model permits simulation of any geographic region Plant Pathology", Seed and Weed Science, IA State and the symmetrical or random positioning of any number of Univ. Ames, IA. 50011. rain gauges. The operator has the option of entering precipita tion parameters; diameter, duration, rain swath length, vector angle and precipitation amount for any number of discrete Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-gali (L.) Beauv.) showers. In a series of computations the moqel generates a seeds were ultrafrozen in liquid nitrogen a~~ random "first echo" location and resulting rain swath which is slowly thawed. Seeds were germinated in 10 M superimposed on a specific grid of rain gauges. The resulting concentrations of intermediates from glycolysis, series of computations provides an estimate of the number of the TCA cycle, the pentose phophate pathway, the rain gauges receiving a hit and the number of undetected rain glyoxylic acid cycle, and other pathways. Utili events within an area. zation of substrates was most enhanced for Using a portion of the Iowa climatological rain gauge network substrates from glycolysis and the TCA cycle, How and parameters derived from radar and rain gauge observations in this relates to barnyardgrass dormancy and central Iowa, a series of computations have been made which suggest only 8% of single cell showers and thunderstorms are germination will be discussed. detected by the existing sampling grid. This is not to suggest that the observed rainfall in in error, only that the size of summertime showers and the political grid spacing of rain gauges 25. The effect of maize competition on weed is such that 92% of the showers are never detected. growth habit.

22. Parental stress and seed dormancy of JORDAN, J. L. Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennsyl vanicum L.) Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Science, IA State Univ. Ames, IA. 50011. JORDAN, J. L. Plants of four weed species--yellow foxtail Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Science. IA State (Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb), green foxtail Univ. Ames, IA. 50011. (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum L.), and velvet Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.) leaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic,)--were grown seeds were harvested from plants growing without without competition from plants of other species competition stress and with maize competition or with maize competition. Vegetative and repro stress. When the seeds were prechilled, more seeds ductive parameters were measured. The effect of from the plants without compeition germinated than maize competition on the growth habit of plants seeds from plants with maize competition, When of each weed species was determined and compared the seed coat was nicked, similiar results with plants of other weed species, Also, occured. By using scanning electron and transmis~ minimum, average, and maximum ratios of weed seed sion electron microscopic techniques, differences production for maize versus no-maize competition were noted. Seeds from plants growing without were calculated. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol88/iss1/9 6 et al.: Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April

6 26. Fuel alcohol yield varies with corn variety 28. Global education: Needs and methods of implementation T. L. FUNK, K. L. ROWLEY, D. G. ODOM Corene K. Bakken

Biology Dept., Cornell College, Mt Vernon, IA 52314 Iowa State University, East Hall, Ames, IA 50011

Because of the interest in using corn as a fuel This presentation investigates the need and alcohol source, we detennined the alcohol yields methods for implementation of global awareness and of. 5 corn varieties under similar conditions of global education in Iowa schools. A u.s. Depart mashing and distillation. Chemically untreated ment of Education grant, awarded to Iowa State corn samples were·digested with a-amylase and University, supports a research project titled, glucohydrolase to break starches down to sugars. IOWA IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: A PROGRAM FOR CROSS The digested corn was then fennented by yeast. CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING. This research program The liquid supernatant of the fennentation seeks to develop ways of increasing Iowa's aware mixture was distilled and the volume and alcohol ness, knowledge, understanding and appreciation content of the distillate determined. The of the cultural, economic and political relation results in ml alcohol ± standard deviation per ships between Iowans and citizens of other coun 250 grams corn were: Pioneer Waxy, 66.8±4.0, tries in the world. Current linkages between Iowa IFA Lysine, 54.8±5.8, IFA Waxy, 54.0±5.5, and other countries are utilized in curricula. Elevator sample (variety unknown) 52.5±4.3, The needs of two Iowa school systems are being popcorn 36.3±1.l. The wide variation in determined by analysis of a questionnaire, selec alcohol yield with corn variety used should tive interviews, and the evaluation of existing be considered when designing a fann or and proposed curriculum materials. Preliminary industrial fuel alcohol plant. findings of intercorrelations of collected data are presented and suggestions for implementation of global curricula.

Anthropology

29. A case of possible treponemal infection from prehistoric Iowa 27. Archaeological Investigation of a Middle Paleolithic Site, Serengeti Park, Tanzania ALTON K. FISHER J. R. F. Bower and K. Kang'wezi University of Iowa. P.O. Box 69, North Liberty, Iowa 52317 Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 An adult human femur and two tibiae were recover Little is known about the Middle Paleolithic of ed in 1977 from site 13PW18 located in the lcess East Africa, locally called the Middle Stone Age hills of Pottawattamie County, Iowa. The surfaces (MSA). This is unfortunate in view of the abundant of these bones had been altered during life by data that exist concerning earlier and later stages well-formed extra bone similar to that produced in the evolution of East African cultures. Thus, by low grade chronic inflammation. This abnormal when the authors of this paper located an MSA site process had caused an irregular, fusiform enlarge with good bone preservation in 1977, they assigned ment of the distal two-thirds of beth tibiae with it a high priority for excavation. Extensive test anterior bowing and increased breadth of the trenches were dug during July and August, 1979, and anterior border in the middle third of the shafts. preliminary results of the excavations are reported Radiographic examination revealed increased thick here. The principal MSA occurrence at the site was ness of cortical bone and conspicuous reduction recovered from pond deposits believed to represent of the medullary canals. These changes are con a hydrological regime markedly different (wetter?) sistent with those of syphilis, yaws and trepan than the modern one. The material recovered con arid which are very closely related treponemal sisted of numerous stone tools, exhibiting a high infections. Radiocarbon analysis of this material incidence of prepared core technology and hetero provided an age of 1810± 80 years B.P. Therefore, geneous scrapers, plus abundant bone debris in it is quite possible that treponemal disease excellent condition. The latter contains some existed in Iowa between 90 A.D. and 250 A.D. aquatic species (catfish), but is dominated by a Many more discoveries and studies of this sort varied array of mammalian species whose general are needed to resolve the numerous questions configuration does not appear to differ much from regarding the presence of syphilis and related the modern mammalian community of the area. infections among prehistoric Americans.

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30. THE epidemiology of nutritional status: sity colleges, focuses on cross-cultural and cross observations from two Costa Rican communi- discipl inary communications techniques, team ties. building exercises, management and planning con cepts, and USAID development project design and Michael B. Whiteford evaluation techniques and formats.

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Iowa 33. Anti-evolutionism in American thought State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 J This paper is concerned with the identification R Cole of specific social and economic factors which influence the nutritional well-being of pre University of Northern Iowa school children in two rural communities. Based Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614 on seven months of nutritional anthropological Anti-evolutionism has not been consistently research in Costa Rica, Central America, this associated with political or social conservation, paper deals with how an interdisciplinary approach nor did the fundamentalist movement originally can collect data needed for nutritional status reject evolution. Today, it is strongly entwined assessment while simultaneously gathering with conservative politics via organizations such essential epidemiological information on the as Moral Majority and Christian Voice. "Equal underlying causes of malnutrition. time" arguments for scientific creationism and efforts to ban or censor evolutionist textbooks have been financed by the Heritage Foundation and other doctrinaire conservative groups with authoritarian views of education potentially 31. Field studies in historical archaeology: inimical to populist tradition. The Scopes trial documenting the physical landscape of a resulted in a massive retreat from evolution by 19th c. mill village. publishers and school boards. In the 1960's Sydney Henthorn this was reversed, but in the 1970's and 1980's anti-evolutionism regained lost momentum. Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112 Politics, not religion or science, guides the anti-evolutionist crusade. In the past ten years the importance of historical archaeology as a social science has grown and ex 34. Did the Devil make Darwin do it? His panded, creating a holistic bridge between social torical perspectives on the creation history, social anthropology, and cultural geog evolution controversy raphy. Through the interpretations of archaeologic and documentary evidence, more can be learned about D. B. Wilson the stages of development of a community and the structure of its physical landscape. In America, History Department the industrial expansion during the 19th c. fos Iowa State University tered extensive modifications to the physical land Ames, IA 50011 scape of many rural New England communities. A comprehensive archaeological survey was conducted The nineteenth century witnessed a conceptual in Phoenixville, Connecticut where the community revolution of the first magnitude, not only in was investigated to document the physical relics biology but also in physics, geology, philosophy, of past settlement which remain in situ. The and theology. Primarily, this paper sketches historical and archaeological interpretation of these intellectual developments in Britain as Phoenixville's physical landscape is a record of they shaped and were shaped by the ideas of settlement succession, tracing the changes within Charles Darwin. Finally, from this perspective, the community setting. the paper comments on aspects of the current creation-evolution controversy, including the creationist suggestion that scientists accepted the theory of evolution because Satan persuaded 32. The Development Advisory Team Training them to do so. Program: A Model for Cross-Cultural and Cross-Disciplinary Communications 35. An engineer looks at the creationist movement D. M. Warren J. W. Patterson Iowa State University, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Ames, Iowa 50011 Materials Science and Engineering 110 Engineering Annex The Development Advisory Team Training Program at Iowa State University Iowa State University, a USAID Title XI I program Ames, Iowa 50011 designed to provide intensive six-day training workshops for cross-disciplinary international The author will share his views as to why development project design and evaluation teams, creationism has regained such public support is discussed. The program, involving faculty and in recent years, despite the already overwhelm staff from 40 departments representing all univer- ing scientific refutations which eliminated

https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol88/iss1/9 8 et al.: Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April

creationism from science long ago. The success B. Biogeography of Iowa: 30,000 years from parallels that experienced by many other quasi the pollen record religious forms of pseudo science, crank science, and cults. When viewed in this context, Baker, R. G. creationism is not particularly special nor are the counterfeit methods of persuasion Department of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa employed by its promoters. Like so many other City, Iowa 52242 movements, it is a religious ideology motivated by emotional needs and employs the polemic/ Biogeography usually deals with the present distri apologetic approach of evangelists to convert bution of taxa or biota. From a geological per laymen and the gullible to its cause. spective, this picture is but a moment in a long Brief revealing connnents will be directed period of changing environments. The fossil record to the very significant role which professional provides the basis for understanding how present engineers and engineering educators have played biographic patterns came to be. The paleobotanical in the creationist movement and especially in record shows that mixed conifer forests of 30,000 its leadership. to about 20,000 gave way to open spruce parkland with subarctic elements during the advance of Des 36. Misconstruing evolutionary theory Moines Lobe glaciers 17,000 years ago. During retreatal phases of the glacier, deciduous trees grew within a closed spruce forest. In post L. R. Godfrey glacial time, deciduous forests gave way to savanna University of Massachusetts by 9000 B.P. Prairie dominated western and central Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 Iowa throughout the last 7700 years. Evolutionary mechanisms, rates, and processes are fertile grounds for scientific debate. The D. Holocene climatic changes in Iowa: the scientific process of questioning and revising mammalian record is misconstrued by "scientific creationists" to be signs of weakness rather than strenth. Parti Semken, H. A. ·cularistic, anti-theoretical argumentation, quotes out of context, misunderstandings and misuses of Department of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa scientific data, and the rejection of scientific City, Iowa 52242 standards of research, logic, and philosophy characterize the scientific creationist movement. Twenty-five paleontological and archaeological sites Their major research organizations require in Iowa contain at least 11 associated species of members to swear an oath of a priori belief in mammals. These faunas range in age from the Atlan the Bible's scientific accuracy, while science tic (8400 RCYBP) through the Neo-Boreal (AD 1850) in general rejects such logic. The probably un climatic episodes and provide evidence for climatic witting use as anti-evolutionist proof of docu change over the last 8500 years. Data from water mented hoaxes such as faked human footprints screened sites indicate that Atlantic time was carved in Texas Cretaceous sediments, misuses characterized by progressive desiccation around of statistics, and appeals to authority rather Cherokee which culminated circa 6350 RCYBP. At that than evidence or theory constitute the un time the Mud Creek fauna of eastern Iowa reflected scientific, non-predictive core of creation greater effective precipitation than at present. "science." Human footprints allegedly associated This resulted in a stronger climatic gradient than with dinosaur tracks and the misuse of punctua presently exists. The Sub-Boreal Garrett Farm tional ist arguments are discussed in detail. fauna of southwestern Iowa shows a reduction in this gradient because forest species reappeared in the Missouri valley circa 3400 RCYBP. Variations of the modern "theme" are characteristic of both eastern and western Iowa after that time.

G. Comments on the biogeography of Iowa's amphbians and reptiles.

J. L. Christiansen

Department of Biology, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311

Since the withdrawal of the last glaciar1 Iowa's Botany fauna has been subjected to three succeeding environmental conditions affecting species distribution. The first was a cold1 wet climate allowing invasion of mesic forms from NOTE: Abstracts for presentations A , C, and E in the east and south, the second hot and dry the Symposium, "Biogeography of Iowa", were not allowing invasion of xeric forms from the available. southwest, and the third a return to more

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mesic conditions with reestablishment and 38. Unusual foliar nectaries in pomagranate expansion of some mesic species and decline (Punica granatum: Punicaceae). of more aridity-adapted forms. The Wisconsin G. W. Turner and N. R. Lersten drift appears to be a partial barrier to many species. Department of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Ames 50011 This is the first report of extrafloral nectaries from this small family of two species. Conspic uous nectar secretion was seen (and tasted) at the F. Iowa land snail biogeography: modern and leaf tip in greenhouse plants. The nectariferous Pleistocene tissue is a mass of small cells 10 or so layers thick which extends from the hypodermis to the T.J. Frest & L.P. Fay flared midvein ending, which consists mostly of Dept. of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, phloem. Accompanying the terminus of the midvein, 52242 and smaller veins in the vicinity, are masses of Although Iowa is not well studied malacologi large sclereid-like cells. There are no stomata in cally (last state list published in 1890) a tenta the epidermis overlying the nectary, and the epi tive outline of its land snail biogeography for the dermis does not seem secretory, as in other necta last 12,000 years can be suggested. Recent work in ries. Invariably, at the tip of the nectary the dicates a fauna of at least 70 species: about 20 are epidermis is raised to form a subepidermal cavity, new state records. Iowa is now entirely within the and the epidermis and cuticle is ruptured to varying Interior Province, East American Realm. Highest di degrees. This irregular porelike area seems to be versity is in the oak-hickory forests (deciduous the only exit for nectar. This nectary is unusual biome) of the eastern third of the state. because it is at the leaf apex, a position known in In the Late Pleistocene (Wisconsinan) portions only two other dicot genera. Anatomically it res of Iowa may have had climates analogous to modern embles a hydathode but differs in lacking stomata tundra & taiga biomes, and a biome with no precise and an extended bundle sheath, and in having phloem modern analogue (Midwest biome of Frest & Fay, 1980) instead of xylem dominating the flared vein ending. was also represented. The sparse fauna (ca. 30 spe cies) consists mostly of species now· restricted to the Northern & Rocky Mountain Provinces, plus some 39. Foliar nectaries in mahogany (Swietenia: Midwest endemics. Meliaceae). Relict colonies of Northern and Midwest species N. R. Lersten and S. R. Rugenstein (long believed extinct) survive on algific talus slopes, a specialized environment uni~ue to the Department of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Ames, 50011 Driftless Area of northeastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota. We have found foliar nectaries in all three species of Swietenia. Nectaries are circular to elongate, and occur on the petiole, rachis, petiolule, and on both lamina surfaces, either on or near the midrib. They occur from leaflet base to apex. This is an unusual, perhaps unique, distribution for extra floral nectaries. Nectary anatomy was studied in 37. Seed characters supporting elevation of cleared leaflets and paraffin sections, and by Cicer to tribe Cicereae (Fabaceae). 1 -- 2 1 scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nectaries N. R. Lersten, C. R. Gunn, and S. R. Rugenstein are flush, slightly sunken, or slightly convex. 1 The surface is featureless even at high SEM magni Department of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Ames, 50011 2 fication. There are three shortly elongate cell U.S. National Seed Herbarium, Beltsville, MD 20705 layers (epidermis and two subtending layers) with Cicer (40 species) is usually placed in tribe Vici rather dense cytoplasm. These rest on a biseriate eae. Kupicha recently elevated it to the monotypic sheath of cells with comparatively sparse cytoplasm. tribe Cicereae, based mostly on vegetative and flor No crystals occur in the leaf, even adjacent to the al characters. She said its seeds also differed nectaries. There is no uniform relation to vascu from those of Vicieae, but she looked at only two lar tissue; bundles occur near or under some but species at low magnification. To compare with our not others. Nectar secretion was often observed in earlier survey of Vicieae seeds, we examined seeds greenhouse plants. There is one brief mention of of 12 Cicer species by scanning electron microscopy. meliaceous extrafloral nectaries in the literature; Cicer seeds have a terminal 'beak' on which occurs a the family is omitted from all recent lists. circular hilum with a conspicuous hilar rim. A beak and such a hilum are lacking in Vicieae. The seed coat surface is also strikingly unlike the minutely 40. Phloem-protein ontogeny in Magnolia papillose surface characteristic of Vicieae seeds. soulangeana, Soul. Large irregular plates, separated by grooves, occur in all species examined. These plates are raised J. M. FRIIS and R. R. DUTE into conical projections of various heights among the species, and in some they become conspicuous Department of Biology, St. Ambrose College, spines, which are often uncinate. In one species Davenport, Iowa 52803 the spines in turn bear small spinose secondary projections. Gross features and microscopic surface An ontogenetic study of phloem-protein development characters of Cicer seeds both support Kupicha's in sieve elements of species of the primitive segregation of this genus from the Vicieae. dicotyledon order Magnoliales is being conducted https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol88/iss1/9 10 et al.: Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April

using electron microscopy. The stages of P-protein aerenhyma. The appearance and development of differentiation in Magnolia soulangeana, Soul. have crystal idioblasts is concomitant with physical been found to parallel those reported by Cronshaw separation, attenuation, and apparent dissolution (1975) for Nicotiana, i.e. an initial P-protein of middle lamellar wall material. We suggest body stage, an intermediary disaggregating stage that crystal idioblasts may function in localized displaying primarily tubular P-protein, and a calcium regulation during aerenchyma formation, mature sieve element stage with dispersed, and that this method of air space development fibrillar P-protein. The tubular P-protein had an may represent a model for the formation of average diameter of 190A to 220A with an electron aerenhyma in other aquatic plants. lucent lumen and radial arms apparent in cross section. The fibers measured llOA to 140A in width 43. CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS IN LEAVES OF and were generally striated. Such stages can be RHYNCHOSIA CARIBAEA DC. AND TWO OTHER correlated to changes in the thickness of the LEGUMES; THEIR DISTRIBUTION, STRUCTURE, AND nacreous cell wall. Studies are continuing on DEVELOPMENT. Degeneria vitiensis I. W. Bailey and A. C. Smith, and Liriodendron tulipifera L. H . T. HORNER. JR. AND ELISABETH ZINDLER FRANK

41. Novel assay procedure for prunasin hydrolase FAKULTAT FUR BIOLDGIE, UNIVERSITAT KoNSTANZ, activity employing purified mandelonitrile 0-7750 KONSTANZ, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMA lyase. NY.

M. GROSS, G.H. JACOBS and J.E. POULTON CRYSTALS OCCUR IN TRIFOLIATE LEAVES. IN RHYNCHOSIA THEY ARE IN BUNDLE SHEATH AND IN Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City, MESOPHYLL. IN PHASEOLUS THEY ARE IN BUNDLE Iowa, 52242 SHEATH WHILE IN CANAVALIA THEY ARE IN EPI DERMAL CELLS OVER VEINS. CRYSTALS APPEAR AS We wish to report a convenient assay system for TWIN PRISMS WITH ONE PER CELL. ALL CRYSTALS prunasin hydrolase activity, employing the cooperation HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS CALCIUM OXALATE BY of e-glucosidase-free mandelonitrile lyase, for use HISTOCHEMISTRY, X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION, in studies on amygdalin (Laetrile) metabolism in AND INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY. THE CRYSTALS plants and animals. Mandelonitrile lyase was purified VARY NOT ONLY IN THEIR LOCATION BUT ALSO IN to near homogeneity from commercial almond emulsin TIME OF FORMATION. OUR EXPERIMENTS HAVE using a rapid one-step ion-exchange chromatographic BEEN CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER PHOTO procedure. Emulsin was applied to a DEAE-cellulose SYNTHESIS IS INVOLVED IN CRYSTAL DEVELOP column, pre-equilibrated with 50mM imidazole-HCl MENT. TISSUE CULTURES ARE BEING USED TO buffer, pH 6.0. Mandelonitrile lyase, possessing STUDY OTHER ASPECTS OF THE CRYSTALLIZATION negligible e-glucosidase activity, was subsequently PROCESS. eluted using a 0-50mM NaCl gradient in this buffer and its purity was assessed by PAGE. 44. GROWTH OF DRUSE CRYSTALS AS A FUNC We determined by kinetic analysis the following TION OF INTRACELLULAR DEVELOPMENT IN optimum conditions for assaying prunasin hydrolase ANTHERS OF CAPSICUM ANNUUM !SOLANA activity. The crude tissue extract, containing an CEAE). unknown amount of prunasin hydrolase, is incubated H. T. HORNER. JR. AND B. L. WAGNER with excess purified mandelonitrile lyase (~140 m-units) and saturating concentrations c~ 5mM) of DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, !SU, AMES, IA 50011 prunasin. Under these conditions, the mandelonitrile formed by prunasin hydrolysis may be calculated from CRYSTALS ORIGINATE IN VACUOLES OF ACTIVELY the rate of change of absorbance at this wavelength. DEVELOPING ANTHER STOMIUM CELLS IN ASSOCI ATION WITH MEMBRANE COMPLEXES. THESE COM PLEXES APPEAR FIRST IN CONJUNCTION WITH 42. PARACRYSTALLINE BODIES THAT WE TERM NUCLEA The association of calcium oxalate crys TION SITES. EACH DRUSE CRYSTAL BEGINS AS A tals with aerenchyma tissue of Typha SINGLE CRYSTAL TWIN AT A NUCLEATION SITE. angustifolia L. (Typhaceae). ADDITONAL TWIN CRYSTALS FORM FROM EACH SITE A. P. Kausch and H.T. Horner, Jr. AND GROW INTO AN AGGREGATE DRUSE CRYSTAL. MANY DRUSES DEVELOP WITHIN EACH CELL, EVEN Department of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, TUALLY FILLING IT BY THE TIME OF POLLEN RE IA 50011 LEASE. A COMBINATION OF MICROSCOPIC TECH NIQUES HAVE BEEN UTILIZED TO SHOW HOW AND Raphide crystal idioblasts are formed within meri WHERE THIS MINERALIZATION PROCESS OCCURS. stematic regions and were observed with light and IDEAS REGARDING THE VALUE OF THESE CRYSTALS electron microscopy only within aerenchymatous TO THE ANTHER ARE THAT THE CRYSTALS MAY tissues in all major vegetative organs. In SERVE THE FUNCTION OF PROTECTION AGAINST young leaves raphide crystal idioblasts develop FORAGING ANIMALS, SINCE THE CRYSTALS ARE in circular arrays and specifically circumscribe CALCIUM OXALATE; OR, THE CRYSTALS REPRESENT parenchymatous tissues which break down to form A CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM BY THE CELLS IN foliar compartments. In roots and rhizomes, idio A WAY THAT WEAKENS THE ENTIRE STOMIUM, AND blasts develop amidst stellate cortical THUS AIDS IN THE RELEASE OF THE POLLEN.

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45. Notes on Iowa fungi III. The genus Cordyceps undulate inner wall physically contacts the outer in Iowa. wall only at the outer peaks of the undulate layer. Within the inner cell wall layers, microfibrfls LOIS H. TIFFANY AND GEORGE KNAPHUS are not easily detected but cytochemical staining of these layers indicates the presence of cellu Dept. of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011 lose. Development of the algal cells appears to be accompanied by fundamental changes in wall Cordyceps, one of the largest genera in the Ascomy composition and structure. Young filamentous cells cete order Clavicipitales, is presently represented have neither a demonstrable outer wall layer nor a in Iowa by five species parasitic on the juvenile positive reaction for the presence of sulfated and adult stages of insects and by two species pa polysaccharides. The apical division ring and the rasitic on hypogeous ascocarps of Elaphomyces. elongating wall material stain positively for pec Cordyceps militaris (Fr.) Link, parasitic on tic substances with stain intensity decreasing as lepidopterous larvae or pupae is the most common undulations develop in the daughter cell wall. species. Cordyceps melolonthae (Tul.) Sacc. var. melolonthae and Cordyceps ravenelii Berk. and Curt. develop on larvae of Coleoptera in soil. Cordyceps 48. Antheridogen activity of Anemia variabilis Petch has been collected once on larvae mexicana Klotzsch in very rotten wood. Cordyceps clavulata (Schw.) Ell. and Everh. has also been collected once on J, E. Nester adult scale insects on choke cherry. Cordyceps ophioglossoides (Fr.) Link is not uncommon through Dept. of Botany, Iowa State University out th e state on Elaphomyces ascocarps in the soil Ames, Iowa 50011 in midsummer. Cordyceps capitata (Fr.) Link occurs infrequently on the same host in the fall. Antheridogen activity is demonstrated for gametophytes of Anemia mexicana. Spore size and days from sowing until germination, 46. Studies on scaled chrysophytes from Iowa, a meristem formation and archegonia formation summary. varied, but all gametophytes grown in mono spore cultures produced organized meristems James L. Wee and archegonia. In multispore cultures, two reproductive morphologies (antheridiate and Dept. of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011 archegoniate) occur, thus, gametophyte interaction is necessary for antheridia Taxonomy of scaled chrysophytes (Synuraceae, Chry formation. Gametophytes of A· mexicana and sophyceae) is based upon the morphology of the sil Lygodium iaponicum treated with extracts of iceous sclaes that form a lorica around the cell. old culture media of A· mexicana show pre Accurate identification of species in this family cocious antheridia formation; gametophytes usually requires electron microscopy (EM) of the of A· phyllitidis, Pteridium aquilinum and scales. Prior to the beginning of this study in Ceratopteris thalictroides do not. Old 1975 only five species of Mallomonas and Synura had media extracts also promoted dark germina been reported from Iowa on the basis of light tion of spores in A. mexicana, A. microscopy. Using EM observations of samples phyllitidis and 1.-iaponicum, but not collected in central, north central and nw Iowa, in £. aquilinum and ~· thalictroides, this study has shown that four more genera, Mallo Thus, antheridogen activity of A· mexicana monopsis, Paraphysomonas, Spiniferomonas, an-d~~ appears to be limited to schizaeaceous Chrysosphaerella occur in Iowa as well as additional species, species of Mallomonas and Synura. Information is provided on the distribution of these organisms in Iowa waters. 49. Macro-invertebrate herbivory on ferns in Iowa.

JAMES H. PECK 47. Cell wall structure and development in Oedogonium undulatum (Chlorophyceae). Dept. Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 M. A. Buchheim and N. L. Pearlmutter Frequency, extent, and character of herbivory and Department of Botany, Iowa State University, the abundance and diversity of macro-invertebrates Ames, IA 50011 was studied for sporophytes (14 spp.), sporelings (5 spp.), and gametophytes (5 spp.) in Woodman Hol The structure and composition of Oedogonium un low, Webster Co. Additional observations contrasted dulatum cell walls was examined by light and damage and fauna by 1) type of damage to fronds, electron microscopy. Mature cells are enclosed 2) on early and late summer fronds, 3) to three size by a cell wall consisting of a straight, thin classes of fronds, and 4) to isolated versus colo outer wall and a thick, undulate inner wall. nial plants. Fauna! data was obtained by hand In addition, amorphous materials are often pres picking and by Berleze processing techniques. These ent on the cell surface. The outermost cell wall woodland ferns have 1) a varied and abundant macro stains positively for the presence of a sulfated invertebrate fauna, 2) a fauna with a varied set of polysaccharide component and is composed of relations with fern fronds, including a high level alkali-soluble microfibrillar material, The of phytophagy, and 3) spiders which act as predators

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on the herbivores. The observations provide a basis 52. Seasonal variation in the Toxicity for study of host-herbivore-predator ecology and of White Snakeroot, Eupatorium host-plant switching and specificity strategies by rugosum macro-invertebrates on ferns and adjacent flowering p1ants. G. W. Kaufmann Loras College, Dubuque, Iowa 52001 White Snakeroot is a perrenial composite whose foliage is poisonous to livestock, causing a disease called trembles. People who drink the milk of affected livestock so. Leaf and stem disease severity, and coppice are afflicted with a similar disease called ability of four Populus hybrids. milksickness. Foliage of White Snakeroot was gathered on a monthly basis in 1977 H. S. McNABB, JR., R. S. SONNELITIER and M. E. OSTRY. and 1978. The extract of plants gathered in July and August 1977 proved to be the Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011 and North Central most poisonous to minnows Notrolis spp. Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN 55108. used in bioassay. The highest evels of tremetol were found in leaves taken from A short-rotation, intensive-cultured plantation of plants gathered in August and September 1440 Populus trees (hybrids NC5271-P. 'Charkowiensis' 1978. However, the ketone in the tremetol X P. 'Caudina', NC5331-P. 'Betulifolia' X P. tricho mixture which causes trembles has yet to be carpa, NC5262-P. 'Candicans' X P. 'Berolinensis', identified, and minnows are susceptible to NC5272-P. nigra X P. Zaurifolia) was established at the most prevalent ketone (tremetone) which 1 m x 1 m spacing with rooted softwood cuttings at does not cause trembles. the 4-H Camp, June 1977. Three-fourths of the stand was coppiced in January 1980. Sprouting data, obtained after the 1980 growing season, showed clo 53. A preliminary study of the germination of nal differences for stump survival, sprout number Petalostemon villosum and sprout size. Clone NC5272, shown in previous studies to have excellent coppice ability, had B. J. DUMKRIEGER poorest sprouting with 30% of the stumps not sprout ing as compared to 3% or less for the other hybrids. University of Northern Iowa. 729 West Fifth St., Higher leaf (Septoria musiva and Marssonina brunnea Waterloo, Iowa 50702 leaf spots) and stem (s. musiva canker) disease ratings in 1979, the last season before coppicing, Viability and germination of Petalostemon villosum correlated with reduced coppice ability. Trees of were investigated. It was observed that seed coat NC5272 were affected most heavily with leaf spot color was an indication of seed viability. Light and had the highest ratings for stem canker. colored seed coats had a 76-93 % viability while dark seed coats had a 10-20 % viability. The effect of light, temperature, carpel presence, and scarification·on germination was examined. Germination occurred over a wide temperature range, 8 C to 32 C, with the maximum rate of germination occurring at 24 C. Within 24 hours, 40-80 % of the seeds germinated. Presence of the carpel totally prevented germination whereas scarification 51. The effects of lilac on the root growth enhanced germination: carpel present, 0 %; carpel of germinating radish seeds absent, unscarified seed coat, 30 %; carpel absent, scarified seed coat, 100 %. J. L. Ferrell and C. s. Radandt

Maurice-Orange City High School 54. Regional and local variation in community 615 Eighth Street, S.E. structure of tall-grass prairie. Orange City, IA 51041 Jon A. White and D.C. Glenn-Lewin Very few higher plants can survive under lilac bushes which may be due to allelopathic effects of Dept. of Botany, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011 lilac. Root growth and length of radish seedlings were retarded by a substance in the lilac bud. Early studies of prairies classified communities Radish seeds treated with lilac bud extract were by relating idealized combinations of species to germinated in the dark at 22°c. Germination, root general environment, making generalized obser length and the presence of root hairs were recorded vations of many geographically diverse samples. every 24 hours for 72 hours with a final recording More recent studies by gradient analysis concen at 158 hours. The stunted root growth of the trate mostly within geographically limited areas. treated seedlings was statistically different from Our study analyzes community structure in tall the control. Our evidence indicates that grass prairie from both regionally diverse and germination and root length were retarded by the locally concentrated samples to identify both extract. regional and local patterns of vegetation varia-

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tion. Ordination results indicate that vegetation is strongly influenced by variations in micro- Cell Biology and macrotopographic position, drainage patterns, soil texture, and perhaps precipitation. Soil moisture exerts a primary effect on community structure both regionally and locally, but site 57. Prenatal exposure to ethanol (EtOH) characteristics and individual species' biology causes abnormal brain development. interact with soil moisture to produce local patterns. Community composition and species J. R. West, C. A. Hodges, and A. C. Black, Jr. populations at the regional and local level do not resolve into one consistently continuous trans Dept. Anatomy, ~niv. Iowa, Iowa City, IA. 52242. ition along the moisture gradient. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were given a liquid diet containing 35% EtOH-derived calories during 55. Soil lichens of two prairie sites in north days 1-21 of gestation. This period is equivalent west Iowa. to the first and second trimesters in humans be cause the rat brain is much less well-developed at MARGI OARD AND LOIS H. TIFFANY birth. Daily EtOH consumption was 12. 15 ± 1. 15 gm/kg body weight ( mean ± standard error). Pair Dept. of Botany, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011 fed controls were given a liquid diet in which EtOH was replaced by isocaloric maltose-dextrin. Collections of soil lichens in remnant prairiesta~ds Controls received lab chow and water ad libitum. in western Iowa have been made over the past five Litters were culled to 8 pups at birth-:- and cross years. In 1980, intensive field observations were fostered to normal mothers. They were sacrificed made during mid-sunnner at two sites in northwestern at 60 days and their brains processed by the Iowa. The prairie soil lichens were particularly Timm's sulfide silver technique which stains the obvious at these sites following a rainy period in zinc-rich granule cell axons of the mossy fiber early August. Seven species were observed at both system projecting to the hippocampus (HC). The sites. Dermatocarpon lachneum (Ach.) A. L. Sm., EtOH group exhibited alterations in mossy fiber Endocarpon pusillum Hedw., Bacidia bagliettoana topography indicating abnormal connections between (Mass. and DeNot.) Jatta, Diploschistes gypsaceus dentate gyrus granule cells and HC pyramidal (Ach.) Nyl., Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach., and Cladonia cells. Such connections may play a role in the CNS sp. were present on soil. Caloplaca citrina (Ho.ffm,) dysfunction observed in the fetal alcohol syndrome. Th. Fr. was connnon on old weathered grass rhizomes. Supported by Grant AA03884 from N.I.A.A.A. and a Three other species were not unconnnon at only one grant from the National Council on Alcoholism to site. J. R.W. Our collections and field observations over the period of study indicate that the soil lichens- are much more connnon in upland Iowa prairies and involve a more diverse lichen flora than has been recognized previously. 58. A novel technique for ethanol administra tion to neonatal rats.

56. Plants from northern Manitoba, Canada C. A. Hodges, A. C. Black, Jr., and J. R. West. and their substrates Dept. Anatomy, Univ. Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. R. W. COLEMAN AND S. L. WELSH Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy in Dept. of Biology, Upper IA. Univ., Fayette, IA humans produces the "fetal alcohol syndrome", 52142 and Dept. of Botany and Range Science, involving mental retardation, mid-facial hypo Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT 84601 plasia, and microcephaly. The rat brain is much less well developed at birth than the human. The 78 plant species from northern Manitoba, Canada first 10 days of postnatal life are equivalent to and their substrates were studied in 25 transects. the third trimester in humans. However, maternal In relation to soil substrates Agrostfs scabra, ethanol administration to a lactating female rat Eriophorum chamissonfs, Ledum groenlandicum, alters milk secretion and maternal behavior. We Scir~us cyperinus, and Vaccinium vitis-idaea were have developed a gastrostomy technique (originated rela ed to acidic environments in---rne-pR""4':0" to by Dr. Thomas Anderson) which avoids these diffi 4.8 range. Anemone canadensis, Phragmites culties. A hypodermic syringe filled with ethanol communis, Plantalo major, Puccinellia distans, f_. diet is driven by an infusion pump to deliver a cf. vaginata, Sc rpus acutus, ~· americanus, ~· precise amount of ethanol via a plastic tube im paludosus, and Triglochin maritima were found in planted into the stomach of a newborn rat. Pups soils in the pH 8 range. C1cuta sp., Salix sp., are maintained in an aquarium at 37°C. An aerator and Scirpus acutus were reported in water of pH bubbles air through the aquarium to supply a gentle 8.65, 13 grains per gallon total hardness with the rocking motion needed to stimulate gastric mo total alkalinity within the range of 13 grains per tility and urination. This technique permits gallon calcium carbonate, and 1 ppm iron. Soil studying the effects of ethanol on rat brain analyses for texture, organic content, pH, avail development during a period equivalent to the able phosphorus, potassium, replaceable calcium, third trimester in humans. Supported by a grant sulfate, and other nutrients are also noted. from the National Council on Alcoholism to J.R.W.

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59. Ethanol does not inhibit axon sprouting 61. Effect of ATP on cell-penetrance by in the rat dentate gyrus. Trypanosoma cruzi.

M. D. Lind, A. C. Black, Jr., and J. R. West. G. E. Walter and E. C. Bovee.

Dept. Anatomy, Univ. Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045.

Axon sprouting may be responsible for recovery of What regulates cell-penetrance by 1'.· cruzi is not function following brain damage. Destruction of known, but since ATP at certain concentrations en the entorhinal cortical projection to the dentate hances movement, it may affect cell-penetrance. gyrus in rats results in the sprouting of choliner T. cruzi enters primary rat fibroblasts, endothel gic septal fibers in the molecular layer. To de ial cells or myocardial cells in tissue culture, termine whether ethanol alters axonal sprouting, as well as mouse-L-cells and chinese-hamster-ovary adult Sprague-Dawley rats were given ethanol daily cells at about the same frequency. When 1'.· cruzi for 2 weeks prior to and for 9 days after unilater exposed 24 hrs to lxlo-4 M or lxlo-6 M ATP were al lesion of the entorhinal cortex. One group re added to cultured cells, penetrance was enhanced ceived 6 g/kg/day ethanol via intragastric intuba in 8 to 10 hrs in either fibroblasts or myocardial tion (20% v/v solution), while another received 12 cells compared to controls, but penetrance did not g/kg/day ethanol as 35% ethanol-derived calories occur in fibroblasts by T. cruzi exposed to lxlo-5 in a liquid diet. Rats were sacrificed and their M ATP & did not occur significantly in myocardial brains processed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cells. At lxlo-4 M ATP, 1'.· cruzi entered greater histochemistry. Sprouting of the cholinergic numbers of fibroblasts, one per cell; in myocardial input, indicated by intense AChE staining in the cells two parasites more often entered a single outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the cell than in controls. At lxlo-5M ATP movement of widening of the commissural/associational clear T. cruzi is inhibited and penetrance reduced; at zone in the inner molecular layer, occurred Tx10-4 M and lx10-6M, motility and penetrance are despite heavy exposure to ethanol. The question of enhanced. (Supported by a summer research fellow whether long-term ethanol intake alters axonal ship from the Graduate School, University of Kansas). sprouting following brain damage requires further study. Supported by Grant AA03884 from N.I.A.A.A. toJ.R.W.

60. Ethanol causes blockade of hippocampal 62. ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT Cell-Mediated Immunity in (HC) cyclic GMP production. F1 Generation of Rats Exposed to Iodine-131. A.C. Black, Jr., G. Cohen, D. Sandquist, J.R. West L.A. Ridnour, R.H. Stevens, and D.A. Cole Dept. Anatomy, Univ. Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. University of Iowa, Radiation Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. Stimulation of rat HC in vitro at 37 C for 2.5 min with 500 µM bethanecho"f°;" 2.2 mM CaC1 2 and 5 mM A major concern for potential hazards posed by theophylline results in maximal cyclic GMP produc nuclear power plant accidents is the release of tion. Sprague-Dawley rats received 6 gm/kg ethanol iodine-131 into the environment. We have initiated as a 15% (v/v) solution by gastric intubation. At the present study to determine whether a perinatul various times after ethanol administration, rats exposure to this radionuclide may have an effect were decapitated and their HC incubated and upon the potential for the offspring to ultimately analyzed for cyclic GMP. develop cancer. This investigation involved the exposure of female Fischer F344 pregnant rats (16- N Time Cyclic GMP pm/mg Prot. %Control 18 day of gestation) to varying exposures of Na 131 I 15 Min 0.25 ± 0.08 8 48% (0.01 µCi to 200 µCi). At 3 months post-exposure 30 Min 0. 19 ± 0.03 8 35% the antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADCC) immunity 1 Hr 0. 11 ± 0.03 8 21% was determined in both the dams and pups. ADCC was 2 Hr 0. 16 ± 0.04 8 30% quantitated by the increased release of radioiodina 4 Hr 0.065 ± 0.004 6 12% ted membrane proteins from X-ray induced rat small 7 Hr 0.080 ± 0.01 8 15% bowel adenocarcinoma cells which were injured by 24 Hr 0.069 ± 0.01 8 12% normal peripheral blood lymphoid cells (PBLC) in the 48 Hr 0.080 ± 0.02 8 15% presence of serum from the exposed rats. The results Control 0.53 ± 0.03 6 100% suggest that perinatal exposures to radioiodine Thus, ethanol produces a rapid depression of cyclic induce cellular changes that are recognized as GMP synthesis in rat HC, possibly due to damage of cancerous and result in antitumor immune responses HC neurons receiving muscarinic cholinergic at the young adult state. Supported by grant synapses. (Supported by a grant from the National lROl-ES02352-02 awarded by the National Institute Council on Alcoholism to A.C.B.). of Environmental Health, NIH.

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63. ANALYSIS of Transition Metal Teratogenicity B. The involvement of free-radicals in reactions of some cobalt and chromium alkyls P.J. Johanns, R.H. Stevens, D.A. Cole, and D.D. Gay J. H. ESPENSON University of Iowa, Radiation Research Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242; and DuPont Company, Savannah Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Iowa River Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina 29801. State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 One of societies greatest responsibilities is to Radicals are involved in the formation of organo maintain and improve the quantity of its progeny. chromium and organocobalt complexes, and in many of Little success has been realized in the past to their subsequent reactions. Unimolecular homolysis achieve this goal as over 3% of all newborn infants (SHl mechanism) occurs as the rate-limiting step for have some fonn of congenital defect requiring the overall oxidative cleavage of certain complexes medical attention. Estimates have attributed as (e.g., Cr-CH2CGHs 2+, Cr-C(CH3)20H2+, and high as 3-5% of all these congenital problems to be Co(dmgH)2CH(CH3)CGHs) but not for others (e.g., the result of perinatal exposures to environmental Cr-CH20H2+). It is also the key initiation step in teratogens. With the increasing heavy metal concen certain autoxidation reactions (e.g., Cr-CH(CH3)2 2+- trations in our environment, we have begun a study 02). Bimolecular radical displacement reactions to establish their role in producing birth defects. also provide important mechanistic steps, which can Teratogenicity was determined by the inhibition of be generalized further if 17-electron metal com the binding of rat embryo cells to a Concanavalin-A plexes are included in the definition of a free derivatized plastic surface induced by the exposure radical. to the test substance. Binding was established by measuring the quantity of radioiodinated peripheral and integral membrane proteins associated with the c. Spectroscopy of Novel Iron Porphyrin fetal cells. Our studies of the transition metals Compounds now suggest that they may have an important role in contributing to the over 10% of all live births ex Harold M. Goff hibiting some degree of congenital abnormalities. Supported by National Institute of Environmental Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Health, NIH grant R01-ES02352. Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Hemoproteins serve to catalyze diverse types of biological reactions as a consequence of the rich coordination and redox possibilities for the iron porphyrin prosthetic group. Various ligation and redox states which are important in hemoprotein function may be simulated in isolated model iron Chemistry: lnorg., Anal., Phys. porphyrin compounds. In this regard, the highly conjugated, planar porphyrin ligand is known to stabilize unusual spin and oxidation states of the central metal atom. Nuclear magnetic resonance A. Platinum-based antitumor drugs and their spectra of these various paramagnetic states are biological effects. distinctive, and detailed interpretation of the hyperfine shift patterns permits definition of B. L. BERGQUIST electronic structure and understanding of electron delocalization. Correlation of NMR shift patterns Dept. of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, have for example been used to characterize Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614. "iron(IV)" porphyrins, and unusual spin-admixed S=5/2,3/2 iron(III) porphyrin complexes. Cisplatin [cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II)] is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for the treat ment of certain cancers. Chemically, it is a rela 64. Room temperature phosphorescence of tively nonpolar molecule and therefore able to pene selected indoles. trate characteristically lipid cellular membranes. The molecule has been shown to bind to protein, Catherine A. Haustein and Ronald T. Pflaum lipids and nucleic acids; of these, the binding to nucleic acids appears to be the key location for Dept. of Chemistry, University of Iowa, its antitumor action. Iowa City, Iowa 52242 A multitude of experimental work has demonstrated the action of the drug with metabolically important Many substituted indoles are known to exhibit biological molecules. Much of this work has been physiological activity. In particular, tryptamine, done in vitro and a good background for in vivo tryptophan, and serotonin serve specific functions studies thereby established. Ongoing in--ViV-0- in the human body. These indoles and their metabo studies are seeking to define the quantitative and lites are found in abnormal levels in fluids of per qualitative nature of the drug's action, especially sons with psychiatric disorders, carcinoid syndrome, its complexation with DNA. or muscular dystrophy. The nature of the drug, its analogs and representa Indoles having conjugated ring systems act as tive research concerning its biological effects phosphors when excited molecules are immobilized on will be discussed. a solid support. When spotted onto filter paper,

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phosphorescence is exhibited at room temperature 67 · Synthesis and crystal structure of a salt upon excitation with high intensity ultraviolet ra containing the tetrastannide(2-) anion Sn{-. diation in the wavelength range of 295+ lOnm. The characteristics of the emitted luminescence and the S. C. Critchlow and J. D. Corbett effects of heavy atoms, moisture, oxygen, pH, and solid supports upon phosphorescence intensities will Ames Laboratory-DOE, and Department of be discussed. A procedure for the determination of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. indoles, encompassing the advantages of small sample Black, plate-shaped crystals of sizes, simple procedures, and high sensitivites, will be described. Potential applications to the deter (K+-2, 2, 2-crypt)2snf-·en are one of several mination of substituted indoles in biological sam products from a reaction of KSn2, K 3 Bi2, and ples will be presented. 2, 2, 2-crypt in ethylenediamine (en), Tlie com pound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group 65. The Reaction of TiF with ca (0H) (P0 ) 4 10 2 4 6 P21 with a=12.640(3), b= 20.943(5), C= 12. 353(3) A,

0 {3= ll8, 97(2) , and Z = 2. Data were collected on an C. Edwards, T. H. Jordan, S. Webster and J. Wefel automated diffractometer (Mo-K°' radiation) and Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa 52314 the structure solved by Patterson and Fourier methods using 2650 independent reflections The effectiveness of TiF4 in reducing cavities (I >3a(I)). The 62 nonhydrogen atoms refined to has led us to study the chemical reaction of the R= 0.093 and Rw= O. ll4. This structure provides components involved. the first conclusive evidence for an 18-electron Reactions with TiF4 and : 1) powdered hydroxy tetrahedral cluster. The Snf- anion is only apatite [HA, ca 10 (0H) 2(P04) 6J or 2) Ca(OH)~ and slightly distorted from Td symmetry (the perfect H3P04 in a Ca/po ratto of 5/3 were run for 24 tetrahedron would be first-order Jahn-Teller hours in plastic4beakers in a 37°C water bath. The unstable), with one edge [2. 934(3) A] significantly reactions were magnetically stirred. The products shorter than the other five [2. 956(3), 2. 962(3), were filtered, dried in vacuo and subjected to 2. 962(5), 2. 969(7), and 2. 972(7) A]. x-ray diffraction analysis. In reactions with 0.5 to 9% TiF4 and Ti/P04 ratios of 1 or less, apatite is the only product. At Ti/P04 ratios of 2 or greater, the apatite is completely broken down and two new compounds, T and OP, are formed. Compound T has been isolated and found to contain Ti, F and P04 but no Ca. The composition of compound OP is not yet known. Powdered dental enamel, essentially hydroxy apatite, was used in three reactions with TiF4. The results obtained were similar to the same three 68. The synthesis and crystal structure of reactions run with HA and TiF4. yttrium monochloride. 66. Reversed phase high performance liquid J, E. Ford and J. D. Corbett chromatography of metal complexes of acetyl acetone and benzoylacetone. Ames Laboratory-DOE, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA SOOll. R.C. Gurira and P.W. Carr The reaction of Y with YC<. 3 in sealed tantalum Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112 containers at 850-900°C leads to the new compound YC(.. The structure of YC(. was refined on the Liquid chromatographic behavior of Mn(II), Be(II), basis of single-crystal diffractometer data by least Co(III), Cr(III), Rh(III), Ru(III), Pt(II), Pd(II) squares techniques (R3m, trigonal cell; a=3.753(1), and Ir(III) acetylacetone and Cr(III) benzoyl ace c=27.528(4) A, Z = 6; R :0,039, Rw = 0,054 for 101 tone complexes was investigated by reversed phase independent reflections taken with Mo K°' radiation). HPLC using a Supelco and a Perkin-Elmer c columns. 18 YO!. has a sheet structure consisting of close Separations were successfully demonstratea by using either methanol/water or acetonitrile/water mix packed homoatomic layers sequenced(C<.-Y-Y-C<.) tures as mobile phases. Solvent mixtures necessary along [001]. The yttrium atoms have an antipris to effect separations of various sets of complexes matic coordination while the chlorine atoms have were established. In addition elution order of the prismatic coordination. Each yttrium atom has complexes was found to be dependent on the organic three metal neighbors in the next layer at 3.Sll A, solvent in the eluent mixture. As many as seven com six yttrium neighbors in the same layer at 3.753 A, plexes (metals) were baseline resolved in about 10 and three chlorine neighbors in the opposite layer minutes or less. The complexes gave highly symmet rical peaks indicative of the absence of both ad at 2.750 .A. Weak chlorine-chlorine interactions sorption and decomposition on the column. The com between sheets at 3. 7 53 A contrast with the strong plexes absorb very strongly in the uv. Consequent yttrium-yttrium binding within the sheets. This ly, limits of detection in the ng range can be phase is thus polytypic (ignoring the difference in achieved. Criterion for predicting chromatographic the metal atom) with ZrC(. and isostructural with behavior will be discussed. Zr Br.

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 17 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

69. Monitoring energy distribution for D+F2 and 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol, have been investigated by F+D2 systems using a new experimental tech NMR spectroscopy. Computer simulation techniques, nique termed chemiluminescence mapping. using a program MIDAS to solve the non-linear dif ferential equations, were used to estimate the 6 JOSEPH T. WANNA and DWIGHT C. TARDY second-order rate constants in the scheme below. - Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Pt(AA)Cl2 + L Iowa City, Iowa 52242 kt//k-t kc Nascent DF product vibrational distribution from k-~\ k. D+F2+DF(v~l5)+F and F+D2+DF(v~4)+D were measured by trans +Cl-~ cis + Cl - this new experimental chemiluminescence method. DF from the D+F2 system shows a much larger fraction -1 (78%) of the reaction exothermicity channeled into The isomerization pathway involving k. and k . was product vibration than is suggested by conventional required to fit the rate data; this sErongly-1 sug chemiluminescence measurements on the parallel H+F2 gests that both pseudorotation and consecutive dis system. For the F+D2 reaction the Chemiluminescence placement mechanisms are involved in the Cl- cat Mapping results are in good agreement with the alyzed isomer ization of the trans isomer. results using other experimental methods, although it gave a higher DF(v=4) population than other methods. This new method, termed Chemiluminescence Mapping for its simultaneous recording of spectrals and tempor ally resolved chemiluminescence differs from the earlier arrested relaxation and measured relaxation methods by introducing a short duty cycle pulsed Chemistry: Org.& Biol. molecular reagent source, a modified dissociation source, and signal averaged, time resolved detection of DF infrared emission. 72. Attempts to Prepare l-Methyl-2-phenylper hydroazepine-l-acetimide 70. Multiphoton dissociation in a series of mono fluoroalkanes: HF elimination from 1-fluoro Stanley Wawzonek and Jan Michael Shradel butane and 1-fluorohexane. Department of Chemistry University of Iowa JOSEPH T. WANNA and DWIGHT C. TARDY Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Attempts to prepare l-methyl-2-phenylperhydro Iowa City, Iowa 52242 azepine-l-acetimide from l-acetamino-l-methyl-2- phenylperhydroazepine and l-amino-l-methyl-2- Unimolecular HF elimination from 1-fluorobutane phenylperhydroazepinium iodide were unsuccessful. and 1-fluorohexane is induced by the p(22) line of the The former gave with methyl iodide a mixture of 00°1-02°0 transition of the C02 laser which corre l-acetylamino-2-phenylperhydroazepine hydroiodide sponds to a C-F stretch. These two compounds were and l-acetyl-2,2-dimethyl-2-(6-phenyl-5-hexenyl) studied separately and as a mixture as a function of hydrazinium iodide. The latter when treated with energy fluence in a uniform fluence cell geometry. ethyl acetate and potassium t-butoxide gave a The 1-fluorobutane and 1-fluorohexane reaction prob mixture of l-methyl-l-{6-phenyl-5-hexenyl) ability for HF elimination varies with fluence accord hydrazine and l-methyl-3-phenylperhydro-l,2- ing to the 7.1 power for a fluence range of 2 to 5 diazocine. j / cm2 in a· pressur·e regime of 0. 2 and 0. 5 torr where intermolecular collisions are insignificant. In the 73. Anom~lies of the pinacol coupling mixture the %CPF (percent conversion per flash) for reaction 1-fluorohexane is less than that of 1-fluorobutane, while separately their respective %CPF are compar M. L. Drake, M. J. Haganman, R. J. Johnson, able. Hy+ emission from the separately irradiated 1- K. E. Leonard, B. P. Mundy, R. J, Warnet fluorobvtane, 1-fluorohexane, and the mixture each at a pressure of 0.2 torr was observed with the mixture Simpson College, Indianola, Iowa 50125 displaying a later emission. Discussion of the results in terms of energy transfer due to collisional The titanium-mediated reductive coupling of alipha process will be discussed. tic carbonyl compounds has been shown to give supe.rior yields of pinacols., as canipared t-0 the.. 71. Kinetics and mechanisms for isomerization classical aluminum amalgam method. There is tfie of trans-[Pt(glycine)(n-ligand)Cl]. tacit assumption that the titanium intermediate enhances the degree of coupling, as observed by T. A. Ferrett and L. E. Erickson higher yields, without affecting product composi tion. We now present evidence to unequivocally Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112 demonstrate that the pinacol product is not the same from the titanium-mediated reaction--a5 from The kinetics of the interconversion of Pt(AA)Cl2 the classical method. A preliminary suggestion and the cis and trans(N,L) isomers of Pt(AA)LCl, of the two mechanisms involved will also be pre where AA = glycine and L = DMSO, allyl alcohol, or sented.

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74. The degenerative chemistry of natural molecular weight (as determined by gel filtration, malondialdehyde. ultracentrifugation under native and denaturing con ditions with guanidine•HCl, SDS polyacrylamide gel VASU NAIR* and CURT S. COOPER electrophoresis and amino acid composition). This protease is active on an endopeptidase substrate, Ben Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, zoyl-arginyl-amide (optimum pH 6.0), and a carboxy Iowa City, Iowa 52242 peptidase substrate, Hippuryl-arginine (optimum pH 5.0), requires a high concentration of reducing agent Malondialdehyde is formed in animal tissue as for maximum activity (10 mM dithioerythritol) and is an end product of lipid peroxidation and as a side a glycoprotein. Cathepsin B2 is inhibited by leupep product of prostaglandin and thromboxane biosyn tin, antipain, Ac-(Ala)4-CH2c1, iodoacetate, TLCK and thesis. Although MDA has been reported to be reac TPCK; in all cases the inhibition is ~ equal with tive towards biomolecules such as proteins and DNA, both substrates. Cathepsin B2 exhibited strong car structural details of such linkages are not fully boxypeptidase and endopeptidase activities on oxidiz understood. We have utilized model systems to de ed insulin S chain. Thus, it appears that Cathpesin lineate on a mol'ecular level the nature of some B2 has bifunctional capacity in that it can act as a possible structural alterations of biomolecules that carboxypeptidase and an endopeptidase. Supported by may be induced by malondialdehyde. These include NIH Gratn HL16920 and by a Wellcome Research Travel formation of enaminals, vinamidines, pyrimidines, Grant. thiazolidines, tetrahydro-S-carbolines and other moieties by reaction with amino acids, and formation of various complex heterocyclic systems from nucleic acid bases. This paper will discuss the details of 77. Anthramycin-induced damage to Tetrahymena DNA these transformations. Paul B. Volker and Elliott L. Uhlenhopp 75. Rabbit lung Cathepsin L. Chemistry Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, R. Chatterjee, M. Lones, and G. Kalnitsky. Iowa 50112

Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, Anthramycin, a benzodiazepine antibiotic, has Iowa City, Iowa 52242. been shown to cause single- and double-strand breaks to DNA during in vivo exposure to Tetrahymena Cathepsin L was purified from rabbit lung and cultures. Now several aspects of the antibiotic-DNA was obtained in an apparently homogeneous form. interaction are known, including a proposed Cathepsin L was composed of isozymes (with pl mechanism of attack. Using the technique of values of 5.8 to 6.2) and hydrolyzed azocasein with viscoelastometry, we have shown significant single a pH optimum of 5.0. This enzyme readily hydrolyzed and double-strand damage to Tetrahymena DNA, as Angiotensin I (a decapeptide) and renin substrate well as that organism's ability to repair at least (a tetradecapeptide), specifically cleaving peptide part of its fractured DNA, presumably via the cell's bonds Tyr(4)-Ile(5) and His(9)-Leu(l0) in both sub normal polymerase repair mechanisms. The unusually strate, plus the Leu(ll)-Val(l2) bond in renin sub high frequency of double-strand breaKs lends strat.e. The enzyme was readily inhibited by leupep support to the novel theory of interaction between tin and polypeptide chloromethyl ketones such as Ac the double helix and the anthramycin molecule. Ala-Ala-Phe-Val-CH2Cl. This enzyme is a cysteine proteinase and requires a free -SH group for activi ty. With cysteine activation taken as 100%, acti vators like glutathione, S-mercaptoethanol, homo cytein, and S-mercaptoethylamine activated the en zyme 70-80%. A synthetic thiol compound, D-2- 78. Novel, biologically-active cyclic nucleotides. methyl-3-mercapto-L-proline, at a concentration of 0.1 mM, activated Cathepsin L 140%, and, at 4 rnM VASU NAIR* and RONALD J. WIECHERT cone., inactivated the enzyme 50%. This may indi cate a possible mechanism of regulation of thiol Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, enzymes by similar naturally occurring copounds un Iowa City, Iowa 52242 der physiological conditions. Supported by NIH grant HL16920 and by a Wellcome Research Travel Grant. Adenosine 3 1 ,5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) plays a major role in initiating and modulating a number of fundamental biochemical processes within 76. Purification and characterization of Cathep cells. Our interest in understanding the fundamen sin B2 from rabbit lung. tal aspects of the chemistry of cyclic AMP led to the synthesis of a novel class of analogues of ·this M. Lones, R. Chatterjee and G. Kalnitsky regulatory nucleotide. The synthesis, structural and stereochemical studies, and enzymological evalu Department of Biochemistry, The University of Iowa, ation of these synthetic cyclic nucleotides will be Iowa City, Iowa 52242. presented. The enzymology will include activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases and inhibi Cathepsin B2 has been obtained in an apparently tion of 3' ,5'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolases. homogeneous form from rabbit lung acetone powder. 1his The implications of the structural characteristics lysosomal protease has a molecular weight of about of the synthetic cyclic nucleotides on the observe

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 19 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

19 79. A natural repellent of leafcutter ants. Conservation DIANE C. ALES+, DAVID F. WIEMER+ and STEPHEN P. HUBBELL# +Departrrent of Chemistry and #Department of Zoology, 81. Homestead Reforestation University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 ROSS L. IVERSON Leafcutter'ants are important agricultural pests in much of Central and South America. While they Miller Junior High inflict extensive damage upon many introduced plant South 11th St. species, many native plants appear to be defended Marshalltown, Iowa 50158 against leafcutter attack. We postulated that native plants might have evolved chemical defenses, and In 1976 a project was started to reforest a using a bioassay which measures ant feeding prefer thirteen acre homestead and to bring soil erosion ences, we have pursued the isolation of repellent under control. This presentation is a description compounds. One of the plant species examined was of some of the experiences, good and bad, en Lasiantheae fruticosa, and we have isolated a pure, countered. Plantings include walnut, maple, ash, active compound from these leaves. After a series honeysuckle, red, white, and scotch pine, white of degradative reactions, we proposed a hydroazulene and norway spruce, and a wild life packet. structure for the natural product. We have con Orchard grass, brome, alfalfa and crows vetch firmed the proposed structure by synthesis. The were also planted. There is much left to do , details of our isolation, structure determination but some of the findings are now reportable and and synthesis, as well as the biological activities may be valuable to others that want to undertake of these compounds, will be reported. such a project. 82. Conservation practices at the IAS Parish farm.

80. General base catalysis in the Photo-Smiles Paul A. Christiansen and Robert H. Hibbs Rearrangement. Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa 52314 G. G. Wubbels and D. W. Celander Over the past 10 years considerable progress has Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112 been made in installing conservation practices at the IAS Parish farm near Reinbeck, Iowa. The use Base catalysis of the photochemical Smiles rear of minimum tillage, tile outlet terraces and wild rangement of S-(3-nitrophenoxy)-ethylamine giving life plantings are illustrated. S-(3-nitroaniliho)-ethyl alcohol has been studied. For reactions monitored by product absorbance at BJ. Aerial photographic keys for forest community 405 nm, cat~lysis by the general bases, OH-, OAc-, analysis in land use planning for Iowa HC03-, HP04-, ~nd morpholine is observed. At [OH-] 2_ 2 x 10 3M, the quantum yield for the rear G. L. HIGHTSHOE rangement is proportional to [OH-]; however, at [OH-] ..;_ 5 x lo-4M, the quantum yield is independent Department of Landscape Architecture, Iowa State of [OH-]. We conclude that an uncatalyzed pathway University, Ames, IA 50011 and a general base catalyzed pathway occur simul The natural forest vegetation of Iowa represents only taneously for the photochemical Smiles rearrange a small percentage of the entire landscape cover. ment of S-(3-nitrophenoxy)-ethylamine. A mechanism Development pressures continue to dilute and reduce and a kinetic scheme for this rearrangement will be our forest heritage. Aerial Photographic Keys for discussed. vegetation analysis can be used as a tool enabling land use planners and landscape managers to evaluate the quantity and quality of the remaining forest re source and to make a determination of its suitabili ty/capability for preservation, conservation or al teration. Objectives included the development of photo-interpretation keys and forest community models which would make it possible to identify Iowa forest cover types on aerial photographs and their evalua tion in an objective manner so as to obtain some per spective as to usefulness. Ground truth and field check records enabled the investigator to successful ly evaluate the potential/limitations of each film season-scale combination reviewed. The methods devel· oped and the very high interpretative accuracies es tablished in preliminary test results should be useful in assisting the manager to quantify rankings, make value judgments, or other interpretations of vegeta tion character important to the decision-making pro cess.

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84. The effect of ELF radiation on basswood these larvae to their food habits over the course (Til i a) growth. of a season. During this study, larval size in creased from an average of 22 to 58 mm snout-vent D.A. Sabelka and L.S. Weilgart length before metamorphosis. Daphnia and other small prey items were eaten by all size classes of Luther College larvae; larger larvae tended to eat larger prey Decorah, Iowa 52101 sizes and a greater diversity of prey. Special ized feeding adaptations are discussed and related One clump of basswood trees growing directly under to food habits and prey choice. In combination a 345 kV tranmission line was compared to another with other studies, these results allow general clump at least 100 feet away from the line to de izations to be made about the food habits of the termine the effect of ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) larvae of this species across their whole range. radiation on growth. The environment about each clump was similar in that both experienced some what equal crowding or competition by other trees 87. Nesting ecology of vesper sparrows breed- and equal water availability. The trees were all ing on Iowa cropland ca. 8-12 years in age and grew up after the power- 1ine was constructed. Analysis of variance Nicholas Rodenhouse and Louis Best revealed a very highly significant difference be Animal Ecology Dept. tween trees, between years, between clumps, and all Iowa State University interactions thereof. Mean annual growth for the Ames, IA 50011 clump underneath the powerline was greater. In particular, trees in their younger years seemed The nesting biology of 55 pairs of vesper more sensitive to the possible growth-enhancing sparrows breeding on corn and soybean fields was effect of ELF radiation. studied in Story County, Iowa during 1980. Terri tory selection was related to the amount of resi dual cover on the crop field, and the proximity 85. Ecology of the land snail Oxyloma retusa of nonproductive areas (fencerows, grassy water in northwestern Iowa. ways, weedy washes). Initial nesting sites were R. V. Bovbjerg and M. Lannoo in fields with the most residual cover. The loca tion of subsequent nests was influenced by tillage Department of Zoology, University of Iowa, operations and crop development. Of the 44 nests Iowa City, Iowa 52242 found, 29% fledged at least one young, 29% were Among the lakes, ponds, and sloughs of N.W. Iowa destroyed by agricultural operations, 33% by pred the land snail 0. retusa is restricted to a band ators, 7% were deserted (primarily due to parasi along the moist margins. Transects at this mar tism), and 2% were destroyed by weather related gin of two sloughs and a bay of Lake W. Okoboji, events. 13 nests were parasitized by the brown demonstrated a peak density in the second meter headed cowbird. Most parasitism (92%) occurred from water's edge. Density tailed to 5-7 m inland. before June 15. Nesting success (Mayfield method) Marked experimental animals selected the same mode during the first half of the breeding season was and dispersion. After heavy rains and inundation, 8%, but 23% during the second half. Evolutionary emergent vegetation was ascended; this ascent was preadaptations of the vesper sparrow for breeding also seen during dewey nights. With drought, the in intensively cultivated areas will be discussed. band of snails followed the retreating shore to the center. Water is avoided and the entire life 88. Ruffed grouse population trends cycle is restricted to the dense, moist detritus T. W. Little of the shore. However, when trapped in water they may glide on the undersurf ace like pond Iowa Conservation Commission pulmonates. Two color morphs have overlapping Wildlife Research Station but zoned dispersion from the shore inland, the Boone, IA 50036 amber morph further inland than the dark. The Northeast Iowa ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus observed capacity to disperse and experimentally medianus Todd) populations were monitored with demonstrated tolerance of drying are adaptations spring roadside drumming counts (1961-78), activity to this stressful and ever changing habitat. center counts (1966-78) and hunter surveys (1968-78). Drumming indices ranged from 1.0-2.2 drums per stop and appeared stable compared to northern grouse pop 86. Growth and food habits of larval tiger ulations. Declines in activity center counts were salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) in related to secondary vegetative succession. Fall northwestern Iowa. population indices fluctuated independently from spring indices except following peak years for the M. J. Lannoo and M. D. Bachmann spring index. Reproductive success related to annual summer weather variations probably has a Department of Animal Ecology, Iowa State University greater effect on fall populations than minor Ames, Iowa 50011 changes in breeding population levels. Grouse exam ined in hunter's bags were 58% juvenile and 67% ~· tigrinum larvae occupy the marshes surrounding in the red color phase. Iowa ruffed grouse appear the larger lakes in northwestern Iowa, generally to exhibit population parameters which fall on a maturing and metamorphosing in one season. The gradient between cyclic northern and more stable purpose of this study was to relate the growth of southern populations.

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 21 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

89. The Indiana Bat in Iowa-- Sedimentation experiments show that algal a status report sinking phenomena may be responsible for patterns of phytoplankton abundance in Red Rock, John B. Bowles but field confirmation is needed. Central College Pella, Iowa 50219

The federally endangered Indiana bat, 92. Distribution of fecal coliforms and Myotis sodalis, reaches the north fecal streptococci in the Catfish western limits of its summer range Creek Watershed in Iowa. Forty-two bats, including pregnant or lactating females and Kathy M. Konzen and Kevin J. Imoehl flying juveniles, were mist-netted in five south-central counties in summer Loras College, Dubuque, Iowa 52001 1980. All were netted over streams or clearings in upland forests, but no Water samples were taken for ten consecutive maternity colonies were located. weeks during the summer of 1980 to determine the fecal coliform and fecal streptococci 90. Manipulation of bass-bluegill populations concentrations at thirteen designated areas by sumner drawdown. of the Catfish Creek, Dubuque County. The geometric mean values of fecal coliforms K.H. Hill at each site were in compliance with the Class "B" rating of the watershed. The Iowa c.onservation Cornnission highest coliform values ranged from 1600- Cold Springs State Park 1700 org./lOOml while the highest strepto Lewis, Iowa 51544 cocci values ranged from 1300-1400 org./100 ml. Moderate trends existed between fecal Relative abundance of five fish species was deter coliform levels and water temperature and mined in Meadow Lake before and after a lake draw between fecal coliform levels and sediments. down. Bluegill was the nnst abundant species be Significant differences in bacterial con fore and after drawdown, but mean catch rates for centrations were noted when rainfall ex electrofishing and fyke nets suggest a 50% reduc ceeded one inch. tion in bluegill nunbers. Largerrouth bass catch rates increased about 50% after the drawdown. Length-weight regression and condition factors indicated bluegill and largerrouth bass were in poor physical condition before the drawdown, but condition factors for both species improved 93. The benthic macroinvertebrates of the Upper following the drawdown. Both species showed an Iowa River: impacts from Decorah increase in growth of age 0 fish following the drawdown. Proportional stock density (PSD) S. D. Prill and M. L. Meierhoff values for bluegill and largerrouth bass were 32 and 36 respectively, before the drawdown, but University Hygienic Laboratory, University of Iowa, were 44 and 47 respectively after the drawdown. Oakdale Campus, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 In the spring and summer of 1980, the Limnology 91. Phytoplankton gradients in Red Rock Division of the University Hygienic Laboratory con ducted an extensive benthi c macroinvertebrate survey Reservoir. of the Upper Iowa River basin. One purpose of this survey was to establish the impacts (if any) from David. M. S0balle the discharge of the Decorah Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) on the benthic macroinvertebrates. A Dept. of Animal Ecology control sampling site (Station 1) was established Iowa State University just upstream from Decorah. Station 2 was located Ames, Ia. 50011 approximately 100 meters downstream from the outfall of the Decorah WWTP. The low densities at this In the main body of Red Rock Reservoir the station indicated that the benthic macroinvertebrates phytoplankton standing crop (as measured by were severely stressed and included such pollution chlorophyll-a) is maximal in the river inlet and tolerant "indicator organisms" as sewage fungus and declines monotonically toward the dam. Light moth fly larvae. At Station 3 (approximately 1 limitation contributes to this pattern but does kilometer downstream from the Decorah WWTP outfall) not seem to be a dominating factor. The strong, the benthic macroinvertebrates were even more longitudinally constant, relationship between severely stressed with very low densities in the chlorophyll-~ and net primary productivity spring and summer collections. The benthic macro implies that physiological deterioration is not invertebrates had recovered by Station 4 (approxi causing the observed algal gradient. P:R ratios mately 5 kilometers downstream from the outfall) to in the upper reservoir imply an increase in density and diversity conditions similar to those algal crop, but this is not the case. found at Station 1.

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94. Survey of Ringgold County Iowa pastures and 96. Microbiological air study of a municipal reconnnendations for improvement solid waste processing facility ~!· Whitson Linda L. Lembke and Richard N. Kniseley Iowa Wesleyan College Mt. Pleasant, IA 52641 During the sunnner of 1980, 89 farmers of Ring Ames Laboratory-USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, gold County were interviewed to determine the types Iowa 50011. of pasture and their present management. A ques tionaire included the farmers' ratings on the most The microbiological air quality of a municipal productive pasture type, the forage supporting the solid waste processing facility has been under most cattle per acre, and the best mid-sunnner for study in Ames, Iowa. Because high levels of air age. Orchardgrass (D!ctylis glomer!ta)was rated as borne particulates are present in the processing the farmers' first choice in this survey. Management area of the facility, problems are encountered in practices surveyed were fertilizer and liming appli the collection of air samples. Sampling techniques cation, stocking rates and weed control. It was will be presented which minimized these problems. found that 80% of the farmers used chemical fertil Levels of airborne total and fecal coliforms will izers and about 2/3 of those applied only every five be detailed. Other types of bacteria and fungi or more years. Of the 77% who applied lime, 40% which we recovered will be reported. applied on a three year rotation, while another 40% applied only every five or more years. The average 97. Hazardous waste disposal: problems and stocking rate was slightly over two acres per cow. priorities in Iowa Only 27% of the Ringgold farmers used any chemical R. Rajagopal, K. Franklin weed control, and almost 2/3 agreed thistles were The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 the main weed problem. One suggestion for improve This paper provides a comprehensive overview of ment involved soil testing for more effective fertil existing hazardous waste and related environmental izer and lime utilization. Increased weed control information, compares selected provisions in the was promoted. Switchgrass (Panicum virg!tum), a laws of Iowa with the corresponding provisions in native prairie grass, was recommended because of its laws of a few other states, and identifies certain warm season tolerance, large biomass production and crucial short-term policy questions and options. its higher stocking rates. Iowa's hazardous waste related problems are closely related to its industrial production and distribu tion patterns. Concentrated development has occurred in the southeast quadrant of the state, especially along the corridors of the Mississippi, Cedar, and Iowa Rivers. As detailed site-specific Engineering data gathered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Iowa Department of Environmental Quality becomes available, several management and policy options outlined in this study can be further 95. A Terrestrial Pesticide Exposure Model analyzed for specific evaluations. On the basis of a limited comparison, the areas J. M. Runde, J. Schnoor of siting and funding mechanisms appear to be par ticularly weak in Iowa law. The proposed siting 215 Water Plant University of Iowa 52242 board bill, when enacted, would possibly alleviate Iowa City, Iowa some of these shortcomings. Recommendations to modify, clarify, or add certain provisions to pro Dieldrin residue levels for five animals posed and existing laws followed by a series of are modeled over three years, wt-footed mice, management, control, and research options for con crickets, earthworms, an omniverous beetle, sideration by the state agency responsible for and a carniverous beetle. The calculated hazardous waste are provided. metabolic-excretion rate constants are .01/ day, .085/day, .021/day, .3/day, and .l/day respectively. The observed peak residue 98. Energy balance for grain alcohol production levels for any year after field applications of 1# Aldrin/acre were 1.32, .56, 3.11, 3.29, A. N. Shekar, M. L. Holden and T. F. Smith and 36.2 ppm respectively. The soil residue averaged .25 ppm. The predicted peak residue Division of Energy Engineering, The Univ. of Iowa, for the same years are 1.78, 1.0, 3.2, 10.0, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 and 55.0 ppm respectively. Important factors in residue levels include time of diapause The energy balance for a grain alcohol process has and emergence for the insects, and proportion often been the center of controversy especially af of diet containing animal matter. The model ter the advent of gasohol as an automotive fuel. has shown that the animals maintain a steady A unified energy balance approach that defines the state level through the late f a11 and winte~ boundaries of the system realistically and esta are dose exposed at application time creating blishes guidelines for the inclusion or exclusion of a peak residue level, and then slowly recover different material and energy interactions in the to the previous steady state concentration~ energy balance is presented and employed to analyze Best management practices may be simulated the input-output relationships. An attempt has been using the model, including partial pesticide made to assign energy credit values that are on the application, with substantial adverse effects, same thermodynamic level. Farm energy inputs have

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 23 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

been tabulated from a survey of literature and from 101. Optimal solutions to transportation problems discussion with farmers. Process energy values have been arrived at from design experience with the Uni J. W. Patterson veristy of Iowa Solar Energy Assisted Ethanol Plant, and from published values. The feed value of dis Materials Science and Engineering tillers' dried grain has been related to that of corn 110 Engineering Annex and a proportional energy credit is assigned to it. Iowa State University It is shown that the end use of alcohol influences Ames, IA 50011 the energy balance significantly. Furthermore, the energy balance is distinctly favorable for the Distribution problems requiring haulage to above cases. (or from) a central facility - such as a processing plant, a warehouse, a mineshaft, etc. - are described. Some very surprising 99. Vacuum distillation of fuel alcohol using invariance properties of the optimal solutions solar energy to such problems are then presented. These tend to defy the engineer's intuitive (but M. L. Holden and T. F. Smith mistaken) expectation that the solution behaves like or is equivalent to a centroid or center Division of Energy Engineering, The University of of gravity. An easy-to-grasp mechanical Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 analog is then described which quickly provides the user with a correct intuitive understanding Utilization of solar energy to assist in fuel al of optimal solutions to haulage problems. The cohol distillation reduces the non-renewable energy insight gained from the analog is not easily input for this liquid fuel production. The feasi gleaned from the computer-oriented methods bility of solar energy was made possible by lowering usually used to solve such allocation problems. the distillation temperature to 115 F by performing the distillation at a vacuum of one-tenth atmos pheric pressure. At this temperature, low cost, 102. Blast furnace feed from power plant fly ash flat plate solar collectors operate efficiently. Results from experimentation with a 0.10 m diameter, M.S. D'.JBBINS and G. BURNET 9.1 m high column coupled to a 18.6 m2 solar col lector and an electric back-up energy source are Ames Laboratory, USD'.)E and Department of Chemical presented. The research goal is to produce a data Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 base for distillation parameters consisting of pressure, solar energy availability, daily produc Several processes have been proposed to rarove tion, product quality, energy consumption, and minerals such as alumina fran coal fly ash. A column design. connDn step in IIDSt of these processes is the separation of an iron-rich magnetic fraction containing 40- 50 wt. percent iron as iron oxide. Caustic leaching of this material raroves contained 100. Optimal liquification temperature of corn silica and alumina, raising the iron content of the starch in solar assisted ethanol production residue to 60 wt. percent. Tenperature, hydroxide concentration, reaction time and solid-liquid ratio C. P. Burkhart and J. 0. Osburn effects on the leaching have been investigated. Tne reiroval of silica and alumina has been f0tmd to be Division of Energy Engineering, The Univ. of Iowa inhibited by the fonnation of insoluble soditm1 Iowa City, Iowa 52242 altm1inosilicates. Increasing the solid-liquid ratio or decreasing extraction tenperature or caustic As the production of fuel ethanol from corn becomes strength, prOI1Dtes fonnation of these precipitates. increasingly popular., it is necessary to transform A mild acid wash of the extracted solids dissolves this old art into an energy efficient process. High this precipitate so that a combination caustic technology equipment such as cooking extruders re leach-acid wash treatment will produce a high iron duce the energy necessary to convert corn starch to content product suitable as a blast furnace feed sugar, the liquification process. Alternatively for steel production. this process can be addressed from a different view point, namely utilization of low density solar energy to supply a portion of the energy needs. As auxili ary energy (of a conventional form) may be needed to obtain the desired liquification temperature (70- 103. Use of canent kiln dust in the lime-soda 1000C), it is important to optimize this temperature sinter process for the maximum output/input energy ratio. By assig ning an energy value to the product ethanol and as A .A. EL-HOUI', M.J. MIJRI'HA and G. BURNET suming the only factor governing the amount of etha nol produced is the percent of starch converted, the Ames laboratory, USD'.JE and Department of Chemical optimal solution for the system may be found. The Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 purpose of the study is to develop a technique for locating the liquification temperature where the max The Lime-Soda Sinter process is used to recover imum ratio of energy out to energy in is obtained alumina from power plant fly ash, clays, oil shale for a given combination of vessel design, enzymes, and other non-bauxite raw materials. Significant and pH. armunts of limestone and soda ash are required

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which add to the cost. It has been discovered that 105. Unusual beach deposits in an oolitic kiln dust, a waste from the manufacture of portland environment--Mississippian and Recent canent, can be used to replace all of the limestone and a portion of the soda ash. The kiln dust ARTIIUR J. GERK CALVIN O. LEVORSON represents about 20 wt. percent of the throughput of a canent kiln and typically will contain 45 wt. 714 Third St. S.W., Mason City, Iowa 50401 percent CaO and 4 wt:. percent Na.20 and K20 conbined. When fly ash is the alumina source, the kiln dust Thousands of small fossils were collected from fran one 1,000,000 ton per year canent plant will unusual lenses within the Cyathophyllum Zone, supply the lime to process the fly ash f:ran a 1,000 Gilmore City, Limestone (Mississippian) near MNe power station, effectively disposing of two Humboldt, Iowa. These rare lenses were located difficult waste materials. The residue from the within a large quarry, occuring in a zone 1 to Llme-Soda Sinter process is primariJy dicalciun 2.5 m in thickness showing an extreme variability silicate which can be returned to the cenent plant of facies. Despite an intensive search of the as kiln feed. Gilmore City outcrops in Iowa, no similar lenses were discovered. The small fossils confined to these lenses could be interpreted as a dwarf fauna. However, the rest of the zone contained larger fossils and fossil fragments. The small fossils are remarkably well preserved, the gastropods particularly so. Observations of the Gilmore City Limestone and of Recent oolitic deposits of the Bahamas leads to the conclusion that these unusual lenses were a back shore deposit. The· Bahamian deposits demonstrate logically why these fossil assemblages are to be interpreted as size-sorted rather than dwarfed. Finally, a hypothesis is presented to explain the exceptional preservation of the fossils.

Geology

104. Self-trained paleontologists and Iowa geology 106. Petrology and diagenesis of the Plio Pleis tocene volcaniclastic sandstones, W. I. Anderson Cagayan basin, Northern Luzon, Philippines

DepartmenL of Earth Science, University of Northern Mathisen, M. E. Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614 Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, Self-trained paleontologists have made important con Ames, Iowa 50011 tributions to Iowa geology and to paleontology in general. Charles Wachsmuth (1829-1896), Frank The volcaniclastic sandstones of the Cagayan basin Springer (1848-1927), and Burnice Beane (1879-1966) vary in composition and diagenetic alteration by achieved recognition for their work with crinoids, age and inferred depth of burial. The Plio although none of the three completed formal courses Pleistocene sandstones, litharenites and feldspathic in paleontology. Charles Herbert Belanski of Nora litharenites, are very porous (20-30%), contain Springs possessed only a high school degree, but he little detrital matrix, and are only slightly was recognized as an expert on Devonian paleontology. compacted. Authigenic mineral cements, however, Belanski's contributions would undoubtedly have been are abundant. Clay rims or clay coats have formed greater, but he died at an early age. Carlyle Camp on most framework grains. Zeolites, clinoptilolite, bell of Knoxville lacked conventional training in stilbite, chabazite and analcime also are present paleontology, and his formal education ended at the and commonly line or fill pores. Analcime occurs fifth grade. Nevertheless, he made notable contribu only in the oldest Plio-Pleistocene sediments which tions through recovery of conodonts and collection were buried to a depth of at least 700 m. of cephalopods. Preeminent among modern self-trained Dissolution of framework grains has occurred in paleontologists is Harrell Strimple of Iowa City. nearly all samples increasing porosity to as great Strimple, recently retired as research associate and as 42%. The Pleistocene sandstones are composition curator at the University of Iowa, is author of over ally different, lithic arkoses and arkoses, and 280 papers on crinoids and a contributor to the have not been as extensively altered as the Plio authoritative Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pleistocene sediments. Authigenic clays are thin Contributions of other self-trained workers are and discontinuous and dissolution of framework reviewed, including Calvin Leverson of Riceville, grains has not significantly altered the mineralogy Arthur Gerk of Mason City, and Amel Priest of Peru. or reduced porosity.

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 25 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

107. Pyroclast deposits of Northern Luzon, 109. Post-Hypsithermal climatic change in Philippines southwestern Iowa: the fossil record L. P. FAY Ross, C. M. Department of Geology, The University of Iowa, Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Ames, Iowa 50011 Garrett Farm (aa. 3400 RCYBP) and Pleasant Ridge The Cagayan Valley, Northern Luzon, Philippines, is (1450 RCYBP) local biotas were recovered from an interarc basin situated between the Sierra Madre alluvial sediments along Waubonsie Creek, Mills Co., Range to the west. It contains several N-S trending Iowa. Two horizons at Pleasant Ridge and five at asymmetrical anticlines which were formed by gravity Garrett Farm have produced vertebrates, molluscs, sliding during the uplift of the Cordillera Central. and plant macrofossils. These local biotas offer The Range was volcanically active during the insight into the nature of climatic adjustment from Pleistocene. Pyroclast flow deposits of the type the maximum post-glacial warming of the Hypsithermal found in the Cagayan Valley are produced by Plinian to the present. volcanism. These deposits were studied on the west flank of Enrile Anticline, 60-70 kilometers east of Fossils from both localities indicate drier but the source area. They are up to 11 meters thick cooler conditions at time of deposition than at and are interbedded with fluvial deposits of the present, according to environmental reconstruction Awidon Mesa Formation. Field relationships indicate by several biogeographic methods. A marked decline the pyroclast flow deposits consist of 3 flow units in prairie-habitat affinity mammals and less severe of an ignimbrite or 3 separate ignimbrites. In drop in boreal taxa from 3400 years ago to the either case, they were emplaced at relatively present shows that the shift from Hypsithermal closely spaced time intervals and collectively climate to current conditions was not simply a formed one cooling unit. Gas escape and other recovery from a maximum hot/dry post-glacial event. structures are very well preserved, and air fall and The adjustment mirrors the late and post-glacial rain flush ashes are associated. More recent pattern of biogeographic change; current biomes volcanic activity is indicated by the presence of a forming from a hypothetical mosaic precursor as surge deposit which occurs as a valley fill within environmental conditions change. the older ignimbrite.

108. Paleoenvironments of the fossiliferous Los 110. Temporal and spatial distribution of land Isidros Member, Venta Del Moro-Villatoya slides in the central portion of the Gros Formation, Gabriel basin, Valencia, Spain Ventre River Valley, Gros Ventre Mts., Wyo.

Mathisen, M. E. Cloud, T. A.

Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 Ames, Iowa 50011

The fossiliferous Los Isidros Member of the Venta The Gros Ventre mountains are tectonically and Del Moro-Villatoya Formation was deposited by a seismically active. Twenty-three landslides were late Miocene meandering stream system. Thirty studied along the 18.6 km reach of the Gros Ventre eight species of vertebrates, which include species River between the moraines at Crystal Creek and characteristic of both arid and humid environments, Fish Creek. Relative ages of the landslides were were deposited in floodplain and lacustrine based on boulder weathering, soil development, environments associated with the ·stream. The surface morphology, and cross-cutting relationships. interpretation of paleoenvironments is based on the The weathering and morphologic data are recognition of two major lithofacies. The red, interpreted to indicate that the distribution of polymictic cross bedded conglomerate, sandstone, landslides in time is uniform; this distribution mudstone and concretionary carbonate facies is the precludes a climatic control which should be dominant facies of the 300 m thick Los Isidros pulsating. Cross-cutting relationships indicate Member. It is interpreted as meandering stream that 9 landslides rest upon outwash terraces and point bar and flood plain deposits with caliche 4 terminate on older failures and are thus younger. paleosols suggestive of an arid depositional These relationships preclude slope oversteepening environment in the Gabriel basin. The second due to stream incision. Seismicity and tectonic facies, the fossiliferous gray mudstone, lenticular activity cannot be precluded as possible initiating carbonate and lignite facies occurs in the upper factors for these 13 failures. The remaining 10 part of a point bar sequence and is interpreted as landslides terminate on the floodplain and could flood plain and lacustrine deposits of a wet flood have been initiated by slope oversteepening due to plain environment proximal to the stream channel. basal stream erosion.

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111. Chronology of the Upper Gros Ventre Land 113. Cherokee Group sandstones of central Iowa: slide, Upper Slide Quad., Gros Ventre Field characteristics and depositional Mountains, Wyoming environments

Jensen, Joseph M. D. R. Burggraf, Jr., H. J. White, and J. Lemish

Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 Ames, Iowa 50011

The Upper Gros Ventre Landslide was first described Within the strata comprising the middle Pennsylvan by Blackwelder in 1912 as an earthflow. He noted ian Cherokee Group of central Iowa are two types of its reactivation between 1908 and 1911 and attribu sandstone deposits here recognized as the lenticular ted it to a series of wet winters. Baily later fine- to medium-grained sandstone facies and the postulated (1972) that recurrent activity is fine-grained sandstone facies. Exposures of the probably due to undercutting of the toe by the Gros lenticular fine- to medium-grained sandstone facies Ventre River. commonly occur as vertical cliffs to 20 m high; The Landslide consists of three superimposed earth exhibit markedly erosional basal surfaces; almost flow lobes. Crosscutting relationships indicate always consist of stacked sets of either large-scale the toe is the oldest while the upper slump-flow is planar or trough cross-strata; and include abundant much younger. Field analysis of 120 tree cores carbonized and/or permineralized branch and tree indicates three periods of recurrent movement in trunk casts. Paleocurrent indicators, the lenticu the past 100 years. The upper slump-flow was lar body geometries, primary sedimentary structures, active from 1907 to 1930. The lower two lobes were and associated sediments suggest that deposits of stable from 1885 to 1910 when they were reactivated. this facies represent major distributary channels of Portions of the toe failed by slumping in 1927. a delta complex. Deposits of the fine-grained sand The lower two lobes were probably active just prior stone f acies are poorly exposed but occur as tabular to 1885. The 1910 movement appears to have been a or lenticular parallel-laminated to ripple-bedded bulging of the lower lobes of the slide under load sandstone bodies enclosed either by light-colored ing by the upper slump-flow. Basal undercutting of siltstone or gray mudstone. These strata are the toe could not have been responsible for the interpreted to represent crevasse splay and crevasse 1910 reactivation. channel environments of deposition.

114. Delineation of Iowa aquifers potentially impacted by agricultural drainage wells 112. Geotechnical characteristics of some Holo cene alluvial valley fills: Western Iowa Graeff, R., Esling, S. and Drake, L.

A. J. Lutenegger, R.O. Lamb, E.A. Bettis III Department of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Iowa State University, Geotechnical Research Lab, Ames, Iowa 50011 An estimated 700 agricultural drainage wells (ADW) eliminate surface and tile water from Iowa farmland, Interest in the basic engineering properties of Qua where ditch drainage is impractical. Most of the ternary sediments in Iowa has led to some recent in ADW's are concentrated on the Des Moines Glacial vestigations to evaluate the geotechnical character Lobe with the remainder on the Iowan Erosion Sur istics of alluvial materials. Samples of valley face. Detailed lithologic and hydrologic cross fill deposits taken from the Smokey Hollow Valley sections have designated the potentially impacted near the Little Sioux River, Woodbury County, were aquifers beneath these poorly drained landscapes. tested for classification, consolidation character Because most ADW's would receive large silt loads, istics and shear strength parameters for both undis the prime target for drillers would have been the turbed and remolded samples. In addition, in-situ most shallow carbonate aquifers with sufficient sec electrical resistance sounding was conducted to de ondary porosity to rapidly accept turbid water with termine material changes and stratigraphic bound out clogging. Beneath the Iowan Surface and the aries. These Holocene alluvial materials represent northern part of the Des Moines Lobe, the Silurian typical sediments which occur over a large majority Devonian Aquifer is most likely affected. In the of side valleys in the thick loess area. Comparison central and southern portions of the Des Moines of these data with other typical deposits, both Lobe, the Mississippian Aquifer is probably impact alluvial and wind blown, is made as an aid in inter ed. No aquifer suitable for receiving agricultural preting the origin of these surficial materials. well drainage is present beneath the northern and The results give general values, illustrate some of northwest fringes of the Des Moines Lobe. Within the potential hazards to be avoided for simple the study area, aquicludes pinch westward, providing engineering structures and indicate some limitations opportunity for hydrologic exchange between the of use as foundation and building material. major bedrock aquifers.

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115. Ground water quality in coal spoil screening for acid rainfall was conducted in Iowa. Ninety-seven National Weather Service observers J. A. Klingshirn were provided with pH color indicating strips to measure and record the pH of every precipitation Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, event. Results of the screening indicate pH values Ames, Iowa 50011 of rainfall ranged from a low of 4.0 to a high of 7.0. The pH values 5.7 and 5.9 were observed most Recent legislation provides for the reclamation often and represented 66.4% of the 4,197 values of orphaned spoil. Reclamation of aged spoil will measured. Approximately 80% of the rainfall pH disturb it and may cause renewed oxidation of values fell in the 5.7 to 7.0 range and 20% in the pyrite. This study will provide data on the quality acid rainfall range (5.6 or less). Median pH of ground water in unreclaimed spoil, belatedly values calculated for the 97 sampling locations reclaimed spoil, and immediately reclaimed spoil. ranged from 5.1 to 6.2 with medians of 5.7 and 5.9 The comparison of water quality among spoil with occurring most frequently. With the exception of different reclamation histories will aid in one three county area, most of the eleven sampling evaluating the effects of belated reclamation. locations demonstrating acid rainfall (median values In Mahaska County, a portion of the Hull mine 5.6 or less) were widely separated and probably was belatedly reclaimed a decade ago. The remainder represent localized problems. Three adjacent of the mine remains in the original spoil ridges, counties located in southeast Iowa had low median cast some three decades ago. Adjacent to both is pH values and this area is recommended for future the active ICC mine which is being immediately study. reclaimed. The three contiguous sites thus provide a controlled experiment wherein only time of 118. ACID RAIN reclamation varies. Research procedure will be to emplace clusters of D,J. Schmidt, Department of Biology boreholes in each of the three sites and to monitor ground water quality and level. Surface water Fitchburg State College, Fitchburg, Mass, 01~20 samples will also be collected and analyzed. During the summer of 19~0, the precipitation 116. Study approach to groundwater quality in at Fitchburg, Mass. was monitored for pH, Nitrate properly reclaimed spoil and Sulfate concentrations. A cadmium reduction method was used for Nitrate analysis and a Barium Kathleen E. Galloway Sulfate Turbidometric method was used for Sulfate. Average readings during the study period were as Department of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, follows: pH - ~.15, sulfate - 5,2 mg/l , Nitrate Ames, Iowa 50011 O.b9 mg/l. The contamination of surface and ground waters An ongoing water quality study (19b7-19~1) in by acid mine drainage may be inhibited by the rapid the Fitchburg, Mass. area has shown very little burial of spoil beneath a non-acid forming cover. change in the pH of natural waters, Apparently the Although rapid burial is a common procedure, few buffering capacity of natural waters in this area field studies exist to demonstrate its effective has been able to accomodate the influx of acid ness. This study addresses this deficiency. precipitation up to this time. In Mahaska Co., 3 contiguous mines were reclaimed at different times and to different levels. They thus provide a controlled experiment wherein only time, level and method of reclamation are variables. The Iowa Coal Project Demonstration Mine was immediately reclaimed to best possible standards. The adjacent Star Mine was immediately reclaimed to state standards which are lower. The ICO mine was belatedly reclaimed to state standards after four History & Philos. of Sci. years of aging. A comparison of the groundwater quality between the 3 mines will evaluate the effects of different reclamation standards, proce 119. Enrique BeltrAn, pioneering biologist in dures, and spoil aging. Mexico. The research plan is to utilize the borehole network in the ICPDM and extend it into the ICO and E. C. Bovee. Star Mines. Wells will be sampled monthly. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045. In developing countries, advancement of sciences 117. A statewide screening for acid rainfall often depends on the tireless efforts of a few able, dedicated and industrious persons. One such, still J.O. Kennedy, A.E. Granston, Jr., and actively working at 78, as a pioneering biologist, R.C. Splinter is Dr. Enrique Beltrfut, Director of the Mexican De partment of Natural Resources in Mexico City. He University Hygienic Laboratory, H.A. Wallace Bldg., was trained as a protozoologist at Columbia Univer East Ninth & Grand, Des Moines, Iowa 50319 sity and has since served in many professorial and administrative roles in Mexican Universities. His From April through October 1980, a statewide publications include over 30 books on a variety of

https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol88/iss1/9 28 et al.: Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April

biological topics, 13o+papers on conservation and natural history, lOo+ papers in protozoology, es Physics pecially medical protozoology, another lOo+ papers in history of sciences and 25+ in sociology and edu cation. He has served Mexico in many governmental appointments, including Undersecretary for Forestry 122. EEG, consciousness and statistical physics and Conservation and has received many medals, hon orary degrees and honorary memberships, including c. Tourenne the French Legion of Honor, the Aldo Leopold Wild life Medal and honorary membership in the American Maharishi International Univ., Fairfield, IA 52556 Microscopical Society. He has held many offices in scientific societies, worldwide, and is the Perma Physical analysis of EEG signals is proposed on the nent Secretary and Honorary President of the Mexican basis of methods of statistical mechanics. The power Natural History Society. He is currently writing a spectrum of the EEG is analyzed over a large number Spanish text in protoozoology and a History of of 4-sec epochs and the statistical entropy of the power distribution is calculated for each oscillator Protozoology, .besides his pther activiti~s. of the spectrum. From the average power and the en tropy thus defined an EEG temperature is calculated 120. Why 3 is the first number for each frequency. This method has been applied to the EEG during periods of wakefulness and periods of John M. Crossett practice of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) tech nique. Preliminary results indicate that the behav Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa ior of the brain as revealed by the EEG seems to obey 52314 the third law of thermodynamics: when EEG temperature decreases, the EEG entropy decreases. Furthermore, The set of natural numbers (1,2,3 .•• n) is not a these two quantities have been found to be signifi trueset, if by "set" we mean a collection of things cantly lower during periods of TM practice than having something fundamental in common. during wakefulenss in the same subject. The concept of order as defined by thermodynamics is found to be (1) has no parts and does not show plurality; valuable in the study of states of consciousness. (2) shows plurality but differs from (3,4,5 ... n) in the following ways: both have sameness of kind but (3,4,5 ... n) has difference of degree, i.e., 3 is 2 plus 1, 4 is 3 plus 1, etc., whereas 2 is 1 plus 1. 123. Solar instrumentation.

If we think the central common feature of number Liviu Tomuta is plurality, then the set of numbers can include Divine Word College, Epworth, IA 52045 2, i.e., (2,3,4 ••• n); but since 2 differs in the ways specified above, it is better to make the set The paper will present a) some of the instrumentation of numbers consist of (3,4,5 •.. n). used in measurements of solar installations, such as thermometers, temperature sensors, flowmeters, pyran Hence 3 is the first number. ometers, chart recorders and data loggers, b) experi ments involving measurements of solar radiation, sol ar collector performance and heat storage losses.

124. Solar thermal concentrator systems: A review

Arthur C. Meyers III

Energy Division, Institute of Basic and Applied Research, P.O. Box 1671, Ames, IA 50010

Mathematics This paper will review the work currently being done to develope solar thermal concentrator systems to ex pand their application to small and medium size 121. Boolean groups. commercial and light industrial, including agricul tural, uses. The work reported on has been completed after three years of funded studies. The presenta I. H. Anellis tion will review general principles and potential Dept. of Mathematics, University of Iowa, areas of application, before discussing the uses here studied. The results of design studies, small Iowa City, Iowa 52242, systems and laboratory modeling and computer simu Abstract groups are Boolean if they are lations will be presented. The emphasis will be on constructed from Boolean ordered lattices the most currently economic and technically feasi and equivalence relations, closed under*, ble applications, namely solar thermal production of rather than, like normal groups, defined as co-generation power systems, repowering, and process multiplicative sets, All Boolean groups heat production, as well as utility options. The are Abelian if Boolean algebra is commuta possible applications to agriculture include feed tive, mill operations and grain drying. From both an energy

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and materials analysis, the concentrator systems are 126. Basic physics applied to automobile fuel cost effective. Both trough and central receiver economy systems will be considered and discussed. The talk will emphasis the basics and general principles so F. D. Trumpy that persons with a general physics background can appreciate the consequences and potential as well as Des Moines Area Community College provide information the researcher will find useful. Math/Science Dept. 2006 Ankeny Blvd. Ankeny, Iowa S0021 A method is presented for calculating the maximum possible fuel economy to be expected for an auto mobile powered by a heat engine. By applying basic physics as taught at the high school or college freshman level, a simple experiment is 125. An undergraduate fiber optics experiment described which determines that the power required for a small, four-passenger sedan to overcome D.W. Olson and M.D. Shilhanek rolling and wind resistance at SS miles per hour is 14 horsepower. Assuming that the automobile's University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50613 engine is as efficient as a Carnot engine, the upper limit of fuel economy for this small sedan The rate at which information can be transmitted by is calculated to be 100 miles per gallon. This an optical fiber is limited by the amount pulses result is compared with claims made by promoters are broadened as they travel through the fiber. An of various schemes purporting to increase the experiment for semiquantitative measurements of fuel economy of ordinary automobiles to well above pulse broadening and attenuation by optical fibers 100 miles per gallon. will be shown. The source of the three nanosecond width optical pulses is an infrared diode laser. The detector is a PIN photodiode followed by a Inv. The analysis of musical sounds wideband amplifier. The output pulse is displayed on a sampling oscilloscope with an effective band William R. Savage width of one Ghz. Some of the topics students may explore include: i) voice transmission by pulse Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University coding, ii) comparison of broadening in step-index of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 and graded-index fibers, iii) characteristics of the diode laser, iv) problems of fiber manipulation A musical sound has been defined as a sound that including breaking techniques and quality testing consists of a finite set of harmonic or nearly har of the fiber ends, v) fiber coupling techniques, monic sinusoidal component sounds. One aspect of vi) theory of light propagation in fibers. the analysis of a musical sound is to identify the acoustical spectral components and measure the relative strength of them. The usual technique is to represent the actual time evolution of the sound by a rapid succession of Finite Fourier Transforms. The waveform and changes in it with time can also provide information about the characteristics of a sound. Musical sounds can be distinguished from Inv. The new particles in high-energy physics and each other by the increases and decreases in ampli what they mean. tude known as attack and decay transients. The sustained portion of a sound may show variations in G.W. INTEMANN amplitude or frequency as a modulation of the wave-. form. Spectral analysis done in real-time permits University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 the association of the time evolution of spectral components with the perceived sound. Accurate Since the earliest of times man has searched for an measurement of the transients and the degree of underlying unity to the rich diversity observed in harmonicity requires accurate waveform and impe nature. That search has taken him from the world of dance measurements. atoms and molecules to the domain of sub-nuclear particles and quarks as powerful accelerators have enabled physicists to probe smaller and smaller 127. Analysis of sounds from guitar strings distances with higher and higher energies. The last six years have been especially significant in high R.J. Hanson energy physics. During this brief period there have been unexpected discoveries of certain particles University of Northern Iowa, Physics Dept., that carry new properties of matter described by Cedar Falls, Iowa 50613 such whimsical names as charm and beauty. We shall review these recent developments and explain the The sounds from plucked guitar strings have been role which these new particles may play in attempts studied with a real-time frequency spectrum analy to identify the fundamental building blocks of zer (Rockland Model FFT 512/S). The changing matter. spectra of partials (harmonics) during the first

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few tenths of a second after the pluck have been particular, three different regimes exist for such observed by utilizing the transient capture mode of waves: the analyzer with different time delays after the initiation of the pluck. A series of spectra have 1. For very short A, where surface tension been obtained over longer periods after the pluck effects dominate, v varies as A-~. (from about 0.3 second to 3 seconds) with an analyzer-microcomputer interfaced system. This 2. For somewhat longer A, but A ~ water depth h, system can store data from 24 consecutive spectra v varies as A+~. (one eve~y 0.25 sec) after initiation of the pluck. The varying decay rates of the different harmonics 3. For very long A (A>>h), v = (gh)~, indepen can then be obtained from this data. Spectra of dent of A. new and "old" classical guitar strings (nylon) exhibit significant differences in the intensity and rate of decay of different harmonics. "Old" 130. here refers to strings which have been played inten Modeling the end of exponential growth sively for several weeks or months. The air and patterns main wood resonances of the guitar are also clearly exhibited in spectra obtained within about one-tenth PAUL A. SMITH of a second after the pluck of the highest string. Physics Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapide, Iowa, .52402 128. Design of an acoustically isolated sound There are quantitatin and ps;rchological aspects recording room to the problem of dealing with the depletion or 8.ll7 finite :teaource or opportunity. In the ear17 Edward L. Kottick and William R. Savage phase or the depletion process use grows exponen Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University tially until the resource is balf' gone, a tran of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 sition takes place and use decreases exponentiall7. If t • the traction used to date the differen The equipment used to measure and record the tial equation tor the use pattern tends to be close acoustical aspects of 11IUsical sounds can produce to dt/dt • f(l-f) where t • the nwaber or lllB&n sound levels that interfer with the study. Room liTes before the date of "balf'-gone". The solution sounds and street noises can obscure the lower or the differential equation is expressable as level sounds produced by the 11IUsical instrument. r • 1/(1 + EXP(-t)). The author will proTide algebraic, graphical, and nomographical represen Analysis of sound in a space that represents rooms tations or releTant quantitatiTe aspects of the used in performance requires an acoustically iso probable pattern for resource depletion---suitable lated recording studio. Such a room has been for copying and production of transparencies. built with interior dimensions of 2.5 x 3.4 x 4.o metres for our studies. The walls, ceiling and floor are of double wall construction. Entrance to the room is through gasketed double doors. The entire structure is supported on rubber isolation pads and short stacks of several materials selected to provide poor coupling of floor vibra tions to the room. An attenuation of outside noise by 45 to 50 dB was achieved. The interior walls of the room were treated by attaching bulk heads to them so that sharp resonances or echoes were minimized. The room has proved satisfactory for :he study of plucked and bowed strings, Physiology clarinet and oboe.

Effects of ATP, ADP, AMP and cAMP on the 129. Understanding dispersion relations from 131. growth and activity of Trypanosoma cruzi. the study of air-water interface waves G. E. Walter and E. C. Bovee. R. A. Powers, M. E. Verkade, and J. L. Stanford University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045. Department of Physics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Roles of adenosine triphosphate {A1'PJ in energy me tabolism and for generating cyclic adenosine mono Dispersion, in which the phase velocity v phosphate are well-known, but few have tested ATP, of wave motions depends on wavelength A, is common ADP, AMP or cAMP on growth of protozoa. For T. cry 4 to a wide variety of physical phenomena, including zi, ATP added to growt~ 5medium at lxl0- M or Txio-3 electromagnetic, fluid, and quantum waves. The M st!~ulates, but lxlO M inhibits. ADP oE5cAMP at complexities of these phenomena, however, often lxl0_4M, however, stimulate~~ AMP at lxlO Mand obscure the basic and ubiquitous nature of disper lxlO M stimulate, but lxlO 11 inhibits. ATP also sion. We describe simple experiments with waves affects swimming and change of morphology. In con trol~! swimming decreased only after 72 hrs; in on an air-water interface in which the dispersion 3 relation v(\) can be more easily appreciated. In lxlO M, little decrease even at 120 hrs; in lxl0- M

Published by UNI ScholarWorks, 1981 31 Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, Vol. 88 [1981], No. 1, Art. 9

-4 no decrease up to 120 hrs; in lxlO M, sudden ~S- submergence (TTS) would produce significant changes crease at 120 hrs, none to 96 hrs; but in lxlO M, in acidosis and hypercapnea that could be contribut slowing, with appearance of sphaeromastigotes in 9 ing to a training adaptation even though the energy hrs and cell-death onset at 48 hrs. Sphaerom~~ti demands were lower than running. (Supported in part gotes ap£~ared at 24 hrs in controls, in 1~!0 M by NIH grants HL-21245-04, and GM-07045-03.) and lxlO M ATP, not again, except in lxlO Mat 120 hrs (35%). These changes in ATP may alter the efficiency of cell penetrance by the parasite in 134. Influence of diet on liver and muscle vivo. (Supported by the Graduate Teaching Fund of glycogen repletion in rats. the Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, Univer P. Kershner, K. Rowlett, T. Bedford, & C. Tipton sity of Kansas). Exercise Sci. Prag., U of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 132. Effects of D-ala2-met5-enkephalinamide ad- Dietary manipulation and "carbohydrate loading" are frequently used after exhaustion in athletic cir ministered intraventricularly on selected cles. To study this matter in animals, 23 rats were cardiovascular responses in the non-human primate exhausted using a treadmill test and assigned to M.D. Owen, C.V. Gisolfi, and D.G. Reynolds groups receiving either a standard (E-S), high glu cose (E-G), or high fructose (E-F) diet. A control The University of Iowa, Dept. of Physiology and group of non-exhausted rats (N=23) consumed the S Biophysics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 diet (C-S). Glycogen levels (GLYC) were measured in Recent studies have suggested that the cardiovascu liver and skeletal muscle 24 hrs after exhaustion. lar depressant effects of hypovolemic and endotoxic The results were as follows (X and SE, X*=signifi shock are mediated by the release of endogenous cance at 0.05 level.) opiates in the CNS. In an attempt to determine the Glyc. Liver Soleus Plantaris central cardiovascular site of action of endogenous l!!filtl x SE N x SE N x SE N opiates, D-ala2-met5-enkephalinamide(DAME) was in c-s 38.2+2. 7 23 3.8+0.3 10 5. 4_±0. 3 25 jected directly into the 3rd ventricle of two Cyno E-S 28.8+4.1 8 3. 7+0. 2 8 5. 4_±0. 3 7 mologous monkeys. These monkeys had previously un E-G 21. 6"+6. 5* 7 4.3+0.3 7 6.5_±0.5 6 dergone stereotaxic neurosurgery in order to im E-F 15.7"+4.3* 8 4.4+0.3 8 6.0_±0.3 8 plant a guide cannula into the 3rd ventricle. Prior Compared to the controls, liver values in all to injection, baseline HR and systolic BP(SBP) were groups did not return to within normal limits, where recorded. lOOul of DAME(lmg/lml) was injected over as the muscle had been repleted by this time. Food a 5 min. period using a Harvard infusion pump. HR consumption in the exhausted groups was significant dropped in animal 1 from a control mean of 201.7* ly lower than the C-S rats, indicating that appetite 0.8l(SEM) beats per minute(bpm) to 176 within 15 and/or taste preference had changed and that muscle min. post-injection. Within the same time, SBP glycogen repletion occurred at the expense of the dropped from 96.5*2.60 mmHg to 62. Animal 2 showed liver. (Supported in part by Ia. Corn Prod. Assoc.) a decrease in HR from 168.6*2.03 to 124 bpm, while SBP decreased from 130.9*3.35 to 52 mmHg within 16 min. From these preliminary results, it appears 135. CHLORIDE of the bullfrog gastric mucosa that opiate receptors associated with the shock syndrome are located in para-third-ventricular tis Hogben CAM & Ingram MJ. sue. Physiology Research Laboratory, University of Iowa, Oakdale, Iowa 52319 133. Acute effects of swinmrlng on the cardiores- piratory responses of hypertensive rats. By conventional wet chemistry analysis the chloride content of the bullfrog gastric mucosa is M.D. Sturek, T.G. Redford, R.D. Matthes, J.E. unusually high. Unless Cl is subject to substantial Edwards, and C.M. Tipton. Exercise Science Program, extracellular adsorption, its intracellular concen University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. tration would have to fall between 56 for oxyntic and surface epithelial cells and 141 mEq/l for the Swimming training produced adaptations similar to latter alone (Mineral Metabolism 2B:l45, 1962), running; yet, the physiological demands are fre The electron microprobe analyzer has been used quently lower. To study this matter in greater de to validate localization of gastric mucosa! Cl, tail with an animal model, spontaneously hyperten Bullfrog gastric mucosa was prepared by shock sive rats (N=5) were cannulated via the carotid freezing, freeze-drying, osmium tetroxide vapor fix artery and blood withdrawn at various time intervals ation and embedding in Epon (Dev. Appl. Spect. 6:43, during a 90-min swim. The results obtained from 1968). The block was faced with a microtome. As weighted (2% of their BW) animals were as follows: expected K was concentrated intracellularly in both (X, SE, *p<0.05). cell populations (J. Gen. Physiol. 51:245s, 1968) Swinmtlng Baseline Between and Na sporadically dispersed in the extracellular 0-10 min 80-90 min phase. Unexpectedly Cl was concentrated extracell TTS (sec) 30.3+6.2 210.2+49.8* ularly in an irregular band 20-100µ thick overlying P 0 (Torr) 95.5"+3.3 76.5"+1.6 the surface epithelial cells and corresponding to Pac02 (Torr) 32.3"+1.o 50.3±1. 7* the location of the mucous coat. The preparative ptt 7.375+G.04 7.135+0.039* technique for electron microprobe analysis does not Heart rate (B/M) 436+18 345"+17* dislocate the diffusible Cl ion. We are not aware At rest, the heart rate was 325+12 beats/min. of a precedent for selective adsorption of Cl by These results suggested that intenirlttent periods of mucin. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol88/iss1/9 32 et al.: Abstracts of Papers, 93rd Session, Iowa Academy of Science, April

138. Physician beliefs and practises regarding Psychology 3udden patient death

J. C. Greenwoo

139. Sex, handedness, and hemispheric 137. Preparation for parenthood and interest in specialization in a visual-spatial task childrearing information. Hull, B.L., and Tatum, B.C. A. R, GILPIN University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614. Cornell College, Mt. Vernon Iowa 52314 Most programs designed to prepare young adults The experiment was designed to test the relation for parenthood implicitly assume that lack of ship between sex, handedness, and hemispheric adequate preparation reflects lack of opportunity specialization. fo~ty subjects (20 men and 20 wo to learn about childrearing techniques. This led \lleil, half of each right«handed and hal.f lel;t ... hand,.. to the prediction that measures of preparation ed), were tested for recognition of a series of should be negatively correlated with interest in visual-spatial dot patterns. It was hypothesized learning more about childrearing. In the present that the right hemisphere of females and left-hand study, 100 male and 100 female undergraduate col ed subjects is not as specialized for visual tasks lege students completed two tests measuring prep as the right hemisphere of males and right-handed aration for parenthood--the Experience With Young subjects. It was expected that right-handed sub Children Scale, and the Maternal and Child Health jects and males would do best on a visual-spatial Test--and a version of the Childrearing Learning task presented to the right hemisphere, and that Interests Scale. Interest was positively cor left-handed persons and females would perform best related with experience, and uncorrelated with when the stimuli were presented to the left hemi knowledge of health; females exceeded males in sphere. The critical findings of the experiment interest, and Protestant subjects had higher in show a significant interaction between sex and terest scores than Catholics. These results were hemispheres. In other words, as predicted, males interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that lack were superior to the females when the stimuli were of preparation reflects lack of interest in child presented to the right hemisphere, whereas the fe i:ea.rlng, i:ather than lack of opportunity. They males were superior when the stimuli were presented also imply that programs for prospective parents to the left hemisphere. However, contrary to ex should be tailored to the specific interests of pectation, no relationship was found between hand particular target populations. edness and hemisphere.

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140. Sex roles and career preference experimental passage, contained the same text but sentences were in scrambled order. SC increased .:!.:.. Rollins and D. Arkkelin markedly during the experimental but not during the control passage. SC responses did not increase Wartburg College, Psychology Department, Wartburg in frequency or strength, nor did shadowing College, Waverly, IA. 50677 accuracy decrease. These are indications that the shadowing task successfully occupied attention, a This study was conducted to determine the effects conclusion supported by subjects' responses to of sex-role orientation on ratings of the desir questions about the unattended material at the end ability of stereotypically "masculine", "feminine" of the experiment. The results indicate that and "neutral"' occupations. Subjects were 40 general subjects can process continuous prose without psychology students at Wartburg College. The stu attention or awareness. dents were divided into 4 categories according to their scores on Bem's Sex Role Inventory. The cat egories were: 1) sex-typed males, 2) sex-typed fe males, 3) androgynous males, and 4) androgynous fe 143. Pharmoeology of the Human Mind males. Each subject was asked to rate the desir ability of 24 occupations on a 7 point scale, as suming that they had the necessary skills or abil s. W. Newell ities for any of the occupations. Results indi cated that sex-typed individuals exhibited signifi Simpson College cant preferences for "sex-appropriate" over "cross Indianola, Iowa 50125 sex" occupations, while androgynous individuals showed no preference. Ratings by sex-typed men and Pharmocology, the study of drugs and women differed significantly for both "masculine" their, effects upon the mind, is a very and "feminine" occupations, but ratings by androgy old an~ universal knowledge found in many nous men and women did not differ for either "masc cultures around the planet. But in the uline" or "feminine" occupations. knowledge of ehemistry and emotions, we do not know what is causal. Do drugs cause 141. Leadership and sex-roles feelings? Although drugs alter one's state of perception, do they actually alter· one's R. Sinnnons and D. Arkkelin state of consciousness? Both normal and abnormal behavior Wartburg College, Psychology Department, Wartburg are studied in regards to the question College, Waverly, Ia. 50677 of causality, chemical or cognitive. Recent studies have indicated that people describe My arguement is that although drugs a "good manager" as possessing a masculine, as ean facilitate changes in attitude, no opposed to a feminine or androgynous sex-role chemical means of happiness can be found. orientation. In the present investigation subjects Drugs are not causal to any emotion, only rated combinations of "masculine" traits as more fa.eili tativ:e. desirable in a leader than combinations of "feminine" traits, but not more desirable than "androgynous" combinations (i.e., masculine and feminine traits). Ratings of the relative desir ability of masculine versus feminine traits were 144. Taste aversion conditioning and pharmaco- significantly influenced by subject's sex and sex logical aversion therapy of alcoholism. role orientation. That is, sex-typed men rated "competitive" as more desirable than did androgynous R. W. Pohl, S.H. Revusky, & C.S. Mellor men, and sex-typed women rated "sympathetic" as more desirable than did androgynous women. Meth Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa 52142 odological differences between the present investi gation and previous research are discussed in the Since the early 1950s, alcohol abusers have often context of sex-roles and requisite management been treated by pharmacological aversion therapies. characteristics. Such therapies involve pairinq the taste of alcohol with the effects of an illness-inducing drug; fre quently used drugs include emetine, apomorphine and 142. Unconscious comprehension of unattended Antabuse. The relationship between alcohol and the prose. second drug in aversion therapy parallels the sit uation which exists in experiments on taste aversion Marty Junkins and Jack Yates conditioning. Therefore, Revusky, Pohl and others have applied principles of taste aversion condition Department of Psychology, University of Northern ing to aversion therapy of alcoholism. Experiments Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614 that I have conducted suggest: (1) taste aversions can be strongly conditioned to hiqhly familiar fla Skin conductance (SC) was assessed during verbal vors like the taste of alcohol, and (2) that highly shadowing to determine the effect of an interesting unpleasant drugs (e.g., Antabuse) are not required but unattended message. While subjects repeated to cause alcohol abusers to form flavor aversions vertabim a passage heard in one ear, the other ear to alcohol. These experiments. and additional stud received a message describing events in a bar. A ies by other investigators working in the field, control condition, which preceeded or followed the will be discussed.

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145. The Transcendental Meditation Tech experimental scientists •. Quantitative data derived nique, Field Independence, and Short from Faraday's notebooks will be presented which Term Memory show that, in most circumstances, Faraday did not use disconfirmatory evidence to reject or to Timothy J. Szal, MichaeL'Dillbeck PhD. modify hypotheses. However, important exceptions were found, in which a single disconfirmatory Maharishi International University result overthrew important substantive hypotheses. Box 372 - Fairfield, Iowa 52556 What conditions account for the difference? Several possible explanations will be considered. The effect of the Transcendental Medi tation (TM) technique on field independence and short-term memory were investigated in a twelve-week longitudinal time-series study c. A philosophical analysis of the in which the Rod and Frame Test and "Match psychology of science. Me" computerized memory game were adminis tered daily to a pair of 11-year-old boys David Kline and a pair of 14-year-old girls. One of the boys and one of the girls began the TM Department of Philosophy, Iowa State University, technique after six weeks. The data were Ames, Iowa 50011 analyzed by factorial ANOVAs which were appropriate because of absence of autocor Philosophers have often questioned whether or not relations or correlations between factors. a psychological study of science is possible. Predicted increases in short-term memory Writers dealing with the logic of discovery and the were found among experimental subjects in logic of justification have suggested that such an contrast to controls; a significant increase endeavor is not possible. However, current re in field independence was found not only in search on the psychology of science suggests that the experimental male in contrast to his this line of inquiry is feasible. This research control, but among bo:rth female subjects. is discussed in the context of the logic of dis covery and justification.

A. A cultural historiography of science. Robert .!!.. Schofield

Department of History, Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011

When one applies to the history of science some of the concepts of the cultural historian, Ernst Science Teaching Cassirer, in a manner suggested by Gerald Holton and Thomas S. Kuhn, it appears possible to designate style periods for science as one does for the plastic arts, music and literature. It is, indeed, 146. A manual concerning science safety in the appropriate to use the same style terms: Gothic, elementary classroom (K-6) Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Romantic, or Esistential; that one uses for the arts, for many G. E. Downs of the designating characteristics for scientific J. A. Gerlovich styles are the same as for those of the arts. When this is done, it becomes clear that science Iowa State University, Quadrangle, Ames, IA 50011 is one of the most imaginative of mankind's Department of Public Instruction, Grimes Building, creative activities and that positivism in science Des Moines, IA 50319 is the revenge of philosophers for nineteenth century scientism. Presentation of the development and substance of a new Iowa safety manual for elementary school settings. Components of the manual include: accident statistics; legal liabilities; eye pro tection and eye care; life sciences; physical B. Michael Faraday: A case study in the cognitive psychology of science. sciences; chemicals and handling; fire hazards; equipment; physical plant facilities; science Ryan D. Tweney safety for handicapped students; outdoor activities and first aid. Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 Pending National Science Foundation funding, inservice programs will be offered throughout The English physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Iowa during the 1981-82 academic year. The in kept extensive laboratory notebooks; a source of service will occur in 3 phases: phase 1, class data which can be used to test hypotheses derived room teachers; phase 2, Area Education Agencies, from cognitive psychology. One such test concerns city science supervisors, and elementary prin the question of whether disconf irmatory evidence cipals; phase 3, college/university elementary is used in a logically normative fashion by science methods instructors.

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147. Science teachers' Tal.ues and teaching of OF SCIENCE FARM NORTH OF REINBECK. MY OB Talues JECTIVES ARE AS FOLLOWS: TO DEVELOP AN A WARENESS THAT THE CHILD'S LIFE STYLE IS VERY PAUL A. SMITH DEPENDENT ON THE SOIL; TO DEVELOP AN UNDER STANDING OF HOW IMPORTANT IT IS TO '~AVE Ph715ics Department, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, OUR SOIL" ; TO EXCITE THE CHILD TO WANT TO Iowa 52402 TEACH OTHERS AND INFORM THEM ABOUT CONSER VATION PRACTICES; TO TEACH HOW TO USE A Discussions of the social responsibilities of KEY--WHETHER IT BE TREE, FLOWER, BIRD, scientists tend to focus upon the uses which are PRAIRIE GRASS OR WHATEVER; AND, TO LEARN TO 11&de of the discoTeries of research scientists STOP, LOOK, AND LISTEN TO NATURE--TO BE and of the technological developments.which flow COME AWARE! BECAUSE I NEVER KNOW WHICH fro• scientists• work. Questions tend to be form CLASSROOM I'LL BE IN OR FOR HOW LONG, THIS ulated in tel"llS which are congruent with the PROJECT NEEDS TO BE VERY FLEXIBLE AND technical wa715 of scientists; i.e., legalistically, ADAPTABLE FOR VARIOUS GRADE LEVELS. I USE moralistically, ethically, formally, s715tematic WHAT WILL APPLY FOR A GIVEN SITUATION. ly. We need to identity the Talues which dominate science teaching and the ways in which those yalues are transmitted from generation to generation. We need to focus upon the yalues which are notabl:y 150. Confronting "scientific creation absent trom graduate school training in the sci ism" in the public school science ences, and formulate more balanced programs of classroom preparation of college and university science teachers. Some of the basic issues pertaining to the social responsibilities of scientists hue to do with the professional Talues which Holmes Jr. High School dollinate the lives of science teachers and the Cedar Falls, IA 50613 content and style of their teaching. Science educators challenged to include "creationism" in the curriculum may 148. ColllllUrlication By Writing: A Basic Part Ot' decide to deal with it in an unemotional, Science F.

MY PROJECT IS DESIGNED TO BE ADAPTABLE TO A The purpose of this project is to develop new VARIETY OF LEARNING EXPERIENCES AND INSTRUC materials and strategies for dealing with science TION WHICH DEAL WITH CONSERVATION PRACTICES related issues in school science classrooms. The AND OUTDOOR EDUCATION AT THE IOWA ACADEMY areas of concern include biosocial, bio-ethical,

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and the pseudosciences issues; such as eugenics, 154. Non technical ninth grade General Science euthanasia, and special creation. This project will bring together knowledgeable science personnel R. L. _Iverson and G. A. Cunningham to clarify, design and provide assistance with issues that are creating problems for science Miller Junior High School s. 11th St. Marshalltown, teachers. All levels of educational institutions Iowa 50158 will be involved in the development and use of curriculum materials and guidelines. A 5 state After nearly 2 years there are some observations to pilot program and project evaluation will lead to be made. They deal with the levels of supervisory, a publication which should have significance in structure of lessons, & subject matter. The intent science classrooms across the nation. of this e£.fort was to out! i.De a c:.ourse in General Science for 9th grade student who is not likely to elect Science at the high school &, or would have small chance of success in the regular Physical Science program. The course needed to be:A. of high interest, B. geared to the ability of the student in 152. Laboratory teaching competencies for terms of the materials designed & selected, c. stu science teachers dent centered, D. highly structured, E. content ori ented for a terminal student. The course deals with Rita K. Voltmer all three aspects of Science. That is to say it deals with process, product and social impact. The Malcolm Price Laboratory School social impact will be dealt with heavily because of University of Northern Iowa the nature of the student. All major content of Cedar Falls, Iowa 50613 Science will be included in a basically nonsegre gated manner and when possible will be integrated Many people would agree that direct labora into a larger concept area. The skills of reading, tory experiences are important if the learning writing computation and notation will be attended of science is to be effective for the secondary to on a day by day basis. Each day they will do science student. An important point to consider, some reading. Some things will be read aloud by the however, is that many teachers probably do not students. Each day there will be a specific assign possess the laboratory teaching competencies ment that will require ~ome writing. necessary to successfully operate laboratory based instruction. One purpose of this study was the identification of specific laboratory teaching competencies which science educators viewed as necessary for a secondary science 155. The chemistry program at Ames Senior High teacher (grade 7-12) to possess. School A survey instrument developed by the re searcher and composed of a demographic section F.F. Sturtevant and M.E. Buck and a list of 70 laboratory teaching competency items was utilized. Likert-type scales were Ames Senior High School, 20th and Ridgewood, Ames used to assess the subjects' perceptions of the Iowa 50010 appropriateness of each item presented and also the extent to which each competency had been Chemistry at Ames Senior High School is taught at developed by the students. three levels of difficulty as a senior elective. Students may choose the level that meets their needs and abilities. Chemistry A assumes no physics background. In Chemistry B and Honors Chemistry, the student must have one year of PSSC physics. One factor of our successful chemistry program at AHS is the physics background required for 153. Authoring considerations in writing computer Chemistry B and Honors Chemistry. This presentation programs for instruction. will illustrate some of the methods that we use to maintain a high level of interest and thus have an Hartman, K. A. excellent enrollment in our chemistry program. Ames Senior High School, 20th and Ridgewood, Ames, Iowa, 50010 The development of effective computer programs for use in an instructional setting requires a knowledge of the programming language and authoring techniques. 156. Inhibition of phosphorylase by caffeine The authoring process described is divided into containing beverages. five parts: problem definition, problem analysis, procedure, programming, and computer solution. C. J. Briggs, D. J. Graves and B. J. White Emphasis is placed on program design involving the layout of the display, use of instructions, use of Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011. special effects, proper input procedures, answer checking, and the use of reinforcers in CAI A laboratory experiment has been developed which programs. correlates the amount of caffeine in beverages such

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as coffee, tea, cocoa, and soda with the inhibition and reproduceable results, on which assignments and of phosphorylase, an enzyme of carbohydrate metabo activities designed to enhance the learning exper lism. Pure caffeine has been shown to inhibit phos ience can be based. This presentation will show both phorylase in vitro. This experiment uses a novel how to design and build the apparatus and how to use assay, an iodine-glycogen color complex, to mea it with various student interest groups. The results sure enzyme activity. A broad range of caffeine presented are based on extensive testing in both the containing beverages was tested for inhibitory field and the classroom. Student interest and res effects using this assay. The amount of inhibition ponse has been tested and the results will pe pre correlates well with the·caffeine content of the sented. Information on the rest of the activities beverages, as determined by thin-layer chromato will be available to interested parties, with the graphy and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Possible emphasis on direct use in the present classroom interference of tannins in the activity assay was investigated. Tannie acid.did not inhibit the enzyme. Physiological implications of the caffeine inhibition will be discussed. Zoology

157. Hawaii and Jamaica - teacher workshops 15<1. Avian blood parasites from two species of E.L. Pizzini, J.E. Penick birds of the Lake Okoboji Region, Iowa

The University of Iowa Farmer, J.N. Science Education Center 455 Physics Building Dept. of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 Norman, OK 73019

The presentation will focus on two new workshops Hematozoa from 41 grackles (Quiscalus qui.scula) for teachers which have been designed to enhance and 17 bluejays (Cyanocita cristata) trapped at their understanding of science and field techniques Iowa Lakeside Lahorator¥, Spring 1980 are reported; through "on-site" investigation and study. The tfie prevalence of Haemoproteus sp in grackles and workshops utilize the unique settings of Hawaii bluejays was 36%(15/41) and 23%(4/17); of and Jamaica as "living laboratories" to observe Leucocytozoon sp was 73%(30/41) and 82%(14/17); and complete field studies in marine biology, of Trypanosoma sp was 17%(7/41) and 29%(5/17) and of geology, botany and the social sciences. The Plasmodium sp was 5%(2/41) and 12%(2/17) programs are flexible allowing for independent respectively. study in special areas of interest. Pre-sessions Data are presented concerning host specificity of are held to teach techniques, such as snorkeling, the species of Plasmodium, the periodicity of that will be utilized during the workshop. The trypanosomes and the taxonomic position of workshops can be taken for credit, if desired. Haemoproteus sp in bluejays. Transfer of Slides will be shown depicting the "natural" Plasmodium sp within a population was successful; classroom on-site study areas. The workshops are cross infections were not. Periodicity of designed to encourage teachers to take students Trypanosoma sp in bluejays was nocturnal while in on field excursions and maximize the use of grackles a strict periodicity was absent. Histo natural laboratories. logical and exflagellation rate studies of Haemoproteus sp in bluejays are described. It is suggested that these haemoproteids are not members of the genus Haemoproteus but rather Parahaemoproteus. 158. Solar Energy Experiments: Solar Thermal Demonstration Package; An introductory 160. Experimental infection in mice with set of activities. Caryos:pora sp. (Coccidia)

Arthur C. Meyers III and Carolyn Sumners R. S, Wach& and J, L. Christiansen

Energy Division, Institute of Basic & Applied Res Biology Dept., Drake University, Des Moines, IA earch, inc., P.O. Box 1671, Ames, IA 50010 50311 Experiments and activities have been developed to Oocysts of a CaryosThra sp., isolated from a illustrate, demonstrate, or teach the principles of Timber Rattlesnake C:rotalus horridus), were solar energy utilization. The first group of these inoculated E!!'. 2!!_ into laboratory white Jlice, are for the purpose of introducting solar thermal One of the inoculated mice was fed to a Massa concepts to the beginner. Using simple materials sauga (Sistrurus catenatus), which subsequently and concepts, both flat plate and concentrating produced a patent infection of Caryos:pora. systems are studied by the use of self built collec Endogenous stages were demonstrated both in the tion devices. These troughs, dishes, heat boxes, inoculated mice and in the Massasauga, but not and ovens are built by the student using simple and in control anilllals. This finding suggests a inexpensive items and tools any teacher or home will heteroxenous life cycle pattern for parasites have. The systems bu~lt will produce predictable of the genus Caryospora.

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161. Infections of the myxozoan, Myxobolus during 1978. In Lake Grasmere, a glacial meso osburni in pumpkinseed sunfish from trophic lake, the zooplankton fauna was dominated West Lake Okoboji by a small cladoceran only found in New Zealand and Australia, Bosmina longirostris. The larger cosmo Karla M. Ingram and Lawrence G. Mitchell politan cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia, was the dominant zooplankter in Lake Matheson, a dystrophic Department of Zoology glacial lake. Weak zooplankton vertical migration Iowa State University patterns were observed in Lake Grasmere while no Ames, Iowa 50011 migration was seen in Lake Matheson. These results may be related to low fish predation intensity and Myxobolus osburni infections were found in a lack of invertebrate predators in both lakes. endocrine and exocrine pancreas in 119 (79.3%) of Other unusual aspects of the New Zealand zoo 150 pumpkinseeds examined from West Lake Okoboji, plankton, the lack of cyclomorphosis, low species northwest Iowa, from June through September, 1980. diversity, and a lack of invertebrate predators, None of 341 bluegills were infected. Large lobate will be discussed and compared to zooplankton cysts located posteromediad the gallbladder communities in North America. contained sporulating plasmodia and mature spore masses. Inflammatory responses were observed in endocrine and exocrine tissue and were characterized by engorged blood vessels, pyknosis of endocrine cell nuclei, dark pigment deposition, 164. Countering lethality of UV-radiation to leukocytic infiltration, proliferation of Blepharisma americanum with vitamin-E. fibroblasts, and fibrosis. Most severe reaction D. C. Lennartz and E. C. Bovee. occurred in tissue containing unencapsulated spore masses. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045. 162. Seasonal distribution and ecology of three helminth species infecting carp in NW Iowa Blepharisma americanum is a large, pink ciliate of sphagnum bogs. Its pigment is light-sensitive and D. R. Sutherland is changed to a toxin by ultra-violet light. When treated with (-tocopheryl-succinate (vitamin-E) at Department of Zoology, Iowa State University, Ames, lxlo-7 M to lxlo-4 M, the ciliates convert to the Iowa 50011 giant form in 8 to 12 hrs. However, when exposed to a pulse of UV-radiation ("black-light", 2517 nm) Between June 1978 and November 1980, 495 Cyprinus that kills controls, the conversion to giantism is carpio from the Little Sioux River and Lower Gar suppressed and the vitamin-E promotes repair and lake, Dickinson Co., were examined for intestinal survival, probably by acting as an an antioxidant. helminths. Length, weight and age were determined The numbers of survivors is related to the amount for each fish. The intestinal tract of each carp of vit-min-E available, lxlo-4 M promoting almost was divided into eight sections of equal length. 100% survival. (Supported by the Biomedical Research Numbers of each parasite species from every section Fund of the Graduate School, University of Kansas). were recorded, Data were statistically analyzed to ascertain correlations between parasite mix and host parameters. Site selection and intra- and inter specific interactions of the three predominant hel 165. Genetic variation in social mammals: the minths (Khawia iowensis, Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli marmot model and Capillaria sp.) were demonstrated. Between April 1979 and November 1980, carp of the Little 0. A. Schwartz and K. B. Armitage Sioux River were examined monthly to determine if a seasonal periodicity was exhibited by any of the Denartment of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, three helminths. The maturity and length of all Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614 Khawia and the sex of each P. bulbocolli were de termined. A pronounced seasonal periodicity exists Yellow-bellied marmots located in the East River for Khawia. Recruitment of young worms occurs Valley of Gunnison County, Colorado, were the throughout spring, summer and fall. Egg production subject of population and behavioral studies for occurs primarily during summer and fall. Khawia the last 17 years. The detailed knowledge of are absent from fish during the winter. population processes and colonial substructure provided the background for the study of the dynamics of electrophoretic variation in this 163. Zooplankton vertical migration in two species. Blood samples were taken from 112 marmots New Zealand lakes. in 1976 and 1977, and 8 of 20 allozyme systems were found to be variable. There was significant Marianne Moore ~enetic heterogeneity among the colonies. The analysis of population substructure with Wright's Iowa State University F statistics showed that this population system is Animal Ecology Department one that acts to retard the fixation of genetic Ames, IA 50011 variation, hence it does not suitably model the conditions leading to rapid mammalian evolution as Zooplankton were sampled during 5 different 24 envisioned by Wilson, Bush, Case, and King (PNAS, hour periods in two monomictic New Zealand lakes USA 70:5061-5065).

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Author Abstract Pa,ae Author Abstract Pa1e

Ingram, K. M. 161 38 Salyer, L. D. 150 35 Intemann, G. W. Inv. 29 Savage, W.R. 128, Inv. 29,30 Iverson, R. L. 81,154 19,36 Schildroth, J. E. 149 35 Jensen, J.M. 111 26 Schmidt, D. J. 118, 148 27,35 Johanns, P. J. 63 15 Schofield, R. E. A 34 Johnson, S. K. 3 1 Schwartz, 0. A. 165 38 Jordan, J. L. 14,15,16,22-25 3,4,5 Semken, H. A. D 8 Junkins, M. 142 33 Seyedin, N. 17, 18 4 Kaufmann, G~ W. 52 12 Shekar, A. N. 98 22 Kausch, A. P. 42 10 Simmons, R. E. 141 33 Kennedy, J. 0. 117 27 Smith, P.A. 130, 147 30,35 Kershner, P. L. 134 31 Soballe, D. M. 91 21 Kline, D. c 34 Staniforth, D. W. 19 4 Klingshirn, J. A. 115 27 Sturek, M. D. 133 31 Konzen, K. M. 92 21 Sturtevant, F. F. 155 36 Kress, S. E. 136 32 Sutherland, D.R. 162 38 Lannoo, M. J. 86 20 Sweets, L. E. 6 2 Lembke, L. L. 96 22 Szal, T. J .. 145 34 Leonard, K. E. 73 17 Tachibana, H. 7 2 Lind,M. C. 59 14 Tiffany, L. H. 45 11 Little, T. W. 88 20 Tomuta, L. 123 28 Lones, M.76 18 Tourenne, C. 122 28 Lu tenegger, A. J. 112 26 TrumpyF. D. 126 29 Magrane, G. 151 35 Turner, G. W. 38 9 Martinson, C. A. 8 2 Tweney, R. D. B 34 Mathisen, M. E. 106, 108 24,25 Vaughan, H. C. 21 5 McBratney, B. C. 2 1 Verkade, M. E. 129 30 McGee, D. C. 20 4 Volker, P. B. 77 18 McNabb, H. S., Jr. 50 2 Voltmer, R. K. 152 36 Meyers, A. C. 124, 158 28,37 Wacha, R. S. 160 37 Moore, M. V. 163 38 Wanna, J. T. 69,70 17 Murtha, M. J. 103 23 Warren, D. M. 32 7 Nester,. E. 48 11 Wawzonek, S. 72 17 Newell, S. W. 143 33 Wee, J. L. 46 11 Oard, M. 55 13 Weilgart, L. S. 84 20 Odom, D. G.26 6 West, J. R. 57 13 Olson, D. W. 125 29 White, B. J. 156 36 Owen,M. D. 132 31 White,J. A. 54 12 Patterson, J. W. 35, 101 7,23 Whiteford, M. B. 30 7 Peck, J. H. 49 49 Whitson, P.A. 94 22 Pizzini, E. L. 157 37 Wiechert, R. J. 78 18 Pohl,R. W. 144 33 Wilson, D. B. 34 7 Poulton, J.E. 41 10 Young, C. 1 1 Prill, S. D. 93 21 Rajagopal, R. 97 22 Ridnour, L. 62 14 Rodenhouse, N.L. 87 20 Rodgers, D. M. 4 1 Rollins, J. 140 33 Ross,C. M. 107 25 Rugenstein, S. R. 37,39 9 Runde,J. M. 95 22

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