Abraham Ibn Ezra's Scholarly Writings: a Chronological Listing Author(S): Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal Source: Aleph, No

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Abraham Ibn Ezra's Scholarly Writings: A Chronological Listing Author(s): Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal Source: Aleph, No. 6 (2006), pp. 13-55 Published by: Indiana University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40385893 . Accessed: 23/06/2014 02:00

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This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal

AbrahamIbn Ezra's Scholarly Writings: A ChronologicalListing

Introduction

Understandingthe intellectualevolution of a thinkerrequires, if possible and as a firststep, locating his or herwritings against the axes of timeand place.This truismholds of AbrahamIbn Ezra evenmore than of most medievalthinkers: Ibn Ezra wrotehis works-often in more than one version-for variouspatrons at the differentstations of his peregrinations,and thusin diversecontexts and in responseto different challenges.This appliesin particularto his scholarlyworks- exegetical, grammatical,theological, and scientific-all of whichwere writtenbe- tween1140 and 1160 in Italy,southern France, the Angevin territories, and England.Fortunately, most of Ibn Ezra's writingscan be datedand situatedgeographically, often quite precisely. The basic data come from those works thathave prefatorycanticles, introductions, or detailed colophonsthat give the date and/orplace of composition.Useful in- formationcan be derivedfrom forward or backwardreferences to other,datable, works.1

1 Ibn Ezra wrote much of his oeuvre as a series of individual compositions that were intendedas pieces of a greaterensemble, and while draftingone work had its place in

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Scholarlyresearch on Ibn Ezra has accumulatedmuch information about the datingof his works.Thus it seemedboth desirableand fea- sible to tryto establisha chronologicaltable thatcould provideIbn Ezra scholarswith the abilityto rapidlycontextualize each work, chronologicallyand geographically.Our purpose was to reflectthe existing"state of the art" and not engagein new research;in cases of scholarlydisagreement we generallymention the various opinions but selectedthe one we considerto be best established.Only withrespect to Ibn Ezra's astrologicalworks is the informationpresented here the resultof new workby one of us (Sh.S.). Similarly,we chose not to take a stand on controversialissues on which thereis no scholarlycon- sensus:this refers in particularto questionsregarding Ibn Ezra's au- thorshipof certaintreatises2 or translations.3Because this table is a first attemptto systematicallyorder all of AbrahamIbn Ezra's scholarly works,4and giventhe complexityof the availabledata, it makes no claimto beingdefinitive and can certainlybe improved.(Including Ibn Ezra's poeticoeuvre in the listwas quite out of the question.5) We classifiedIbn Ezra's scholarlyand scientificworks into three largecategories: biblical commentaries (B); books relatedto theHebrew languageor bearingon theology(LT); and scientifictreatises (S). Works composedby Ibn Ezra as well as worksthat he translatedfrom Arabic intoHebrew were included;the titlesof the latterare followedby the designation[T]. In additionto his writingscomposed in Hebrew,Ibn Ezra producedsome worksdirectly in Latin,with the assistanceof a Christianscholar, and no Hebreworiginal ever existed. For each work, accordingly,we have also indicatedthe language of composition. Translationsof Ibn Ezra's worksexecuted by thirdparties at a laterdate are not includedhere. We did includeworks (or versionsof works)for whichwe have informationbut thatare no longerextant, placing their titlesin square brackets;in fourinstances, we know about theselost worksfrom their medieval Latin translations and theHebrew titles are reconstructions:these titles are placed in angle brackets.We give the

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal title of the work in the language of compositionand an English translation.Each entryis numbered;the evidenceconcerning the cir- cumstancesof compositionof the work in questionis givenin the correspondinglynumbered note followingthe table. Works of uncertaindate and place of compositionhave been relegatedto a separate table.The dates in Ibn Ezra's Hebrew works all referto the Jewish

that global project in mind. For this reason, his cross-referencesare intentionaland numerous.We may thereforeassume thatoriginally they provided reliableindications for the order of composition of the individualworks, even if some of themmay have been corruptedin the process of transmission.Specifically, verb tenses can easily be modified by scribes; in some cases, too, cross-referencesprovide contradictoryin- formation.Hence this method must be used with caution. See also Simon, Four Ap- proaches,pp. 147-48, esp. n. 15. 2 Renate Smithuishas recentlymade a strongcase for attributingto Ibn Ezra the fol- lowing works, which according to her he composed in Latin in the 1150s: Tractatus magistrihabrahe de tabulis tabuUrum, Ysagoge, Liber quadnpartitus. See Smithuis, "New Discoveries." Because Smithuis' hypothesis has not yet been discussed by scholars,we opted to omit the threeworks fromthe table. Abraham Ibn Ezra has also been credited with the authorship of commentaries on Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles,but since thisclaim is disputedthese works have also been leftout. We saw no need to mentionworks thatby scholarlyagreement have been wronglyascribed to Ibn Ezra (e.g., Seferha-cAsamim> Sefer ha-Nisyonot, etc.). 3 E.g., the translationsof Masha3allah's Book on Eclipses and Book of Interrogations, which are probably apocryphal. 4 We know of only two similar (but by far less detailed) past attempts(Rosin, "Die " Religionsphilosophie, p. 25; Levy, Reconstruction,pp. IX-XIII). 5 We excludedHai ben Meqis, Ibn Ezra's Hebrew adaptationof Ibn Sina's philosophical romance,from our corpus both because in all probabilityit was writtenbefore 1140 and because it is a poetical work, albeit with a philosophical content.On its possible date and place of composition see Hai ben Meqis, "Introduction,"p. 13.

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions calendar(AM); we indicatethat year, as well as thecorresponding year of the CommonEra (CE).6 The bibliographycites only editionsand manuscriptsof Abraham Ibn Ezra's worksand thesecondary literature used forthe purposes of establishingthis table. Unfortunately,there are scholarlyeditions of only a few of Ibn Ezra's works-a circumstancethat is particularly relevantin thepresent context, because Ibn Ezra wrotemore than one versionof mostof them.Consequently, while for some works we drew on printededitions- the best one available-we also used manuscriptsof many works, tryingto select the most reliablefor the versionin question.Where no specificedition of a biblicalcommentary is indicated,we used thetext of MiqraDotgedolot (Venice, 1525 [offsetrepr. Jerusalem,1972]).

Acknowledgements. We are gratefulto TonyLevy, Angel Sáenz- Badillos,Uriel Simon,and RenateSmithuis, who read an earlyversion of thispaper and providedvery helpful comments and suggestions.

Legend: [T] followinga titleindicates that Ibn Ezra onlytranslated (rather than composed)the work in question. Square bracketsindicate that the work in questionis lost. Angle bracketsindicate that the Hebrew originalof thiswork is lost, but a Latin translationsurvives; in these instances,the Hebrew titleis a reconstruction. Roman numeralsafter a titleapply to works composedin morethan one version;the numeralindicates the version. Boldfacedates or places are based on solid evidence(notably explicit referencesin the body of the textor colophons),rather than inferenceand can be regardedas secure. Dates or places in italicshave been directlyinferred from explicit data and can be regardedas well-grounded.

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Dates or places in normaltype have been indirectlyinferred from implicitdata or fromwhat we know about Ibn Ezra's travels. While not conjectural,they are less certainthan those in the precedingcategories. A question mark indicatesthat the date or place are tentativeor unknown. Β indicatesa biblicalcommentary. LT indicatesa treatisebearing on Hebrew languageor theology. S indicatesa scientificwork.

6 Simplifiedby providingthe Latin year correspondingto the greaterpart of the He- brew year; e.g., AM 4900 = 1140 CE (instead of 1139/40).A similarremark applies to the months.

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Year Place CategoryTitle Language 1 4900[=1140] Rome Β Commentaryon EcclesiastesHebrew 2 1140-1142 Rome Β Commentaryon EstherI Hebrew 3 1140-1142 Rome LT JudahHayyuj, Sefer Otiyyot Hebrew ha-noah(Book ofweak letters)[T] Idem,Sefer Pecalei ha-kefel (Book ofverbs with double letters)[T] Idem,Sefer ha-Niqqud (Treatiseon punctuation) [T] 4 1140-1142 Rome LT SeferMoDznayim (Book of Hebrew scales) 5 1140-1142 Rome Β Commentaryon Job Hebrew 6 Shevat4902 Rome Β Commentaryon Hebrew [=J an. 1 1 42] Lamentations 7 1140-1145 Rome/Lucca Β Commentaryon DanielI Hebrew (shortcommentary) 8 1140-1145 Rome/Lucca Β Commentaryon Songof Hebrew SongsI 9 1140-1143 Rome/Lucca Β Commentaryon PsalmsI Hebrew 10 1142-1145 Lucca Β Commentaryon Minor Hebrew ProphetsI 11 1142-1145 Lucca Β Commentaryon PentateuchHebrew I (shortcommentary) -Sefer ha-Yasar 12 1142-1145 Lucca _B Commentaryon Ruth Hebrew 13 Iyyar4905 Lucca Β Commentaryon Isaiah Hebrew [= May1145] 14 1142-1145 Lucca LT [Seferha-Yesod (Book of Hebrew languagefundamentals)]

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Year Place Category Title Language 15 1142-1145 Lucca LT Yesod diqduq hu sefatyeter Hebrew (The fundamentalsof grammar,[also called] excellenceof language) I andII ~16~ 1142-1145 Lucca LT SeferHaganah cal Rav Hebrew Sacadia Ga3on (Book of defenseof R. Saadia Gaon) ΤΓ 1142-1145 Lucca S Seferha-Mispar (Book of Hebrew number) 18 1142-1145 Lucca S [Luhot I (Astronomical Hebrew tablesI)] 19 1142-1145 Lucca S [SeferTacamei ha-luhot I Hebrew (Book of the reasonsof astronomicaltables I)] 20 1142-1145 Pisa S Liber de rationibus Latin tabularumI (Book of the reasonsof astronomicaltables I) 21 Tishre 4906 Mantua LT SeferSahot (Book of correct Hebrew [= Oct. 1145] language) 22 4906[=1146] Mantua S SeferKeli ha-nehosetI Hebrew (Book of the astrolabeI) 23~ 4906 [=1146] Verona S Seferha-clbbur I (Book of Hebrew intercalationI) ~2A 4906[=1146] Verona S~ SeferKeli ha-nehosetII Hebrew (Book of the astrolabeII) ~25 1146 Verona LT SeferSafah berurah(Book Hebrew of purifiedlanguage) "26~before 1148 Béziers? S" Seferha-°Ehad (Book of the Hebrew One) 27 1148 Béziers LT Seferha-Sem (The book of Hebrew the Name)

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Year Place CategoryTitle Language ~28~1148 Béziers S SeferKeli ha-nehoset III Hebrew (Book of theastrolabe III) 29 Tammuz Béziers S SeferReD sit hokmah I (Book Hebrew 4908 ofthe beginning ofwisdom I) [=Junell48] 30 1148 Béziers S Seferha-Tecamim I (Book Hebrew ofreasons I) 3Γ 1148 Béziers S Seferha-Moladot I (Bookof Hebrew nativitiesI) 32 1148 Béziers S Seferba-MeDorot (Book of Hebrew luminaries) 33 1148 Béziers S Seferha-Mivbariml (Bookoí Hebrew electionsI) ΊΑΊΪ48 Béziers s" Seferha-SeDelot I (Book of Hebrew interrogationsI) 35 MarheshvanBéziers S Se/

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Year Place Category Title Language 43 1154-1157 Rouen S SeferMispetei ha-mazzalot Hebrew (Book of the judgmentsof the zodiacal signs) φΓ 1154-1157 Rouen S~ [Seferha-Moladot II (Book Hebrew of nativitiesII)] IT 1154-1157 Rouen S^ Seferha-SeDelot II (Book of Hebrew interrogationsII) 46 1154 Rouen S Tractatusde astrolabio Latin (Treatiseon the astrolabe) 47 11 54 Angers S Liber de rationibus Latin tabularumII (Book of the reasonsof astronomicaltables II) 48 1154 Rouen S Liber de nativitatïbus(Book Latin of nativities) IÍ9" 1148-1155 Rouen LT SeferYesod mispar (Book on Hebrew the fundamentalsof numbers) 50 1153-1156 Rouen Β Commentaryon EstherII Hebrew 51 Marheshvan Rouen Β Commentaryon Daniel II 4916 (long commentary) Hebrew [=Oct. 1155] 52 1155-1156 Rouen Β Commentaryon Genesis II Hebrew (long commentary) 53 14 Elul 4916 Rouen Β Commentaryon Psalms II Hebrew [= Sept. 1, 1156] 54 1155-1157 Rouen Β Commentaryon Song of Hebrew Songs II 55 1155-1157 Rouen Β Commentaryon Exodus II Hebrew (long commentary)

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Year Place Category Title Language 56 lTevet4917 Rouen Β Commentaryon Minor Hebrew [=Dec. 16, ProphetsII 1156] 57 1157-1158 London Β Commentaryon GenesisIII Hebrew 58 Tammuz- London LT SeferYesod mora' (The Hebrew A v 4918 foundationof piety) [=June-July 1158] 59 14 Tevet England S Iggeretha-sabbat (The Hebrew 4919 epistleon the Sabbath) [=Dec.6, 1158] 60 1160 England S Tacameiluhot al-Muthani Hebrew (Ibn al-Muthanna's commentaryon the astronomicalTables of al- Khwarizmî)[T]

Worksof uncertaindate and place of composition

Year Place Category Title Language 7Γ Ca. 1154? Rouen? S~ Seferha-Mivharim II (Book Hebrew of electionsII) 62 after1148 Angevin S

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Annotationsto table

1. Commentary on Ecclesiastes A colophonstates that it was completedin 4900AM [=1140CE]; see Comm.on Ecclesiastes,ed. GomezAranda, p. 128''".In theinitial can- ticleIbn Ezra informsus that"he camedown to Romewith a fright- enedsoul" (n^nnjursm τν "»»ηbwi), which seems to indicatethat thiswas thefirst commentary he wrotein Rome. The Comm.on Ecclesiastesincludes no referencesin the past tense to other works by Ibn Ezra; on the otherhand, thereare retrospective referencesto it in the commentarieson Job (14:16, 37:23), writtenin Rome; on Exodus (21:10), Deuteronomy(4:35), and Isaiah (26:9), composedin Lucca; and in SeferMoDznayim. All of this establishesthat it is one of Ibn Ezra's earliest works. See Friedlander,Essays, pp. 175, 187-88; Levy,Reconstruction, pp. X-XI; Fleischer,"Rome," pp. 100, 129-31; Comm. on Ecclesi- astes,ed. Gomez Aranda,pp. XXV-XXIX, 128 and 191. Here we do not attempta relativeordering of the works composed in Rome and immediatelyafterwards; for an overviewof the literature on this question see Rottzoll,Kommentare, pp. XXVI- XXX. The commentaryon Eccles. 5:1 is an excursuson poetic theory(edition in Yahalom,Poetic Language, pp. 183-96). The reasonfor the long digressionson grammaticalquestions seems to be thatIbn Ezra had not yetwritten his grammaticaltreatises, such as SeferMoDznayim. 2. Commentary on Esther (I) Thereare no cross-referencesbetween this commentary and any other worksby Ibn Ezra,which indicates that it is one of theearlier com- positionswritten in Rome.Friedlander (Essays, pp. 185-86)has argued thatof the two extant versions of the comm. on Esther,the text printed

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions by Zedneris the laterone, because only it containsreferences to Ibn Ezra's previous works. See also No. 50 below; Walfish,"Two Commentaries,"pp. 323-42, esp. 324; Fleischer,"Rome," p. 100. This is the versionof the commentaryon Estherprinted in the standard MiqraDotgedolot. 3. Translations of Judah Hayyuj, Sefer Otiyyot ha- noah, Sefer Pecalei ha-kefel, Sefer ha-Niqqud In a colophonto Pecaleihakefel (ed. Dukes, p. 178),Ibn Ezra indicates thatthe translationwas producedτηΊ on nriön . Scholarshave takenthe toponymRWM as a referenceto Rome. See Graetz, History,3:371; Fleischer,"Rome," pp. 100, 148-50. N. Golb (Jewsof Rouen, p. 24 n. 72, p. 56), however,argued thaton (RWM) is morelikely to be a corruptionof Dm (RDWM), i.e., Rouen,and thatIbn Ezra producedthese translations during his stay in thatcity. Simon rejectsthis suggestion:in privatecon- versationhe has supplementedhis printedargument (Simon, Four Approaches,p. 261 n. 19; Commentarieson the Minor Prophets,p. 223) with the observationthat the name RWM is followedby theadjective rabbati 'great' and thatthe description as a metropolissuits Rome betterthan Rouen. This argumentis corroboratedby the fact that Sefer MoDznayimrefers to the translationof Hayyuj's works(see No. 4 below).The colophon was publishedaccording to MS Munich,Bayerische Staatsbi- bliothek,Heb. 63; unfortunatelythe othermanuscripts of this work(MS St. Petersburg,Russian National Library, Evr. 194,pp. 90v-102v [IMHM 51080]; MS Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense 3132 [IMHM 80], pp. 84v-100v) lack colophonsand thus shed no furtherlight on the issue. (We thankDr. AbrahamDavid for his kind help in this matter.)The date follows fromwhat we know about Ibn Ezra's travels.

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4. Sefer MoDznayim Romeas theplace of composition is explicitlyindicated in SeferSafah berurah,ed. Wilensky,p. 73:ίοό πεή runnapnjm ■»man-qdw τηνη ninynao mima-vj/rn ,ίπ*» natm -noTr ίοο ηρι1?T»ym ,οητκΰπ (For I havealready composed [a work]on thesubject of grammar,Sefer MoDznayim,in Rome;in thecity of Lucca [I composed]Sefer ha- Yesod and Sefat Yeter;and in the city of MantuaSefer Sahot.) The same statementis made by the introductorycanticle to the work (ed. JiménezPatón and Sáenz-Badillos,p. 1*:7). It was completedafter the translationof Hayyuj's three books; see Ochs, "Die Wiederherstellung,"p. 120. SeferMoDznayim is referredto in thepast tense in thecommentary on Job(36:31, 37:6), in thecommentary on thePentateuch, composed in Lucca (Gen. 49:6; Ex. 18:19;Lev. 26:6 [in Levy,26:7]; Num. 7:3 and 72; Deut. 32:5), and in Sefat yeter and Safah berurah. See Levy, Re- construction,p. XI; Fleischer,"Rome," pp. 169-71. 5. Commentary on Job Romeas theplace of compositionis mentionedin theinitial canticle (Job,p. 5). The commentaryon Job was composedafter Sefer MoDznayimand thecommentary on Ecclesiastes,because it refersto boththe former (36:31, 37:6) and thelatter (14:16, 37:23) as finished works.It was writtenprior to theItalian commentaries on Exodus, Numbers,and Deuteronomy, which mention the commentary on Job as a completedwork (on Ex. 7:1, Num. 22:22,and Deut. 24:6). See Friedlander,Essays, pp. 174-75;Levy, Reconstruction, p. X; Fleischer, "Rome," p. 100; Commentaryon Job, ed. Gomez Aranda, "Introduction",pp. XXXVIII-XXXIX. 6. Commentary on Lamentations Accordingto a colophon,this commentary was completedin Shevat 4902AM= January1142 (Fleischer, "Rome," p. 96). Thiscommentary

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions mustbe one of the firstworks produced by Ibn Ezra in Rome,for it containsno referenceto any of his otherwritings but is quoted in his commentarieson Leviticus(13:46, 26:39) and Deuteronomy(28:46), writtenin Lucca. See Friedlander,Essays, p. 182.

7. (Short) Commentary on Daniel (I) This commentaryis repeatedlyand retrospectivelyreferred to in the firstcommentary on the Pentateuch(Gen. 4:4, 10:4, 27:40; Ex. 2:10, 29:37; etc.).From thisone can inferthat it was composedin Rome or Lucca, priorto 1145. See Friedlander,Essays, pp. 193-94; Levy,Re- construction,p. XI; Fleischer,"Rome," pp. 100, 134-36; ShortCom- mentaryon Daniel^ ed. Mondschein,"Introduction", pp. 25-29. See also No. 11 below.

8. Commentary on Song of Songs (I) Accordingto M. Friedlander{Essays, pp. 181-82), the firstversion of thiscommentary is thatpublished in Mathews'edition. This firstversion was composed in Italy: it includes a word in Italian {giglio; grammaticalsection, 2:1) and is referredto retrospectivelyin the first commentaryon Genesis (4:10) and in the commentaryon Numbers (13.32).Ochs ("Die Wiederherstellung,"p. 123) thinksit was composed in Rome. See also Commentaryon Song of Songs, ed. Mathews, "Introduction",pp. VII-VIII; Levy, Reconstruction,p. X; Fleischer, "Rome," p. 100.

9. Commentary on Psalms (I) The firstcommentary on Psalms,of whichonly the introduction and a fragmentof its beginningsurvive (printed, with an Englishtranslation, in Simon,Four Approaches,pp. 308-29), was probablycomposed before the firstcommentaries on the Pentateuch,the commentaryon Isaiah,and theBook of Defenseof Rabbi Saadya Ga'on, i.e., in Lucca or Rome between1140 and 1143 (Simon,Four Approaches, p. 149). For

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the problemsconcerning the chronologyof the two versionsof the commentaryon Psalms, see especiallyibid., pp. 146-49. See also Friedlander,Essay % pp. 156-57; Levy,Reconstruction, p. X; Fleischer, "France,"pp. 220-21.

10. Commentary on the Minor Prophets (I) The date and place of compositionof the firstcommentary on the Minor Prophetsfollow from its havingbeen writtenbefore the commentarieson Isaiah and on thePentateuch; see Commentaryon Minor Prophets,ed. Simon,esp. p. 11,294, 302. These commentarieswere not composedverbatim by Ibn Ezra himselfbut were ratherset down by one of his students.

11. (Short) Commentary on the Pentateuch (I) The place of compositionis statedexplicitly in thecomment on Genesis 33:10: nvwκρη^ rmwì ">οπ πτ m Tnnnu;mnïan ηκτ pm n^ttn-ppn mm πνν un^un(There are one and a third hours between Jerusalem and the city where I composed this commentary,whose name is Lucca.) See Commentaryon Genesisha-Keter, p. 70; Fleischer, "Lucca," pp. 79, 186-94; Commentaryon the Torah,ed. Weiser, esp. 1: 8-29. See also Friedlander,Essays, pp. 142-95, esp. p. 195; Rosin, "Die Religionsphilosophie,"p. 25. The terminusante quernis givenby thefollowing cross-references: the commentary on Genesis(4:1; 27:40) refersto thecommentaries on theSong of Songsand Daniel in thepast tense;the commentary on Numbers (17:17) refersto thecommentary on Daniel in thepast tense;and the commentaryon Deuteronomy (32:5) refers to Sefer MoDznayimin thepast tense. The alternatetitle of thiswork, Sefer ha-Yasar, resists translation, becauseit is burdenedby a multitudeof intertextualreferences. Sefer ha-Yasaris in thefirst place the name of an ancientbook of theIsra- elites,twice mentioned to in theBible (Josh. 10:13 and 2 Sam.1:18).

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TargumJonathan (on both verses)identifies this lost book with the entireTorah and is followedby a numberof medievalscholars (e.g., Rashi and David Kimhi on Josh. 10:13). The BabylonianTalmud (Avodahzarah 25a; see also TJSotah 8a, Gen. Rabbah6:9 and parallels) identifiesSefer ha-Yasar with the book of Genesis,on thegrounds that thelatter is thebook of thePatriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob,who are referredto as yesarim(here meaning"just" or "righteous");this identification,too, is followedby medievalauthorities (e.g., Rashi and David Kimhion 2 Sam 1:18;Rabbenu Bahya ben Asheron bothverses; Gersonideson 2 Sam. 1:18). By callinghis commentaryon the Torah Seferha-Yasar, Abraham Ibn Ezra is employingan alternatename of theTorah itself(or a partof it) to referto his own exegesis,implying thatit expoundsthe Torah as it reallyis. At the same time,Sefer ha- Yasar also means "the book of the yasar,"the yasar being Ibn Ezra himself,who (alludingto thetalmudic passage) implicitly suggests that he is followingin the footstepsof the Patriarchwhose namehe bears. Lastly,yasar also means "correct,""straightforward," suggesting that thesetwo qualitiescharacterize this exegetical work, unlike the other bible commentariesthat Ibn Ezra takesto task.Not havingfound an Englishtitle evoking all theseconnotations, we have leftthis title un- translated.

12. Commentary on Ruth This commentary(1:15) refersretrospectively to the commentaryon the Pentateuch.Ibn Ezra also mentions,as workshe intendsto write, the commentarieson Isaiah (1:16), Proverbs(3:1) and Ezra (1:2). It followsthat the commentary on Ruthwas writtenin Lucca beforeMay 1145. See Friedlander,Essays, p. 184-85; cf. No. 11 above. See also Fleischer,"Rome," p. 100, wherethis commentary is assignedto the Rome period.

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13. Commentary on Isaiah A colophonat theend of thiscommentary states that it was completed in Iyyar [4]905 A.M [= May 1145] in the city of Lucca. See Com- mentaryon Isaiah ha-Keter,p. 405; Fleischer,"Lucca," pp. 78, 190-92; Friedlander,Essaysy pp. 164-65. For otherrelevant cross-references, see above,Nos. 1, 9, 10, and 12.

14.5 efe r ha-Yesod SeferSafah berurah mentions Lucca as theplace of compositionof this lost work; see No. 4 above. See also Fleischer,"Lucca," pp. 109-111. On the characteristicsand historyof thislost book see Yesoddiqduq, ed. Alony,pp. 51-7. It is referredto repeatedlyin Ibn Ezra's commentaryon the Pentateuch(Gen. 1:1, 2:17, 3:22, 13:1, 23:7; Ex. 8:3, 32:1; Deut. 17:3,20:19). See No. 15 below.

15. Yesod diqduq / Sefat yeter Lucca as theplace of compositionis indicatedin SeferSafah berurah; see No. 4 above.See also Fleischer,"Lucca," pp. 111-115.Golb (Jewsof Rouen,p. 24 n. 72; p. 56), however,suggests that this work was written in Rouen, but only on the basis of the weak suggestionthat it (like Safahberurah) features what he takesto be thehallmarks of theFrench period.See Wilensky,Sefer ha-Yesody pp. 163-72 and Nos. 14 and 16. Ibn Ezra wrotetwo versionsof thisbook, of whichonly the second, apparentlythe shorterone, is extant.The two versionswere probably writtenin close succession;because their dates are unknown,we have combinedthem into a singleentry. See Yesoddiqduq, ed. Alony,pp. 47-50, 63. This workwas also knownas Yesoddiqduq (= The fundamentalsof grammar);see Yesoddiqduq, ed. Alony,pp. 60-61.

16. Sefer Haganah cal Rav Sacadia GaDon The initialcanticle of this treatise,stating that it offersa defenseof Rabbi Saadia Gaon againstthe objections raised by Dunash Ben Labrat,

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions alsorefers to it as Sefatyeter: ίπ1» naw ιπκηρ ίοό /ί^κβ un nrnn^ iûd (This book is by Abrahamthe son of Meir,a book thathe called Sefat yeter.)This has led to a confusionof the two treatises. Apparentlythe canticlewas wronglyattached to the work on Saadia and actuallybelongs to the grammartreatise Sefat yeter (see No. 15 above). For a discussionabout the identityof this book see: Wilensky,Sefer ha-Yesod, pp. 163-72; SeferHaganah, ed. Oshri,"Introduction," esp. pp. 23-25. For thedate and place of thisbook, see ibid., esp. pp. 5-6. 17. Sefer ha-Mispar In the absenceof a criticaledition of Seferha-Mispar based on all the extantmanuscripts (of which thereare about 40), datingthis work requirescaution. It twicementions Sefer Tacamei ha-luhot I, composed between1142 and 1145. One referenceis consistentlyin the future tense,but thesecond is in thefuture tense in some manuscriptsand in thepast tense in others(we thankTony Levy forthis information). We assumethat scribes, aware that the promised work had beenwritten, are likelyto change a futuretense to the past, but not vice versa,and consequentlyaccept the anticipatoryreferences as trustworthy.This hypothesisis compatiblewith the factthat Sefer ha-Mispar is referred to in thepast tensein Seferha-cIbbur I, composedin Veronain 1146 (ed. Halberstam,p. 4a; see No. 23 below); see Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 19-21 and No. 19 below. It is remarkablethat Sefer ha-cIbbur I is the only work in which Ibn Ezra mentionsSefer ha-Mispar. On the basisof all thedata now availableit seemsthat the work was composed priorto 1146,probably in Lucca. See also Levy,"Abraham Ibn Ezra et les mathématiques."Tony Levy and CharlesBurnett ("Sefer ha-Mid- dot") haverecently discovered an anonymoustreatise on arithmeticand geometry,which they ascribe to AbrahamIbn Ezra and considerto be a preliminaryversion of Seferha-Mispar. This opens the door to the possibilitythat some of the aforementionedreferences allude to this

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal earlyversion and not to the textpublished under the titleSefer ha- Mispar,which could thenbe late.This possibilityhas yetto be studied.

18. Luhot (I) Accordingto theJoseph b. Eliezer (Bonfils,fourteenth century), Ibn Ezra wrote astronomicaltables in Lucca and again in Narbonne;see Safenatpacneah, ed. Herzog, 1: 142. Both are lost.

19. Sefer Tacamei ha-luhot (I) These are the canons of the now lost tables Ibn Ezra composed in Lucca (No. 18 above). The place and date of compositiongiven by Josephb. Eliezer are confirmedby the factthat Sefer ha-Mispar twice refersto SeferTacamei ha-luhot in thefuture tense (Sefer ha-Mispar, ed. Silberberg,pp. 27, 79). See also Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 22-27.

20. Liber de rationibus tabularum (I) The place of compositionis indicatedin the textitself (Liber de rationibustabularum, ed. Millas Vallicrosa,p. 87): "he tabulecomposite suntsecundum meridiem Pisanorum quorum remotio est ab occidentis termino33 gradus."The date followsfrom what we know about Ibn Ezra's travels.See also Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 22-27.

21. Sefer Sahot The place of compositionis givenas Mantuain Safahberurah; see No. 4 above. See also SeferSahot, ed. del Valle Rodriguez,"Introduction," pp. 30-35. The dateis givenin thepoem concludingthe work; see ibid., pp. 33, 195 (= Yesoddiqduq, ed. Alony,p. 63). Seferha-Sem (ed. Levin, p. 422), whichwas writtenin 1148 in Béziers,refers to SeferSahot in thepast tense.See below,No. 27.

22. Sefer Keli ha-nehoset (I) The year4906 AM [=1146 CE] is recordedin the list of starsfor the

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions rete7(Kelt ha-nehoset I, ed. Edelman,p. 31). In all theversions of Keli ha-nehoset,the year accompanyingthe listsof fixedstars is a reliable indicationof thedate of composition:as explainedby Ibn Ezra himself, suchlists serve to determinethe exact age of an astrolabeby comparing thelocation of a staras givenin thelist of starsfor the rete at thedate of compositionof thebook withthe location of thesame star as observed at any otherdate, taking into accountthe precession of thefixed stars. This is confirmedby the terminusante quernderived from Sefer ha- cIbburI, writtenin 1146 at Verona,in whichKelt ha-nehoset is referred to in thepast tense{Sefer ha-cIbbur, ed. Halberstam,p. 8a). The place of compositionfollows from what we know about Ibn Ezra's travels. See below,No. 24; Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 28-30.

23. Sefer ha-cIbbur (I) The dateand place of compositionare explicitlygiven in thetext of this work as 4906 AM [=1146 CE] and Verona.See Seferha-cIbbur, ed. Halberstam,pp. 8b, 9a, 9b; Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 39-44.

24. Sefer Kelt ha-nehoset (II) The yearof composition,4906 AM [=1146 CE], is recordedin thelist of starsfor the rete(Kelt ha-nehoset II/MS, f. 39a). WhereasKelt ha- nehosetI is referredto in thepast tense in Seferha-cIbbur I (see above, No. 22), in Keltha-nehoset II Seferha-cIbbur I is referredto in thepast tense{Keli ha-nehosetII/MS, f. 46b). This allows us to concludethat Keltha-nehoset II was writtenafter the completion of Seferha-cIbbur I, at Verona,Ibn Ezra's nextstop afterMantua. It also impliesthat we must date the compositionof Sefer ha-cIbbur I betweenKeli ha- nehosetI and II. See Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 29-30.

25. Sefer Safah ber ura h Safahberurah is thelast of Ibn Ezra's workson grammar,since it refers in thepast tense to all his earliercompositions, written in Rome,Lucca,

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal and Mantua,respectively (Sefer Safah berurah,ed. Wilensky,p. 73; see above,No. 4). Fromthis, Fleischer ("Safah Berurah," pp. 82-88) infers thatSefer Safah berurahitself was writtenin the same period,and thereforein Verona,to which Ibn Ezra moved fromMantua. Golb (Jewsof Rouen, p. 55), however,suggests that it was writtenin Rouen, citingtwo retrospectivereferences in the past tense in the second commentarieson Exodus (12:9) and Esther(4:5), writtenin Rouen,that seem to allude to Safah berurah.Whichever hypothesis is accepted,a colophon locatingthe compositionof the work in Rome and in the improbableyear 1167 (Friedlander,Essays, p. 158), seemsto be erro- neous. See also the detaileddiscussion in Safah Berurah,ed. Ruiz and Sáenz-Badillos,"Introduction," pp. 49-53, whichrefrains from taking a positionon the question.

26. Sefer ha-DEhad That thiswork was composedprior to 1148 followsfrom the fact that Seferha-Sem (ed. Levin, p. 423) refersto it in the past tense. See Steinschneider,"Abraham Ibn Esra," pp. 464-65; Sela, AbrahamIbn Ezra, pp. 36-37; No. 27 below.

27. Sefer ha-Sem Béziersis indicatedas theplace of compositionin theinitial canticle; see Seferha-Sem, ed. Levin,p. 419; Fleischer,"France," pp. 357-58. The yearfollows from the fact that Ibn Ezra was livingin Béziersin 1148. Seferha-Sem is frequentlyreferred to retrospectivelyin the commen- tarieswritten in Rouen: Genesis(II) 1:1 (grammaticalsection); Ex. (II)

7 On an astrolabe the rete, which is free to turn around an axis, is a stereographic projectionof the eclipticand a number of the brighterfixed stars; it is engravedon a circulardisk fromwhich most of the metal is cut away to reval the underlyingcom- ponent.

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 12:6; Ps. (II) 9:1, 80:20^115:16; Daniel (II) 7:14. SeferYesod mispar in turnrefers to Seferha-Sem as a completedwork (Yesod mispar, p. 140).

28. Sefer Keli ha-nehoset (III) The year4908 AM [= 1148 CE] is givenby thestar list on therete: see SeferKeli ha-nehosetIli/MS, f. 67a. This agreeswith the fact that this versionrefers to SeferReDsit hokmah in the futuretense (Keli ha- nehosetΠΙ/MS, f. 65b). See Sela, AbrahamIbn Ezra, pp. 30-31. The place followsfrom the fact that Ibn Ezra was livingin Béziersin 1148.

29. Sefer ReDsit hokmah (I) The placeand dateof compositionare indicated in a colophon:ubwy' emn nnpn rrpnnnw n»n «nnn (completedin the monthof Tammuz,4908 AM [=June1148 CE], in the cityof Béziers); see SeferReDsit hokmah I/MS, f. 30 (in ReDsithokmah I, ed. Camera, Hebrew section,lxxvi:25; there is a misprintin the incomplete colophon;cf. Englishsection, p. 235). This yearappears also in the body of the text: ibid., χ:19. See also Levy, Astrological Works,pp. 11-13. Ibn Ezra probablywrote his entireastrolog- ical encyclopediain a sequence,so thatthe nextsix workswere all composedbetween June and November1148.

3 0.5 efe r h a-Tec amim (I) The date of composition,4908 AM [=1148 CE], is indicatedtwice in thework itself (Tecamim I/MS, ff. 28a, 31a). TecamimI musthave been completedbetween June and November1148, in Béziers.This maybe inferredfrom the factthat it was composedimmediately after ReDsit hokmahI and thatit refersin the futuretense to Seferha-cOlam I (TecamimI/MS, ff.35b, 38a). See Nos. 29 and 35; see also Fleischer, "Introduction,"in TecamimI, ed. Fleischer,esp. pp. 5-22.

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31. Sefer ha-Moladot (I) Severalcross-references indicate that this work was composed after ReDsithokmah I and TecamimI, but beforeSefer ha-Mivharim I and Seferha-SeDelot I, and consequentlyin 1148 in Béziers:(a) anticipatory referencesto Seferha-MoUdot in ReDsithokmah I (ed. Cantera,He- brewsection, xliv:2; lvii:16) and Seferha-Tecamim I (TecamimI/MS, ff. 28b, 36a, 37b); (b) retrospectivereferences to Seferha-Moladot in Sefer ha-MivbarimI (MivharimI/MS, ff. 108b, 109a) and Seferha-SeDelot I (SeDelotI/MS, ff. 63a, 63b); (c) referencesin thepast tensein Seferha- MoladotI itselfto ReDsithokmah and to Seferha-Tecamim (Moladot 1/ MS, ff.48a, 49a, 50a, 50b, 53b, 55a, 58b, 59b, 61a); (d) future-tense referencesin Seferha-Moladot I to Seferha-Mivharim and to Seferha- SeDelot(Moladot I/MS, f. 53b, 56a).

32. Sefer ha-MeDorot Cross-referencesindicate that this work was composed afterReDsit hokmahbut beforeSefer ha-SeDelot I, and hencein 1148 at Béziers:(a) Seferha-SeDelot refers to Seferha-MeDorot in thepast tense(SeDelot 1/ MS, f. 66a); (b) Seferha-MeDorot in turnrefers to SeferReDsit hokmah in thepast tense(MeDorot/MS, f. 125b).

33. Sefer ha-Mivharim (I) Cross-referencesindicate that this work was composed afterReDsit hokmahI and Seferha-Moladot I, but beforeSefer ha-cOlam I, and hence in 1148 at Béziers: (a) Seferha-Moladot I refersto Seferha- Mivharimin the futuretense (Moladot I/MS, f. 53b); (b) Seferha- cOhm I refersto Seferha-Mivharim in thepast tense(Olam, I/MS,f. 83a); (c) Seferha-Mivharim I refersto both Seferha-MoUdot and to ReDsithokmah in the past tense (MivharimI/MS, ff. 108a, 109a, 110a).

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 34. Sefer ha-SeDelot (I) Cross-referencesindicate that Sefer ha-SeDelot I was composed after ReDsithokmah I, TecamimI, Seferha-Moladot I, and Seferha-MeDorot and hencemost likely in 1148 in Béziers:(a) Seferha-SeDelot I refersin the past tenseto ReDsithokmah (SeDelot I/MS, ff.62b, 63a, 67b, 68a, 70a), Seferha-Tecamim (ff. 63a, 63b), Seferha-Moladot (ff. 63a, 63b), and Seferha-MeDorot (f. 66a); (b) Seferha-Moladot I refersto Seferha- SeDelotin the futuretense {Moladot I/MS, f. 56a).

35. Sefer ha-cOlam (I) A colophon(cOlam I [MS MBS], f. 10a) indicatesthat this work was completedin Marheshvan4909 AM [= November1148 CE]. The date of compositionis givenagain in the body of the textas 4908 AM [= 1148 CE; see cOlam I (MS BNF), f. 82b]. The work (cOlam I (MS BNF), f. 81b) uses latitude42° 39'-the latitudeof Béziers-in the de- scriptionof an astronomicalobservation.

36. Luhot (II) See above, No. 18. The date followsfrom what we know about Ibn Ezra's travels.

37. Sefer ha-cIbbur (II) Josephb. Eliezer mentionsthe name of thislost work and its place of compositionin Safenatpacneah, ed. Herzog,I, p. 142.The datefollows fromwhat we know about Ibn Ezra's travels.

38. Salos seDelot The threequestions were put to Ibn Ezra by David ben Josephof Narbonne,presumably when he was in thattown; the date of compositionfollows indirectly. See ThreeQueries, ed. Luzzato; Fleischer, "France,"p. 356; Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 44-49.

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39. Sefer ha-cOlam (II) Seferha-cOlam II refersin thepast tenseto ReDsithokmah, Sefer ha- Tecamim>Sefer ha-Moladot, and Keltha-nehoset (cOlam II (MS BNF), ff.198b, 200a), all of themprobably written in 1148 in Béziers.That it was writtenafter 1148 is confirmedby the mentionof the stationsof Ibn Ezra's travels:a listof all thecities through which he passedin Italy (Rome, Pisa, Lucca, Mantua, and Verona), as well as one city in southernFrance (Marseilles) (cOlam II (MS BNF), f. 198a; cOlam II (MS MBS), ff.88b-89a); Pisa and Lucca are also mentionedas citiesin whichIbn Ezra made astronomicalobservations for astrologicalpur- poses. The years4902 AM [= 1142 CE] and 4908 AM [= 1148 CE] are mentionedas chronologicalpoints of referencefor certain astrological calculationsperformed in thepast (cOlam II [MS MBS], f. 91a-91b; cf. cOlam II [MS BNF], f. 199a). From all thisit followsthat Sefer ha- cOlam II was composedafter 1148. The absenceof referencesto any place in northernFrance or to any date after1148 suggeststhat Ibn Ezra composedthis work while stillin the Midi. The terminusante quernis 1154,because Sefer ha-Tecamim II, whichwas writtenin that yearin Rouen,refers to Seferha-cOlam in thepast tense(Tecamim 11/ MS, f. 35b-36a). See No. 42 below.

40. Sefer ReDsit hokmah (II) The existenceof thislost work,as well as its date and place of composition,is inferredfrom the fact that Sefer ha-Tecamim II, writtenin 1154in Rouen (see No. 42 below),states that its intention is "to lay the foundationfor SeferReDsit hokmah99 (Tecamim II, ed. Ν. Ben Men- achem,p. 1). This cannotrefer to SeferReDsit hokmah as we know it, however,for it offerexplicit quotations (on whichit comments)that are not to be foundin thatwork (or, forthat matter, in any otherof Ibn Ezra's extantHebrew works).The conclusionis thatjust as Seferha- TecamimI is a commentaryon ReDsithokmah I, so Seferha-Tecamim II is a commentaryon a lostReDsit hokmah II. Retrospectivereferences

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions to ReDsithokmah in SeDelotII (SeDelotII/MS, ff. 4b, 5a, 6a, 7b) seemto alludeto ReDsithokmah II. See No. 45 below.

41. Luhot (III) 5e/erha-Tecamim II includesseveral past- tense references to Sefer ha- Luhot and Se/erMacaseh ha-luhot(Tecamim II/MS, ff.27b, 29b, 36b, 38b, 39a). In thesame work Ibn Ezra notesthat he was askedto write these astronomicaltables by the patron who commissionedSefer TecamimII (TecamimII/MS, f. 39a). SeferMispetei ha-mazzalot and Seferha-SeDelot II also referin thepast to Seferha- Luhot (Mispetei ha- mazzalot/MS,f. 15b; SeDelotII/MS, ff. 7a, 8b); these are probably referencesto Seferha-Luhot III. The date and place of compositionof Seferha-Luhot III followfrom what we knowabout Sefer ha-Tecamim II, SeferMispetei ha-mazzalot, and Seferha-SeDelot II. See Nos. 42, 43, and 45 below.

42. Sefer ha-Tec a mim (II) The date of Seferha-Tecamim II may be inferredfrom the difference betweenthe two correctionvalues given in thetwo versions of Sefer ha- Tecamimfor findingthe locationof the "brightdegrees," the "dark degrees,"and the "pits" (theseare specificdegrees in the zodiacal belt endowedwith specificastrological qualities). According to Ibn Ezra, theselocations change constantly with respect to theequinoxes, but not withrespect to thezodiacal constellations.Consequently, if one wishes to locate them on the basis of astronomicaltables, a correctionis necessary,which takes into account the precession of thefixed stars, for whichIbn Ezra posits,in bothversions of Seferha-Tecamim, the rate of Io in 70 years,i.e., 51" a year.Now in parallelpassages of TecamimI and II he givesdifferent correction values: in TecamimI thevalue given is 8°, whereasin TecamimII it is 8° 5f(Tecamim I/MS, f. 31; Tecamim II/MS, f. 39a). We assumethat this difference corresponds to thepre- cessionof thefixed stars in theinterval between the composition of the

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal two versions.Since Ibn Ezra, as noted,assumes a motionof 51" a year, the differenceof 5' correspondsto roughlysix years.It followsthat Sefer ha-TecamimII was writtenabout six years afterSe fer ha- TecamimI, i.e., around 1154. See above, No. 30. As for the place, TecamimII/MS, f. 31b, specifies50° as thelatitude of an astronomical observation,which corresponds approximately to theregion of Rouen, wherewe indeedknow Ibn Ezra was livingin 1154. See also Tecamim II, ed. Ben Menahem,pp. III-XIX; on Ibn Ezra's sojournin Rouen,see Golb,Jews of Rouen,pp. 45-66.

43. Sefer Mispetei ha-mazzalot The place of compositioncan be inferredfrom the mention in Mispetei ha-mazzalotof an astronomicalobservation made withan astrolabeat latitude50.5°, which is approximatelythat of Rouen {SeferMispetei ha- mazzalot/MS,f. 16a). Mispeteiha-mazzalot refers in thefuture tense to Seferha-Moladot (f. 25a), whichis in all likelihoodthe lost Seferha- Mohdot II, and in thepast tense to Seferha-Luhot (f. 15b),which is in all likelihoodthe lost Luhot III. On the basis of this,the date follows fromwhat we know about Ibn Ezra's travels.See TecamimI, ed. Fleischer,esp. pp. 19-22; Steinschneider,"Abraham Ibn Esra," p. 496; Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 69-74; Smithuis,Ibn Ezra theAstrologer, chap. 2; No. 41 above and No. 44 below.

44. Sefer ha-Moladot (II) The existenceof thislost work,as well as its date and place of composition,is indicatedby an anticipatoryreference to Seferha-Moladot in Seferha-Tecamim II (TecamimII/MS, f. 36a), writtenin 1154 in Rouen (see above,No. 42). A retrospectivereference to Seferha-Mo- ladot in Seferha-SeDelot (SeDelot II/MS, f. 2a-b) probablyrefers to the secondversion of thework. See No. 45 below.

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 45. Sefer ha-SeDelot (II) Seferha-SeDelot II refersin the past tense to SeferReDsit hokmah (SeDelotII/MS, ff. 4b, 5a, 6a, 7b), Seferha-Moladot (f. 2a-b), and Sefer ha-cOlam (f. 4b). A terminologicaldetail provides a probableterminus post quern,allowing us to assume,with some caution,that these retrospectivereferences are to the second versionsof thesethree works. Whereasin the workswritten in Béziersin 1148 Ibn Ezra systemati- cally referredto Ptolemyusing the Arabic formBatalmiyüs, in two workscomposed in Rouen (Mispeteiha-mazzalot and TecamimII) he employedthe Hebrew form Talmay. Because this is also theform used in thisversion of Sefer ha-SeDelot, we mayassume that it was composed in or verysoon after1154, in Rouen. See also No. 61 below. Note, however,that this onomasticdistinction is not unequivocal:whereas Seferha-cIbbur I, writtenin 1146 in Verona,uses the Hebrew form Talmay(cIbbur> pp. 8a, 9a), the second commentaryon Amos (5:8 [MinorProphets, p. 214]), writtenin Rouen, has BatalmiyUs,while in the translationdesignated Tacamei luhot al-Muthani(al-Muthanna's Commentary,p. 148), executedin Englandin 1160,both the Hebrew and Arabicforms are found. Yet althoughthe use ofthe two versions of thename is not entirelyconsistent, Ibn Ezra seemsto havefavored the Hebrew formin lateryears. 46. Tractatus de astrolabio The Latin textexplicitly mentions a personnamed Abraham dictating the textto a disciple("Ut ait philosophorumsibi contemporaneorum Abrahammagister noster egregius quo dictanteet hanc dispositionem astrolabiiconscripsimus ..." [Astrolabio/MS, f. 401"]).On the basis of strikingsimilarities with the Hebrew versionsof Kelt ha-nehoset,it is plausiblethat Ibn Ezra was the authorof this Latin text(Astrolabio, "Introduction,"pp. 2-7; Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 31-36). The text givesEngland as theplace of an astronomicalobservation ("si quis fuerit in Angliacum sol fuerita partecapricorni et uenusa sole remotissima"

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[Astrolabio/MS,f. 40v]). On this basis, Millas Vallicrosasuggested London as theplace of composition(Astrolabio, "Introduction," pp. 3- 4). However,this evidence is notpersuasive, since England is mentioned in thispassage as theequivalent to theremotest part of the ecumene, and similarreferences to Englandmay be foundin SeferKelt ha-nehoset II (Keltha-nehoset II/MS, f. 44b) and Seferha-cIbbur I (cIbbur,pp. 8-9), whichwere composedin northernItaly. Three passages- one in Liber de rationibustabularum II and theother two in Liberde nativitatibus- referthe readerto a completedbook on the astrolabewritten by the same authorfor additional information about topicsrelated to casting horoscopes.They turnout to correspondto partsof the Latintext on theastrolabe attributed to Ibn Ezra. The firstpassage- mentioning the ease withwhich it is possibleto calculatethe horosocopic houses with an astrolabe("Nos vero in astrolabiodocuimus facile distinguere domus" [Rationibustabularum, p. 160:23])- corresponds to a whole chapterof de Astrolabiowhich teaches the use of the astrolabefor the calculationof the horoscopichouses (ccDe distinctionedomorum," Astrolabio,pp. 17-18). The second-mentioning a mixedmethodology forthe astrological procedure of "ducus,"i.e., prorogation or direction ("Si fecerisductus cum ascensionibus terre vel cumascensionibus circuii rectivel mixtissecundum quod in Astrolabiodocuimus" [Nativitatibus, f. ae1]), also has its counterpartin anotherpassage of de Astrolabio ("Ductus bifariisunt, et est unus modus cum gradibusequalibus ... alterimodo que est secundumlatitudinem terre" [Astrolabio, p. 25]). The thirdpassage- referring to thecorrection of the houses according to the latitudeof the country("In primisergo secundumtabulas proba- tionumoriente invento domos quoque secundumterre latitudinem coequa. Secundumartem a nobisin AstroUbiotraditam" [Nativitatibus, f. a3r])-corresponds to variouspassages in de Astrolabio(Astrolabio, pp. 22, 25). This evidencestrongly suggest that de Astrolabio,attributed to Ibn Ezra, was writtenin Rouen, and thatits terminusante quernis 1154,the date of compositionof Liber de Nativitatibusand Liber de

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions rationibustabularum II. Smithuis,however, is of theopinion that these passagesallude to a lost versionof de Astrolabio(Smithuis, "Science in Normandyand England,"pp. 47-48).

47. Liber de rationibus tabularum (II) The date of compositionis statedexplicitly {Liber de rationibustabularum,p. 78): "anno 1154 ab incarnacioneDomini, quo hancedicionem fecimus."On thebasis of what is knownabout Ibn Ezra's whereabouts at thisperiod, Golb has inferredthat the work was writtenin Rouen (Golb,Jews of Rouen, pp. 57-59). But two passagesin thebody of the textreferring to astronomicalobservations indicate that it was composed in Angers.One passagenames the city explicitly ("et secundum horam eclipsis solis quam Burdegaliprobavi, indicavi longitudinem Andegavisesse 23 graduum,et eius differenciamad Pisam 36 minuta höre" [p. 88]); the other cites latitude46°, which correspondsap- proximatelyto the region of Angers ( "Exemplum:Ponatur caput arietisoriens in terracuius latitude 46" [p. 160]). See Liberde rationibus tabuUrum,ed. Millas Vallicrosa,"Introduction,", pp. 11-19; Sela, AbrahamIbn Ezra, pp. 22-27. 48. Liber de nativitatibus The year 1154 is mentionedas that of a conjunctionof Saturnand Jupiter{Liber de nativitatibus,p. 3cv); thisis presumablythe approx- imatedate of composition.This inferenceis in keepingwith a reference in the past tense to the Liber de rationibustabularum (p. 3ar). See above,No. 47. The place of compositionfollows from what we know about Ibn Ezra's travels.See Steinschneider,"Abraham Ibn Esra," p. 497; Golb,Jews of Rouen,p. 57; Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 62-64; Smithuis,Ibn Ezra theAstrologer, chapter 4.

49. Se fer Ye so d mispar This treatise,a studyof the Hebrew lettersused as numerals,refers

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal retrospectivelyto Sefer ha-Sem, writtenin 1148 in Béziers (Yesod mispar,p. 140) and to the commentaryon Isaiah,written at Lucca (p. 151). A plausibleterminus ante quernis givenby a referencein thepast tensein the second commentaryon Daniel (6:4), writtenin 1155 (see Yesodmispar, pp. 167-168).That Yesodmispar was writtenin Rouen is also indicatedby thefact that it includesa referenceto "R. Marinus"(p. 151). Whereasthis is thesole designationfor the grammarian Jonah Ibn Janahin theworks Ibn Ezra wrotein Rouen (see, interalia, the commentarieson Hos. 2:14, Joel 1:17, and Amos 3:15, and the second commentarieson Gen. 3:8, Ex. 1:10,Ps. 1:10,Dan. 2:8, and Esth. 6:8), he is systematicallyreferred to as "R. Jonah"in the workswritten in Italy (e.g., the commentarieson Eccles. 9:12, Ruth 3:16, Job 4:1, Isa. 5:14, Gen. 3:8 (II), Lev. 6:14, Num. 7:72, Deut. 12:2). See Friedlander, Essays,pp. 150-51; but Simon {Four Approaches,pp. 149-50) rejects Friedlander'smethodology for distinguishingbetween Ibn Ezra's workswritten in Italyand France.

50. Commentary on Esther (II) Accordingto Friedlander(Essays, pp. 185-86), the text printedby Zedneris the secondversion of thecommentary, composed in France. See also Golb,Jews of Rouen, p. 55. The terminusante quern is givenby a referenceto thecommentary on Estherin thecommentary on Daniel (2:49). See also Walfish,"Two Commentaries,"pp. 323-42, esp. p. 324, and No. 2 above. The place of compositionfollows from what we know about Ibn Ezra's travels.

51. (Long) Commentary on Daniel (II) According to the colophon, the commentarywas completed in Marheshvan4916 AM [= October,1155] in RDWM, RDWS, or DRWS (om ,om ,nm), a Hebrew toponym that has been persuasively identifiedby N. Golb as Rouen (Golb, Jews of Rouen, pp. 45- 52). See also Friedlander,Essays, p. 194. For Rouen as the place

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions of composition, see also the comment on Dan. 1:1. This commentaryrefers in the past tense to the commentarieson Esther (2:49) and Deuteronomy (12:7), to Sefer ha-Mispar (6:4) and to Sefer ha-Sem (7:14). The second commentaryon Genesis (12:9) in turnrefers in the past tense to the commentaryon Daniel. See Nos. 17, 27, and 52. This version of the commentaryon Daniel is the one printed in the standard MiqraDot gedolot.

52. (Long) Commentary on Genesis (II) The terminuspost quernfollows from the factthat the second commentaryon Genesis(grammatical section, on 12:9) refersto the commentaryon Daniel in thepast tense.The terminusante quernis given by the fact that the long commentaryon Exodus (32:16) and the standardcommentary (II) on Psalms (136:6) referto the commentary on Genesisin thepast tense. (Given the temporal proximity we assume the referenceis to thiscommentary.) See also Friedlander,Essays, pp. 160-61.

53. Commentary on Psalms (II) A colophonstates that this work was composedon 14 Elul 4916 AM [= September1, 1156] at RDWM=Rouen. See Friedlander,Essays, pp. 169-74; Ochs, "Die Wiederherstellung,"p. 197; GolbJews of Rouen, p. 52; Simon,Four Approaches, pp. 146-47. The commentaryrefers to Seferha-Sem (9:1, 80:20) and to thecommentary on Genesis(136:6) in thepast tense. This is theversion of thecommentary on Psalmsprinted in the standardMiqraDot gedolot.

54. Commentary on Song of Songs (II) This versionof the commentary-the second-is distinctfrom the first version,published in Mathews'edition, which was composedin Italy. See above,No. 8; Friedlander,Essays, pp. 181-82; Go'k>,Jews of Rouen, p. 55. The terminuspost quern is givenby a past-tensereference in this

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal commentary(6:5) to the commentaryon Daniel (see above, No. 51). The terminusante quernis givenby past-tensereferences to it in the commentarieson Zechariah(2:14; see below,No. 56) and Joel (4:13). This is theversion of thecommentary on Song of Songsprinted in the standardMiqraDot gedolot.

55. (Long) Commentary on Exodus (II) Rouen as theplace of compositionis indicatedin thecommentary itself (on Ex. 12:2): mywΆη ίπρ am rmu/u;ηκτπ Ί^νπ pm n^ttn-ppn mn (Now between Jerusalemand this city, whose name is Rouen, thereare threehours.); see Commentaryon Exodus ha-Keter,p. 78; Golb, Jews of Rouen, fig. 10 (followingp. 84). The date follows fromwhat we know about Ibn Ezra's travelsand is confirmedby the terminuspost quern,which follows from retrospectivereferences in thiscommentary to Seferha-Sem (12:6) and to the commentarieson Psalms (20:8), Genesis (32:16) and Daniel (32:32). The colophonin one manuscript(BNF, MS héb. 176) gives5913 AM [=1153 CE] as the yearin whichthis commentarywas completed,but this is incompatiblewith the data presentedabove; hencethe colophon, written in a differenthand than the commentaryitself, seems to be unreliable(although acceptedby Simon,Four Approaches, pp. 146-47). See Fleischer, "France,"p. 46; Golb,Jews of Rouen,pp. 23 n. 68, and p. 52. 56. Commentary on the Minor Prophets (II) Accordingto a colophon,this work was completedon RoshHodesh Tevet,4917 A.M [= December16, 1156 CE] in Rouen.See Friedlander, Essays,pp. 166-68; Golb,Jews of Rouen, p. 24; Commentaryon Minor Prophets,ed. Simon,"Introduction," p. 11. This seriesof commentaries includesreferences in the past tense to the commentarieson Psalms (Hab. 3:1), on Song of Songs (Zech. 2:14, Joel 4:13), and on Daniel

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions (Zech. 11:15).This is theversion of thecommentary on MinorProphets printedin the standardMiqraDot gedolot.

57. Commentary on Genesis (III) Two fragmentsof this commentarysurvive, covering sections of the weeklyportions of Wayyislah(Gen. 35:1-26) and Wayhi (Gen. 47:28- 49:10).The colophonsof bothfragments state that the commentary was takendown in London by R. Josephb. Jacobof Maudevillein his own words,but thattheir substance is Ibn Ezra's. For thefirst fragment see Friedlander,Essays, p. 204 and pp. 65-68 (Hebrew section);for the second fragmentsee Mondschein,nwbw nmw, pp. 167-79 and Commentaryon Genesis ha-Keter, pp. 163-76. Ibn Ezra dedicated the monographSefer Yesod mora3 to R. Joseph b. Jacob of Maudeville, his patron and disciple. See No. 58 below.

58. Sefer Yesod moraD Whereasthe colophon of one manuscript(Oxford, Bodleian Library 1254) statesthat this work was composedin London (u/mrò)within four weeks in Tammuz-Av 4918 AM [=June-July1158], the colophon of another manuscript (Parma 2217 [De Rossi 314]) states that it was composed in a place that is probably London (wnww), but a year later, in Tammuz-Av 4919 AM [=June-July1159], This monograph was dedicated to R. Joseph b. Jacob of Maudeville (see above, No. 57). See Yesod Morayed. Cohen and Simon, pp. 16-17, 23; Friedlander, "Ibn Ezra in England," pp. 48-52; Fleischer,England, pp. 75-76, 107-111.

59. DIggeret ha-sabbat "Friday midnight,the fourteenthday of the monthof Tevet of the year4919" (i.e., Dec. 6, 1158) is indicatedin the openingsentence as the time of Ibn Ezra's dream that triggeredthe compositionof DIggeretha-Sabbat. Ibn Ezra adds thathe was "in one of the citiesof

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal theisland called Angleterre, which is situatedin theseventh among the climatesof the inhabitedpart of the earth"(DIggeret ha-Sabbat, ed. Friedlander,p. 61). See Fleischer,"England," pp. 129-33, 160-66; Friedlander,"Ibn Ezra in England,"pp. 52-60; Sela, Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 49-57. 60. Tac amei luhot al- Muthani The year 1160 is indicatedin the introductionto the work; the place followsfrom the assumption that Ibn Ezra did not leave Englandafter writingDIggeret ha-Sabbat. See Al-Muthanna's Commentary,ed. Goldstein,pp. 300-302. See also Steinschneider,"Abraham Ibn Esra," p. 497; Sela,Abraham Ibn Ezra, pp. 75-78.

1. Sefer ha-Mivharim (II) The datingof Seferha-Mivharim II is difficultbecause thereare no cross-referencesbetween it and Ibn Ezra's otherworks. However, the factthat it consistentlyuses the Hebrew formTalmay rather than the Arabic formBatalmiyüs for Ptolemyseems to indicatethat it was composedin Rouen. See above,No. 45.

62. Sefer ha-Moladot (III), Tequfot (ha-sanim), Sefer ha-Mivharim (III), Sefer ha-SeDelot (III) Four Latin treatises(Liber nativitatum,Liber revolucionum,Liber eleccionum,and Liber interrogacionum)have recentlybeen identified by R. Smithuisas translationsof lostHebrew astrological works by Ibn Ezra. Accordingto her,the Hebrew originals of all fourwere composed after1148. See Smithuis,Ibn Ezra theAstrologer, chap. 2, esp. pp. 163- 68; eadem,"New Discoveries."

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions References I. Works by Abraham Ibn Ezra (including translations) A. Biblical Commentaries (by alph abetical order of the English name of the commentedbooks) DanielI: A. Mondschein,ed., Ibn Ezra'sShort Commentary onDaniel (RamatGan, 1977). Ecclesiastes:M. Gomez Aranda,ed., El comentariode AbrahamIbn Ezra del Eclesiastés(Introducción, traducción y edición crítica) (Madrid,1994). EstherII: JosefZedner, Commentary on Esther,Mahadura taninaD (London, 1850; repr.Jerusalem, 1972). Exodus I & II: M. Cohen,ed., MiqraDotgedolot ha-keter, Exodus, vol. I (RamatGan, 2006). GenesisI, II, & III: M. Cohen, ed., MiqraDotGedolot ha-Keter, Gen- esis,2 vols. (RamatGan, 1997, 1999). Isaiah: The Commentaryof Ibn Ezra on Isaiah, ed. and trans.M. Friedlander(London, 1873; repr.New York,1964). Isaiah: M. Cohen, ed., MiqraDotgedolot ha-keter: Isaiah (RamatGan, 1996). Job: M. Gomez Aranda,ed., El comentariode AbrahamIbn Ezra al libro de Job, Edición crítica,traducción y estudio introductorio (Madrid,2004). MinorProphets: U. Simon,Abraham Ibn Ezra's Commentarieson the MinorProphets, Vol. 1: Hosea, Joel,Amos (RamatGan, 1989). Pentateuch:A. Weiser,ed., Ibn Ezra's Commentaryon the Torah, 3 vols. (Jerusalem,1976). Psalms I: "Ibn Ezra's Introductionand Commentaryon Psalms 1-2: The 'FirstRecension,' in UrielSimon, Four Approaches to theBook ofPsalms, From Saadiah Gaon toAbraham Ibn Ezra, trans.Lenn J. Schramm(Albany, 1991), pp. 308-29.

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Psalms II: Μ. Cohen, ed., MiqraDotgedolot ha-keter, Psalms, 2 vols. (RamatGan, 2003). Song of Songs I: H. J.Mathews, Abraham Ibn Ezra's Commentaryon the Canticles,after the First Recension (Oxford and London, 1874).

B. Non-exegetical works

Print editions The Book ofDefense on Rabbi Saadya Gaon, commonlycalled "Sefat- Yeter,*ed. Igal Oshri (RamatGan, 1988). El Librode losFundamentos de las TablasAstronómicas de R. Abraham Ibn Ezra, ed. José M. Millas Vallicrosa(Madrid and Barcelona, 1947) [(Liberde) Rationibustabularum'. Seferha-DEhad, in YalqutAvraham Ihn cEzra,éd. I. Levin(New York, 1985),pp. 399-414. Grammatikder hebräischenZahlwörter (Jesod Mispar) von Abraham ben Esra, ed. S. Pinsker(Vienna, 1863; repr.Jerusalem, 1968), pp. 133-72 [Yesodmispar]. Seferba-cIbbur, ed. S. 2. H. Halberstam(Lyck, 1874). DIggeretHai ben Meqis, ed. Israel Levin (Tel Aviv,1983). DIggeretha-Sabbat> ed. M. Friedlander,in Transactionsof theJewish HistoricalSociety of England2 (1894/5):61-75. SeferKeli ha-nehoset(I), ed. H. Edelman(Koenigsberg, 1845). LiberAbraham lude de nativitatibus(Venice, 1484). Seferha-MeDorot, ed. J. L. Fleischer,in Sinai (Bucharest),(1933), pp. xlii-li. Seferha-Mispar, Das Buch der Zahl, trans,and ed. Moritz Silberberg (Frankfurta.M, 1895). SeferMispetei ha-mazzalot, in Meir Yishaq Bakal, ed., Seder 12 ha- Mazzalot (Jerusalem,1995), 2: 153-89. Seferha-Mivharim (I), ed. J. L. Fleischer(Jerusalem 1969).

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Seferha-Moladot, in Meir Yishaq Bakal, ed., Seder 12 ha-Mazzalot (Jerusalem,1995) 2: 193-248. Sefer MoDznayim,éd. Lorenzo JiménezPatón, rev. Ángel Sáenz- Badillos(Cordova, [2001]). MoDzeneileson ha-qodes, ed. WolfHeidenheim (Offenbach, 1791). Seferha-cOlam (I), ed. J. L. Fleischer,in DO$arha-hayyim 13 (1937): 33-49. SeferReDsit hokmah (I), in Raphael Levy and FranciscoCantera, The Beginningof Wisdom(Baltimore, 1939). Safah berurah,ed. M. Wilensky,in Mehqanm be-lason uve-sifrut (Jerusalem,1978), pp. 46-82. Safah berurah.La lengua escogida,ed. Enrique Ruiz González, rev. ÁngelSáenz-Badillos (Cordova, 2004). SeferSahot de AbrahamIhn Ezra, ed. and trans,[into Spanish] C. del Valle Rodríguez(Salamanca, 1977). Salos seDelotniPalu la-rav ha-hakammorenu R. Avrahamben cEzra [by David b. R. Joseph Narboni], ed. S.D. Luzzato, in M. Steinschneider,ed., Sefer Senei ba-meDorot...we-Salos seDelot (Berlin,1847), pp. 1-3. Seferba-SeDelot (I), in Meir Yishaq Bakal, ed., Goralotha-Rabca (Jer- usalem,1995), pp. 6-39. Seferha-Sem, in Yalqut' Avraham Ibn cEzra, ed. I. Levin (New York, 1985),pp. 419-38. Seferha-Tecamim (I), ed. J. L. Fleischer(Jerusalem, 1951). Seferha-Tecamim (II), ed. NaphtaliBen Menachem(Jerusalem, 1941). Tractatusde astrolabio,in JoséM. MillasVallicrosa, "Un nuevotratado de astrolabiode R. Abrahamibn Ezra," Al-AndalusV (1940):9-29. Yesoddiqduq hu Sefaty éter, ed. NehemiaAlony (Jerusalem,1984). Yesod mora we-So d Torah, ed. JosephCohen and Uriel Simon,2 edition(Ramat Gan, 2006).

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Manuscripts Sigla BNF: Paris,Bibliothèque nationale de France IMHM: Institutefor MicrofilmedHebrew Manuscripts,Jewish National and UniversityLibrary, Jerusalem. MCI: Mantua,Comunità Israelitica MBS: Munich,Bayerische Staatsbibliothek VAV: Vatican,Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana WZIH: Warsaw,Zydowski Instytut Historyczny

Keli ba-neboset(II), MCI, MS ebr. 10, (IMHM: F 00790), ff.25a- 41b. Keli ba-neboset(III), WZIH 150,(IMHM: F 30154),ff. 58a-71a, right col. Seferha-MeDorot, Paris, BNF, MS héb. 189 (IMHM: F 04173),ff. 120a- 125b. Sefer Mispeteiba-mazzalot, Paris, BNF, MS héb. 1058 (IMHM: F 14642),ff. 14b-26b. Seferha-Mivharim (I), MBS, Cod. Hebr. 202 (IMHM: F 01649), ff. 108b-116a. Seferha-Mokdot (I), Paris,BNF, MS héb. 1056 (IMHM: F 14659),ff. 46b-61b. Seferha-cOUm (I), Paris,BNF, MS héb. 1056 (IMHM: F 14659),ft. 80b-86b. Seferha-cOUm (I), MBS, Cod. Hebr. 304 (IMHM: F 01109),ff. la- 10a. Seferha-cOUm (II), BNF, MS héb. 1045 (IMHM: F 33996),ff. 197a- 201a. Seferba-cOlam (II), VAV, ebr.477 (IMHM: F 00530),ff. 86b-95a. SeferRe3sit hokmab (I), Berlin,Staatsbibliothek 220 [Or. Qu. 679] (IMHM: F 01779),ff. la-31b. Seferba-Se°elot (I), BNF, MS héb. 1056 (IMHM: F 14659),ff. 62b-70a.

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Seferha-SeDelot (II), BNF, MS héb. 1058,(IMHM: F14642),ff. lb-5a. Seferha-Tecamim (I), Paris,BNF, MS héb. 1055 (IMHM: F 14658),ff. 28a-38a. Seferba-Tecamim (II), Paris,BNF, MS héb. 1058 (IMHM: F14642),ff. 26b-39a. Tractatusde astrolabioconscriptus dictante authori quodam egregio philosophoMro. Abraham,London, BL CottonVesp. A II, ff.37- 40.

C. Translations Ibn al-Muthannâ'sCommentary on the AstronomicalTables of al- Khwãrizmi,two Hebrew versions,ed. and trans.B. R. Goldstein (New Haven and London, 1967). JudahHayyuj, Sefer ha-niqqud, in Leopold Dukes, ed., Grammatische Werkedes R. Jehuda Chajjug aus Fez (= HeinrichEwald and Leopold Dukes, Beiträgezur Geschichteder AeltestenAuslegung und Spracher klär ung des Alten Testaments, 3) (Stuttgart,1844; repr. Hildesheim,1976), pp. 179-204. JudahHayyuj, Sefer otiyyot ha-noah, in ibid.,pp. 1-143. JudahHayyuj, Sefer pec alei ha-kefelha-nimsaDim ba-miqraD, in ibid., pp. 144-178.

II. Secondary Literature J. L. Fleischer,uSafah Berurah: When and Wheredid Ibn Ezra Write his Book" (Heb.), Ha-sofehle-veit yisrael 13 (5689 [1929]):88-82; repr.in R. AbrahamIbn Ezra: A Collectionof Articles on his Life and Works(Tel Aviv 5730 [1970]),pp. 152-146. , "R. AbrahamIbn Ezra and his LiteraryWork in England" (Heb.), Osar ha-hayyim7 (5691 [1931]):69-76, 107-111, 129-33, 160-68, 189-203. , "R. AbrahamIbn Ezra in France"(Heb.), Mizrah u-macarav4 (5690 [1930]):352-60; 5 (5692 [1932]):38-46, 217-24, 289-300;

This content downloaded from 195.78.108.37 on Mon, 23 Jun 2014 02:00:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Shlomo Sela and Gad Freudenthal

repr.in R. AbrahamIbn Ezra: A Collectionof Articles on his Life and Works(Tel Aviv 5730 [1970]),pp. 69-106. , "R. AbrahamIbn Ezra and his LiteraryWork in Rome" (Heb.) Osar ha-hayyim8 (5692 [1932]):97-100, 129-31, 148-50, 169-71; 9 (5693 [1933]):134-36, 152-55. , "R. AbrahamIbn Ezra and his LiteraryWork in Lucca, Italy" (Heb.) Ha-soqer 2 (5694 [1934]):77-85; 4 (5696/7[1936/7]): 186- 94; repr.in R. AbrahamIbn Ezra: A Collectionof Articleson his Lifeand Works(Tel Aviv 5730 [1970]),pp. 107-24. M. Friedlander,"Ibn Ezra in England," Transactionsof the Jewish HistoricalSociety of England2 (1894/5):47-60. , Essayson the Writingsof Abraham Ibn Ezra (London, 1877). N. Golb, The Historyand Cultureof theJews of Rouen in theMiddle Ages (Heb.) (Tel Aviv,5736 [1976]). H. Graetz,History of theJews, 6 vols. (Philadelphia1891-1898). L. Levy, Reconstructiondes CommentarsIbn Esras zu den ersten Propheten(Berlin, 1903). R. Levy, The AstrologicalWorks of Abraham Ibn Ezra (Baltimore, 1927). T. Levy, "AbrahamIbn Ezra et les mathématiques.Remarques bib- liographiqueset historiques,"in P. J. Tomson,ed., AbrahamIbn Ezra, savant universel(Brussels: Institutum Judaicum, 2000), pp. 61-75. and C. Burnett,"Sefer ha-Middot: A Mid-Twelfth-CenturyText on Arithmeticand GeometryAttributed to Abrahamibn Ezra," Aleph6 (2006), 57-238. A. Mondschein,"A 'Third Recension' of R. Abraham Ibn Ezra's Commentaryon the Pentateuch?The Discoveryof a New Frag- mentof his Glosses" (Heb.) in Or le-yacaqov,ed. Yair Hoffman and FrankPolak (Jerusalem,5757 [1997]),pp. 179-167. S. Ochs, Die Wiederherstellungder KommentareIbn Lsras zu den BüchernJeremias, Ezechiel, SprüchenSalomons, Esra, Nehemia

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(5688 [1928]), pp. 172-163; repr.in Κ Abraham Ihn Ezra: A Collectionof Articles on hisLife and Works(Tel Aviv,5730 [1970]), pp. 125-131. JosephYahalom, Poetic Language in theEarly Piyyut (Heb.) (Jerusalem 5745 [1985]).

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