Naskah Akademik Pemerintahan Aceh

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Naskah Akademik Pemerintahan Aceh NASKAH AKADEMIK RANCANGAN UNDANG-UNDANG PEMERINTAHAN ACEH DEPARTEMEN DALAM NEGERI TAHUN 2006 DAFTAR lSI Hal I. PENDAHULUAN....................................................... 1 1.1. Latar Belakang............................................................................. 1 1.2. Konsep Otonomi.......................................................................... 2 1.3. Ruang Lingkup RUU Pemerintahan Aceh.............. 3 II. SEJARAH PEMERINTAHAN ACEH............................................ 5 2.1. Pra Kemerdekaan........................................................................ 5 2.2. Awal Kemerdekaan................................... 6 2.3. Reformasi Pemerintahan......... 8 III. OTONOMI KHUSUS BAGI PROVINSI ACEH...................................... 11 3.1. Penetapan Masalah..................................................................... 11 3.2. Perumusan Kebijakan.................................................................. 14 3.3. Implementasi Kebijakan Otonomi Khusus NAD........................... 26 IV. NOTA KESEPAHAMAN HELSiNKI..................................................... 31 4.1. Dasar Kesepakatan..................................................................... 31 4.2. lsi Persetujuan.... 32 V. PRINSIP-PRINSIP PEMERINTAHAN ACEH....................................... 38 5.1. Prinsip-prinsip Pemberian Kewenangan Khusus........................ 38 5.2. Prinsip Pokok Tata Kelola Pemerintahan.................................... 39 5.3. Susunan RUU Pemerintahan Aceh............................................. 46 DAFTAR PUSTAKA.... 50 BABI PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 mengamanatkan pemerintahan daerah menjalankan otonomi seluas-Iuasnya, kecuali urusan pemerintahan yang oleh undang-undang ditentukan sebagai urusan Pemerintah Pusat. Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah telah menetapkan urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi urusan Pemerintah Pusat meliputi : politik luar negeri, pertahanan, keamanan, yustisi, moneter dan fiskal nasional, dan agama. Selain itu, Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 menetapkan pula, Negara mengakui dan menghonnati satuan-satuan pemerintahan daerah yang bersifat khusus atau bersifat istimewa yang diatur dengan undang-undang. Aceh sebagai satuan pemerintahan daerah yang bersifat khusus dan sekaligus bersifat istimewa telah mempunyai pengaturan pemerintahan daerah sendiri berbentuk Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh dan Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus Bagi Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh sebagai Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Dalam pada itu, sesuai dengan Nota Kesepahaman antara Pemerintah Republik Indonesia dan Gerakan Aceh Merdeka 15 Agustus 2005 di Helsinki, disepakati untuk membentuk Undang-undang bam tentang Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah Provinsi Aceh dalam bingkai Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dan berdasarkan konstitusi Republik Indonesia. Karena itu, Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2001 2 perlu disempumakan dan disesuaikan dengan isi persetujuan yang terdapat di dalam Nota Kesepahaman tersebut. Dalam melakukan perubahan undang-undang itu, diperhatikan berbagai dasar kebijakan baik yang bersifat filosofis maupun normatif, utamanya yang terkait dengan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah, di antaranya Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Undang-Undang Nomor 44 Tahun 1999, Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2001, Undang-Undang Nomor 32 rabun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 tentang Perimbangan Keuangan antara Pusat dan Daerah, Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 2002 tentang Partai Politik, serta undang-undang sektoral lainnya. Selain itu, diakomodasi pula isi persetujuan yang tercantum dalam MoD Helsinki 15 Agustus 2005. 1.2. Konsep Otonomi Otonomi yang diberikan Pemerintah Pusat kepada satuan Pemerintahan Daerah Aceh adalah otonomi yang seluas-luasnya dalam mengatur dan mengurus sendiri urusan pemerintahan dan kepentingan masyarakat setempat sesuai dengan kekhususan atau keistimewaan yang dimiliki daerah Provinsi Aceh baik di bidang politik, ekonomi, dan sosial budaya; kecuali dalam bidang politik luar negeri, pertahanan, keamanan, yustisi, moneter dan fiskal nasional, dan urusan tertentu di bidang agama. Konsep otonomi tersebut didasarkan pada Pasal 18, Pasal 18 A dan Pasal 18 B DUD Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Secara teoritik, konsep otonomi seperti itu lazim disebut sebagai model asymmetric decentralization ( Wignyosoebroto, 2005 : 562). 3 Pemberian otonomi seluas-luasnya di bidang politik berarti tanggung jawab bagi pemerintahan Aceh untuk menyelenggarakan pemerintahan daerah secara demokratis dan mengelola pemerintahan daerah sesuai prinsip good governance yaitu, transparan, akuntabel, profesional, efisien, dan efektif. Pemberian otonomi seluas-Iuasnya di bidang ekonomi berarti tanggung jawab bagi Pemerintahan Daerah Aceh dalam memanfaatkan dan mengelola kekayaan alam daerah Aceh untuk sebesar-besamya kemakmuran rakyat Aceh. Pemberian otonomi seluas-luasnya di bidang sosial budaya berarti tanggung jawab bagi Pemerintahan Daerah Aceh dalam memajukan kesejahteraan masyarakat Aceh. Dalam menyelenggarakan otonomi yang seluas-Iuasnya itu, masyarakat Aceh memiliki peran serta baik dalam merumuskan kebijakan, menetapkan kebijakan, melaksanakan kebijakan, dan tnengevaluasi kebijakan Pemerintahan Daerah Aceh. Pemerintah Pusat sendiri berperan dalam melakukan pembinaan dan pengawasan terhadap penyelenggaraan otonomi seluas-luasnya yang dilaksanakan oleh Pemerintahan Daerah Aceh. Selain itu, sepanjang yang menyangkut urusan pemerintahan yang menjadi kewenangan pemerintah pusat, pemerintah pusat dapat melimpahkannya sebagian kepada kepala pemerintah Aceh selaku wakil pemerintah dan menugaskan sebagian urusan pemerintahan kepada pemerintah daerah provinsi, pemerintah daerah kabupatenlkota danlatau pemerintahan desa. 1.3. Ruang Lingkup RUU Pemerintahan Aceh RUD Pemerintahan Aceh ini pada dasarnya bersifat komprehensif yaitu mencoba mengatur segala hal mengenai pemerintahan lokal di Aceh, mulai dari pembagian dan batas daerah, kewenangan, bentuk dan susunan pemerintahan baik lembaga legislatif maupun badan eksekutif serta lernbaga-lembaga adat, agama, dan 4 lembaga kemasyarakatan lainnya; pemilihan kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah, partai politik lokal, perangkat dan kepegawaian daerah, pe1aksanaan syariat Islam, perekonomian, keuangan daerah, qanun, sampai seluk beluk penyelenggaraan urusan pendidikan, kebudayaan, sosial, kesehatan, pertahanan, pertanahan, dan hak asasi manusia, sampai pembinaan dan pengawasan pemerintahan Aceh. Selain itu, RUU ini juga bersifat tuntas, di mana berbagai pengaturan dilakukan secara detail dan diupayakan selengkap mungkin, sehingga tidak diperlukan aneka peraturan pelaksanaan yang berlebihan. Namun, apabila tidak terelakkan, mengingat luasnya aspek yang diatur, maka dibuka peluang pengaturan lanjutan melalui qanun atau peraturan gubemur dan peraturan pemerintah atau peraturan presiden. Otonomi yang seluas-luasnya yang diberikan oleh pemerintah pusat kepada pemerintahan daerah Provinsi Aceh yang dimuat di dalam RUU Pemerintahan Aceh tidak datang tiba-tiba tetapi memiliki latar belakang yang panjang dan berdasarkan pokok-pokok pikiran yang cukup matang. Untuk mengetahuinya dengan lengkap dan rinci, naskah akademik ini mencoba memaparkannya secara obyektif dan runtut bagaimana perkembangan dan prinsip-prinsip pengaturan pemerintahan daerah di Aceh. 5 BABII SEJARAH PEMERINTAHAN ACEH 2.1. Pra-Kemerdekaan Sejak sebelum masehi Aceh sudah menjadi perhatian para pedagang baik dari India, Cina dan Timur Tengah. Tetapi setelah masehi banyak pelaut Cina, India, dan Timur Tengah singgah di Aceh guna mencari rempah-rempah. Kehadiran bangsa asing ini membuat masyarakat setempat berinteraksi dengan mereka, terutama di bidang ekonomi dan kebudayaan sekaligus membawa peradaban baik Hindustan maupun Islam (lihat Usman, 2003 : 21). Pada abad ke 7, para pedagang India memperkenalkan agama Hindu dan Budha. Narnun, peran Aceh menonjol sejalan dengan masuk dan berkembangnya agama Islam yang dibawa oleh pedagang Gujarat menjelang abad ke 9 (BPS, 2002: xiv). Aceh adalah tempat masuknya agama Islam pertama kali ke Indonesia, dan tempat lahimya kerajaan Islam pertama pula di Nusantara, yaitu di Pereulak dan Pasai. Kerajaan Islam yang dibangun oleh Sultan Ali Mughayatsyah dengan ibukotanya di Bandar Aceh Darussalam (Banda Aceh sekarang) bertambah luas hingga ke Semenanjung Malaka. Kesultanan Aceh mencapai puncak kejayaannya permulaan abad ke 17 di bawah pemerintahan Sultan Iskandar Muda (lihat BPS, 2002 : xiv). Pada sekitar abad ke 15, orang-orang Barat memulai petualangannya di Timur, banyak wilayah Nusantara yang dapat dikuasainya, tetapi Aceh tetap bebas sebagai kerajaan yang berdaulat. Sepeninggal Sultan Iskandar Muda para penggantinya tidak mampu mempertahankan kebesaran kerajaan tersebut. Aceh kemudian menjadi incaran bangsa Barat yang ditandai dengan penandatanganan Traktat London dan 6 Traktat Sumatera antara Inggris dan Belanda mengenai pengaturan kepentingan mereka di Sumatera. Tanggal 26 Maret 1873 Belanda menyatakan perang kepada Aceh. Perang ini berlangsung selama 30 tahun dengan menelan korban cukup besar di kedua belah pihak, dan memaksa Sultan Aceh terakhir, Muhamad Daud mengakui kedaulatan Belanda (BPS, 2002 : xiv). Dengan pengakuan kedaulatan tersebut, Aceh secara resmi dimasukkan ke dalam
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