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Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia: Jakarta's Security and Autonomy

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Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia: Jakarta's Security and Autonomy Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia Armed separatist movements in Papua, East Timor and Aceh have been a serious problem for Indonesia’s central government. This book examines the policies of successive Indonesian governments to contain secessionist forces, focusing in particular on Jakarta’s response towards the armed separatist movement in Aceh. Unlike other studies of separatism in Indonesia, this book concentrates on the responses of the central government rather than looking only at the separatist forces. It shows how successive governments have tried a wide range of approaches including military repression, offers of autonomy, peace talks and a combination of these. It discusses the lessons that have been learned from these different approaches and analyzes the impact of the tsunami, including the successful accommodation of former rebels within an Indonesian devolved state structure and the expanding implementation of Islamic law. Michelle Ann Miller is a postdoctoral fellow at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore. She previously taught at Charles Darwin University and Deakin University. Her research interests include Indonesian/ South-East Asian politics, political development, decentralization, democratiza- tion, security sector reform, state and nation-building, capacity-building, and civil and political rights. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series 1 Land Tenure, Conservation and 13 Financial Fragility and Instability in Development in Southeast Asia Indonesia Peter Eaton Yasuyuki Matsumoto 2 The Politics of Indonesia-Malaysia Relations 14 The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian One kin, two nations Politics Joseph Chinyong Liow The deployment of adat from colonialism to indigenism 3 Governance and Civil Society in Myanmar Edited by Jamie S. Davidson and David Henley Education, health and environment Helen James 15 Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia 4 Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia Small town wars Edited by Maribeth Erb, Priyambudi Gerry van Klinken Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher 16 Singapore in the Global System 5 Living with Transition in Laos Relationship, structure and change Market integration in Southeast Asia Peter Preston Jonathan Rigg 17 Chinese Big Business in Indonesia 6 Christianity, Islam and Nationalism in The state of the capital Indonesia Christian Chua Charles E. Farhadian 18 Ethno-religious Violence in Indonesia 7 Violent Conflicts in Indonesia From soil to God Analysis, representation, resolution Chris Wilson Edited by Charles A. Coppel 19 Ethnic Politics in Burma 8 Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in States of conflict Southeast Asia Ashley South Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam Ronald Bruce St John 20 Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia 9 The Politics of Tyranny in Singapore and Edited by Marco Bünte and Andreas Ufen Burma Aristotle and the rhetoric of benevolent despotism 21 Party Politics and Democratization in Stephen McCarthy Indonesia Golkar in the post-Suharto era Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 10 Ageing in Singapore Dirk Tomsa Service needs and the state Peggy Teo, Kalyani Mehta, Leng Leng Thang 22 Community, Environment and Local and Angelique Chan Governance in Indonesia Locating the commonweal 11 Security and Sustainable Development in Edited by Carol Warren and John F. McCarthy Myanmar Helen James 23 Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia Jakarta’s security and autonomy polices in Aceh 12 Expressions of Cambodia Michelle Ann Miller The politics of tradition, identity and change Edited by Leakthina Chau-Pech Ollier and Tim Winter Rebellion and Reform in Indonesia Jakarta’s security and autonomy policies in Aceh Michelle Ann Miller Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 Michelle Ann Miller All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Miller, Michelle Ann, 1974- Rebellion and reform in Indonesia : Jakarta's security and autonomy polices in Aceh / Michelle Ann Miller. p. cm. — (Routledge contemporary Southeast Asia series ; 23) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-415-45467-4 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-203-88819-3 (ebook) 1. Indonesia—Politics and government—1998- 2. Aceh (Indonesia)—Politics and government. 3. Aceh (Indonesia)—History—Autonomy and independence movements. 4. Decentralization in government—Indonesia. 5. Central- local government relations—Indonesia. 6. Political violence— Indonesia—Aceh. 7. Ethnic conflict—Indonesia—Aceh. 8. Social conflict—Indonesia—Aceh. I. Title. DS644.5.M555 2008 959.8'1104—dc22 2008019935 ISBN 0-203-88819-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45467-4 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-88819-3 (ebk) ISBN 10: 0-415-45467-0 (hbk) Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 ISBN 10: 0-203-88819-7 (ebk) For my friend Tomer Shemesh Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 Contents Acknowledgments ix Glossary xi Administrative map of Aceh xv 1 Introduction 1 PART I Bacharuddin Yusuf Habibie 11 2 New regime, new security strategy? 13 3 Decentralization: An exclusive affair 41 PART II Abdurrahman Wahid 57 4 Persuasion and repression 59 5 Search for a special autonomy solution 88 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 PART III Megawati Sukarnoputri 99 6 An authoritarian past revisited 101 7 The NAD law: Reasons for its failure 127 viii Contents PART IV Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 147 8 Waves of reform 149 9 A rebel government 165 10 Conclusion 183 Notes 188 Bibliography 192 Index 209 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 Acknowledgments Words do not do justice to those who have supported this project, but I would like to thank the following people. To Ed Aspinall and Dennis Shoesmith, I owe special thanks for their encouragement, considered advice and detailed feedback on earlier drafts of this manuscript. My heartfelt thanks go to Patrick Daly and Barbara Nowak, who carefully read sections of this book in its final stages. Patrick and Barbara, as well as Tony Reid and Michael Feener, have made my stay at the National University of Singapore’s Asia Research Institute (ARI), where much of this book was written, especially joyful and inspirational. I also wish to thank Damien Kingsbury for providing constructive commentary on previous drafts and for being a supportive colleague and friend during my time at Deakin University. I would like to thank many other people who have assisted this project in differ- ent ways. They are Zulfitri Ahba, Mahdi Ismail, Rony and Alex Chul, the late Safwan Idris, Irwan and Icut Djohan, Hadi Soesastro, Matthew Davies, Richard Chauvel, Arskal Salim and Jaap Timmer. I would also like to thank Deyana Goh, Monica Smith, Sovan Patra, Sue Kenny, Ismet Fanany, Rob Budd, Birgit Brauchler, Andiara Schwingel (aka. C.C.), Bina Gubhaju, Hiroko Matsuda, Yasuko Kobayashi, Steve and Marrion Farram, Sally Neagle and Tiffany and Ippei Okazaki. Any factual errors or shortcomings in this book are in no way attributable to those who have assisted in its creation and are entirely my own responsibility. This project was originally inspired by two of my dear former Indonesian teachers, Tom Hunter and Ni Wayan Pasek Aryati, who helped me discover Aceh in many indirect ways. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 I would like to thank the National University of Singapore’s ARI for financially supporting this project, and for providing a happy and nurturing intellectual envi- ronment. This project was also assisted by an Australian Postgraduate Award granted by the Department of Science, Education and Training in the Australian Government. This manuscript would not have reached completion without the love and comic relief of those who have travelled with me throughout this entire journey. It is to them I express everything that words cannot. They are Elizabeth, Graham and Kat Miller, Tomer Shemesh, Benjamin McKay, Bea (Maria Antonia) Viegas and Korin Lesh. x Acknowledgments Finally, I wish to thank the people of Lampuuk, Aceh Besar, for inviting me into their homes, for sharing their stories and for their tremendous courage before and after the December 2004 tsunami. Their great capacity for great kindness even under grave conditions is the human quality I admire most. To have known them is a special privilege. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 Glossary A: Acehnese Ar: Arabic I: Indonesian ABRI (I) Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia,
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