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A Biodiversity Assessment of Emalu Forest, Navosa Province-Fiji REDD+ Pilot Site

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A Biodiversity Assessment of Emalu Forest, Navosa Province-Fiji REDD+ Pilot Site A Rapid Biodiversity Assessment & Archaeological Survey of the Fiji REDD+ Pilot Site: Emalu Forest, Viti Levu Editors: Marika V. Tuiwawa, Sarah Pene, Senilolia H. Tuiwawa Compiled by the Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, for the Forestry Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Republic of the Fiji Islands; and SPC/GIZ ‘Coping with Climate Change in the Pacific Island Region’ Programme August 2013 Table of Contents Organisational Profiles & Authors ..................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 4 Maps ................................................................................................................................ 6 Photographs ................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 34 CHAPTER 2: Flora, Vegetation & Ecology .......................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3: Herpetofauna ............................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 4: Avifauna ...................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 5: Terrestrial Insects ......................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 6: Freshwater Fishes ........................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 7: Freshwater Macroinvertebrates ................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 8: Invasive Species ........................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 9: Archaeological Survey .................................................................................. 87 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 97 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 159 i List of Maps Map 1: Location of the Emalu study area, Viti Levu. ............................................................................. 6 Map 2: Location of certain focal plant species within Emalu ................................................................. 7 Map 3: Principal vegetation types within Emalu .................................................................................... 8 Map 4: Principal vegetation types and habitats within Emalu ................................................................ 9 Map 5: Location of herpetofauna survey points within Emalu ............................................................. 10 Map 6: Location of the avifauna survey points and 59 point count stations within Emalu .................. 11 Map 7: Location of the focal avifauna species within Emalu ............................................................... 12 Map 8: Location of the focal terrestrial insect species within Emalu ................................................... 13 Map 9: Location of freshwater fish sampling sites within Emalu ......................................................... 14 Map 10: Location of macroinvertebrate sampling stations within Emalu ............................................. 15 Map 11: Location of rodent trapping transects around Tovatova basecamp ......................................... 16 Map 12: Location of cultural sites within Emalu .................................................................................. 17 Map 13: Location of six extensive old settlement sites within the Mavuvu catchment ........................ 18 ii List of Photographs Fig. 1 Leafy branches of the critically endangered podocarp, Acmopyle sahniana (SHT) .................... 19 Fig. 2 Fruit of the vulnerable endemic flowering plant, Degeneria vitiensis (SHT) ............................... 19 Fig. 3 Flower of the relic flowering plant family Degeneriaceae, Degeneria vitiensis (SHT) ................. 19 Fig. 4 The rare orchid Macodes cf. petola (MT) .................................................................................... 19 Fig. 5 The rare orchid Nervilia cf. punctata, in the lowland rainforest of Tovatova catchment (SHT) . 19 Fig. 6 Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. debile on the banks of Nasa River (SHT) ................................. 19 Fig. 7 Palm tree Metroxylon vitiense (MT) ............................................................................................ 20 Fig. 8 Palm tree Metroxylon vitiense crown with apical infructescence (MT) ...................................... 20 Fig. 9 Habit and infructescence of the threatened palm, Cyphosperma tanga, found in upland slope forest of Waikarakarawa catchment (SHT) ........................................................................................... 20 Fig. 10 Close up view of Cyphosperma tanga infructescence (SHT) ..................................................... 20 Fig. 11 Villagers from Naqarawai and Draubuta assist with the processing of bryophytes (SHT) ........ 20 Fig. 12 Airing out live specimens of lichens and bryophytes in the field (SHT) ..................................... 20 Fig. 13 A native bronze-headed skink, Emoia parkerii, locally known as moko sari (NT) ..................... 21 Fig. 14 Fiji’s endemic tree frog, Platymantis vitiensis, found within the Waikarakarawa catchment (SHT) ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 Fig. 15 An endemic skink toed gecko, Nactus pelagicus, locally known as moko (NT) ......................... 21 Fig. 16 The native gecko, Gehyra vorax, (boliti) camouflaged on tree bark (NT).................................. 21 Fig. 17 Habitat of the long legged warbler, Trichocichla rufa rufa, currently listed on the IUCN Red List as Endangered (AN) ............................................................................................................................... 21 Fig. 18 The long legged warbler, found to be common in the upland undisturbed riparian vegetation (AN)........................................................................................................................................................ 21 Fig. 19 The collared lorry, Phigys solitarius, found in the Emalu forest (SPRH) .................................... 22 Fig. 20 A male golden dove, Ptilinopus luteovirens, found in the Emalu forest (SPRH) ........................ 22 Fig. 21 Samoan flying-fox (beka lulu, beka ni siga) Pteropus samoensis, a Near Threatened species on the IUCN Red List, quite common in the general vicinity of Emalu (AN) .............................................. 22 Fig. 22 Insular flying fox (beka), Pteropus tonganus a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, quite common in the upper Mavuvu catchment (AN) .......................................................................... 22 iii Fig. 23 Raiateana knowlesi (nanai), an endemic and rare cicada (SPRH) ............................................. 22 Fig. 24 Local guide from Draubuta assisting with the sampling of Winkler bags (AL) .......................... 22 Fig. 25 Leaf litter sampling with Winkler bags (AL) ............................................................................... 23 Fig. 26 Common damselfly, Nesobasis angolicolis, endemic to Fiji (AL) ............................................... 23 Fig. 27 The endemic butterfly, Hypolimnas inopinata, resting on a fern (AL) ...................................... 23 Fig. 28 Larva of H. inopinata on the leaves of the shrub host plant, Elatostema nemorosum (AL) ...... 23 Fig. 29 The endemic stick insect, Nisyrus spinulousus, on a bark of a tree (AL) .................................... 23 Fig. 30 Freshwater eels, Anguilla spp., Nasa stream in the Mavuvu catchment (LC) ........................... 23 Fig. 31 Holotype illustration of Lairdina hopletupus (Fowler, 1953) ..................................................... 24 Fig. 32 Amphidromous goby, Sicyopus zosterophorum, upper Nasa stream (LC) ................................ 24 Fig. 33 Jungle perch, Kuhlia rupestris, found within mid-Mavuvu stream (LC) ..................................... 24 Fig. 34 Sukasuka ni ika droka- a natural barrier to fish migration along the mid-Mavuvu stream (LC) 24 Fig. 35 Nasa Creek, upstream from base camp, an important habitat for fish sampling (LC) .............. 24 Fig. 36 Wainirovurovu Creek, below waterfall, an important habitat for fish sampling (LC) ............... 24 Fig. 37 Upper Wainirovurovu Creek (BR) .............................................................................................. 25 Fig. 38 Snorkeling in mid Mavuvu Creek, below the waterfall (BR) ...................................................... 25 Fig. 39 Nasa Creek (LC) .......................................................................................................................... 25 Fig. 40 Wainirovurovu tributary downstream (LC)................................................................................ 25 Fig. 41 Wainirovurovu
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