NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Nuclear Notation Remember That an Isotope
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Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay
REPORT TO THE NUCLEAR SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay NOVEMBER 18, 2015 NLDBD Report November 18, 2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In March 2015, DOE and NSF charged NSAC Subcommittee on neutrinoless double beta decay (NLDBD) to provide additional guidance related to the development of next generation experimentation for this field. The new charge (Appendix A) requests a status report on the existing efforts in this subfield, along with an assessment of the necessary R&D required for each candidate technology before a future downselect. The Subcommittee membership was augmented to replace several members who were not able to continue in this phase (the present Subcommittee membership is attached as Appendix B). The Subcommittee solicited additional written input from the present worldwide collaborative efforts on double beta decay projects in order to collect the information necessary to address the new charge. An open meeting was held where these collaborations were invited to present material related to their current projects, conceptual designs for next generation experiments, and the critical R&D required before a potential down-select. We also heard presentations related to nuclear theory and the impact of future cosmological data on the subject of NLDBD. The Subcommittee presented its principal findings and comments in response to the March 2015 charge at the NSAC meeting in October 2015. The March 2015 charge requested the Subcommittee to: Assess the status of ongoing R&D for NLDBD candidate technology demonstrations for a possible future ton-scale NLDBD experiment. For each candidate technology demonstration, identify the major remaining R&D tasks needed ONLY to demonstrate downselect criteria, including the sensitivity goals, outlined in the NSAC report of May 2014. -
Royal Society of Chemistry Input to the Ad Hoc Nuclear
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY INPUT TO THE AD HOC NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADVISORY BOARD The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) was pleased to hear of the instigation of the Ad Hoc Nuclear Research and Development Advisory Board (the Board) following the findings of the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee Inquiry ‘Nuclear Research and Development Capabilities’.1,2 The RSC is the largest organisation in Europe for advancing the chemical sciences. Supported by a network of 47,000 members worldwide and an internationally acclaimed publishing business, its activities span education and training, conferences and science policy, and the promotion of the chemical sciences to the public. This document represents the views of the RSC. The RSC has a duty under its Royal Charter "to serve the public interest" by acting in an independent advisory capacity, and it is in this spirit that this submission is made. To provide input to the Board the RSC has performed a wide consultation with the chemical science community, including members of both our Radiochemistry and Energy Sector Interest Groups and also our Environment Sustainability and Energy Division. September 2012 The Role of Chemistry in a Civil Nuclear Strategy 1 Introduction Chemistry and chemical knowledge is essential in nuclear power generation and nuclear waste management. It is essential that a UK civil nuclear strategy recognises the crucial role that chemistry plays, both in research and innovation and in the development of a strong skills pipeline. As the RSC previously articulated in our response to the House of Lords Inquiry, 3 nuclear power is an important component of our current energy mix. -
RIB Production by Photofission in the Framework of the ALTO Project
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com NIM B Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 266 (2008) 4092–4096 www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb RIB production by photofission in the framework of the ALTO project: First experimental measurements and Monte-Carlo simulations M. Cheikh Mhamed *, S. Essabaa, C. Lau, M. Lebois, B. Roussie`re, M. Ducourtieux, S. Franchoo, D. Guillemaud Mueller, F. Ibrahim, J.F. LeDu, J. Lesrel, A.C. Mueller, M. Raynaud, A. Said, D. Verney, S. Wurth Institut de Physique Nucle´aire, IN2P3-CNRS/Universite´ Paris-Sud, F-91406 Orsay Cedex, France Available online 11 June 2008 Abstract The ALTO facility (Acce´le´rateur Line´aire aupre`s du Tandem d’Orsay) has been built and is now under commissioning. The facility is intended for the production of low energy neutron-rich ion-beams by ISOL technique. This will open new perspectives in the study of nuclei very far from the valley of stability. Neutron-rich nuclei are produced by photofission in a thick uranium carbide target (UCx) using a 10 lA, 50 MeV electron beam. The target is the same as that already had been used on the previous deuteron based fission ISOL setup (PARRNE [F. Clapier et al., Phys. Rev. ST-AB (1998) 013501.]). The intended nominal fission rate is about 1011 fissions/s. We have studied the adequacy of a thick carbide uranium target to produce neutron-rich nuclei by photofission by means of Monte-Carlo simulations. We present the production rates in the target and after extraction and mass separation steps. -
Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusor Cody Boyd Virginia Commonwealth University
Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Capstone Design Expo Posters College of Engineering 2015 Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusor Cody Boyd Virginia Commonwealth University Brian Hortelano Virginia Commonwealth University Yonathan Kassaye Virginia Commonwealth University See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/capstone Part of the Engineering Commons © The Author(s) Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/capstone/40 This Poster is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Engineering at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Design Expo Posters by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Cody Boyd, Brian Hortelano, Yonathan Kassaye, Dimitris Killinger, Adam Stanfield, Jordan Stark, Thomas Veilleux, and Nick Reuter This poster is available at VCU Scholars Compass: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/capstone/40 Team Members: Cody Boyd, Brian Hortelano, Yonathan Kassaye, Dimitris Killinger, Adam Stanfield, Jordan Stark, Thomas Veilleux Inertial Electrostatic Faculty Advisor: Dr. Sama Bilbao Y Leon, Mr. James G. Miller Sponsor: Confinement Fusor Dominion Virginia Power What is Fusion? Shielding Computational Modeling Because the D-D fusion reaction One of the potential uses of the fusor will be to results in the production of neutrons irradiate materials and see how they behave after and X-rays, shielding is necessary to certain levels of both fast and thermal neutron protect users from the radiation exposure. To reduce the amount of time and produced by the fusor. A Monte Carlo resources spent testing, a computational model n-Particle (MCNP) model was using XOOPIC, a particle interaction software, developed to calculate the necessary was developed to model the fusor. -
Basics of Radiation Radiation Safety Orientation Open Source Booklet 1 (June 1, 2018)
Basics of Radiation Radiation Safety Orientation Open Source Booklet 1 (June 1, 2018) Before working with radioactive material, it is helpful to recall… Radiation is energy released from a source. • Light is a familiar example of energy traveling some distance from its source. We understand that a light bulb can remain in one place and the light can move toward us to be detected by our eyes. • The Electromagnetic Spectrum is the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and includes visible light. Radioactive materials release energy with enough power to cause ionizations and are on the high end of the electromagnetic spectrum. • Although our bodies cannot sense ionizing radiation, it is helpful to think ionizing radiation behaves similarly to light. o Travels in straight lines with decreasing intensity farther away from the source o May be reflected off certain surfaces (but not all) o Absorbed when interacting with materials You will be using radioactive material that releases energy in the form of ionizing radiation. Knowing about the basics of radiation will help you understand how to work safely with radioactive material. What is “ionizing radiation”? • Ionizing radiation is energy with enough power to remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionized. • The charged atoms can damage the internal structures of living cells. The material near the charged atom absorbs the energy causing chemical bonds to break. Are all radioactive materials the same? No, not all radioactive materials are the same. -
NATO and NATO-Russia Nuclear Terms and Definitions
NATO/RUSSIA UNCLASSIFIED PART 1 PART 1 Nuclear Terms and Definitions in English APPENDIX 1 NATO and NATO-Russia Nuclear Terms and Definitions APPENDIX 2 Non-NATO Nuclear Terms and Definitions APPENDIX 3 Definitions of Nuclear Forces NATO/RUSSIA UNCLASSIFIED 1-1 2007 NATO/RUSSIA UNCLASSIFIED PART 1 NATO and NATO-Russia Nuclear Terms and Definitions APPENDIX 1 Source References: AAP-6 : NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions AAP-21 : NATO Glossary of NBC Terms and Definitions CP&MT : NATO-Russia Glossary of Contemporary Political and Military Terms A active decontamination alpha particle A nuclear particle emitted by heavy radionuclides in the process of The employment of chemical, biological or mechanical processes decay. Alpha particles have a range of a few centimetres in air and to remove or neutralise chemical, biological or radioactive will not penetrate clothing or the unbroken skin but inhalation or materials. (AAP-21). ingestion will result in an enduring hazard to health (AAP-21). décontamination active активное обеззараживание particule alpha альфа-частицы active material antimissile system Material, such as plutonium and certain isotopes of uranium, The basic armament of missile defence systems, designed to which is capable of supporting a fission chain reaction (AAP-6). destroy ballistic and cruise missiles and their warheads. It includes See also fissile material. antimissile missiles, launchers, automated detection and matière fissile радиоактивное вещество identification, antimissile missile tracking and guidance, and main command posts with a range of computer and communications acute radiation dose equipment. They can be subdivided into short, medium and long- The total ionising radiation dose received at one time and over a range missile defence systems (CP&MT). -
Chapter 3 the Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics Outline Natural
Outline Chapter 3 The Fundamentals of Nuclear • Terms: activity, half life, average life • Nuclear disintegration schemes Physics • Parent-daughter relationships Radiation Dosimetry I • Activation of isotopes Text: H.E Johns and J.R. Cunningham, The physics of radiology, 4th ed. http://www.utoledo.edu/med/depts/radther Natural radioactivity Activity • Activity – number of disintegrations per unit time; • Particles inside a nucleus are in constant motion; directly proportional to the number of atoms can escape if acquire enough energy present • Most lighter atoms with Z<82 (lead) have at least N Average one stable isotope t / ta A N N0e lifetime • All atoms with Z > 82 are radioactive and t disintegrate until a stable isotope is formed ta= 1.44 th • Artificial radioactivity: nucleus can be made A N e0.693t / th A 2t / th unstable upon bombardment with neutrons, high 0 0 Half-life energy protons, etc. • Units: Bq = 1/s, Ci=3.7x 1010 Bq Activity Activity Emitted radiation 1 Example 1 Example 1A • A prostate implant has a half-life of 17 days. • A prostate implant has a half-life of 17 days. If the What percent of the dose is delivered in the first initial dose rate is 10cGy/h, what is the total dose day? N N delivered? t /th t 2 or e Dtotal D0tavg N0 N0 A. 0.5 A. 9 0.693t 0.693t B. 2 t /th 1/17 t 2 2 0.96 B. 29 D D e th dt D h e th C. 4 total 0 0 0.693 0.693t /th 0.6931/17 C. -
A Measurement of the 2 Neutrino Double Beta Decay Rate of 130Te in the CUORICINO Experiment by Laura Katherine Kogler
A measurement of the 2 neutrino double beta decay rate of 130Te in the CUORICINO experiment by Laura Katherine Kogler A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Stuart J. Freedman, Chair Professor Yury G. Kolomensky Professor Eric B. Norman Fall 2011 A measurement of the 2 neutrino double beta decay rate of 130Te in the CUORICINO experiment Copyright 2011 by Laura Katherine Kogler 1 Abstract A measurement of the 2 neutrino double beta decay rate of 130Te in the CUORICINO experiment by Laura Katherine Kogler Doctor of Philosophy in Physics University of California, Berkeley Professor Stuart J. Freedman, Chair CUORICINO was a cryogenic bolometer experiment designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay and other rare processes, including double beta decay with two neutrinos (2νββ). The experiment was located at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and ran for a period of about 5 years, from 2003 to 2008. The detector consisted of an array of 62 TeO2 crystals arranged in a tower and operated at a temperature of ∼10 mK. Events depositing energy in the detectors, such as radioactive decays or impinging particles, produced thermal pulses in the crystals which were read out using sensitive thermistors. The experiment included 4 enriched crystals, 2 enriched with 130Te and 2 with 128Te, in order to aid in the measurement of the 2νββ rate. The enriched crystals contained a total of ∼350 g 130Te. The 128-enriched (130-depleted) crystals were used as background monitors, so that the shared backgrounds could be subtracted from the energy spectrum of the 130- enriched crystals. -
Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data Iaea, Vienna, 2000 Iaea-Tecdoc-1168 Issn 1011–4289
IAEA-TECDOC-1168 Compilation and evaluation of fission yield nuclear data Final report of a co-ordinated research project 1991–1996 December 2000 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Data Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria COMPILATION AND EVALUATION OF FISSION YIELD NUCLEAR DATA IAEA, VIENNA, 2000 IAEA-TECDOC-1168 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2000 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2000 FOREWORD Fission product yields are required at several stages of the nuclear fuel cycle and are therefore included in all large international data files for reactor calculations and related applications. Such files are maintained and disseminated by the Nuclear Data Section of the IAEA as a member of an international data centres network. Users of these data are from the fields of reactor design and operation, waste management and nuclear materials safeguards, all of which are essential parts of the IAEA programme. In the 1980s, the number of measured fission yields increased so drastically that the manpower available for evaluating them to meet specific user needs was insufficient. To cope with this task, it was concluded in several meetings on fission product nuclear data, some of them convened by the IAEA, that international co-operation was required, and an IAEA co-ordinated research project (CRP) was recommended. This recommendation was endorsed by the International Nuclear Data Committee, an advisory body for the nuclear data programme of the IAEA. As a consequence, the CRP on the Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data was initiated in 1991, after its scope, objectives and tasks had been defined by a preparatory meeting. -
Lecture 22 Alpha Decay 1 Introduction 2 Fission and Fusion
Nuclear and Particle Physics - Lecture 22 Alpha decay 1 Introduction We have looked at gamma decays (due to the EM force) and beta decays (due to the weak force) and now will look at alpha decays, which are due to the strong/nuclear force. In contrast to the previous decays which do not change A, alpha decays happen by emission of some of the 4 nucleons from the nucleus. Specifically, for alpha decay, an alpha particle, 2He, is ejected so generically A A−4 4 X − Y + He Z !Z 2 2 for some X and Y . Y clearly has a different number of nucleons to X. Compare how alpha and beta decays move the nuclei around in Z,N plane N β+ β- α Z Note that gamma decays cannot change Z, N or A. 2 Fission and fusion Alpha decay is in fact only one specific case of a whole range of processes which involve emission of nucleons. These range from single proton or neutron emission up to splitting the nucleus into two roughly equal parts. Particularly in the latter case, these are called fission decays. Which nuclei would we expect to fission? The binding energy per nucleon curve shows that 56 the maximum occurs around 26Fe and drops off to either side. Hence, both small A and large A nuclei are less strongly bound per nucleon than medium A. This means there will be some energy release if two small nuclei are combined into a larger one, a process called fusion which will be discussed later in the course. -
Radioactive Decay
North Berwick High School Department of Physics Higher Physics Unit 2 Particles and Waves Section 3 Fission and Fusion Section 3 Fission and Fusion Note Making Make a dictionary with the meanings of any new words. Einstein and nuclear energy 1. Write down Einstein’s famous equation along with units. 2. Explain the importance of this equation and its relevance to nuclear power. A basic model of the atom 1. Copy the components of the atom diagram and state the meanings of A and Z. 2. Copy the table on page 5 and state the difference between elements and isotopes. Radioactive decay 1. Explain what is meant by radioactive decay and copy the summary table for the three types of nuclear radiation. 2. Describe an alpha particle, including the reason for its short range and copy the panel showing Plutonium decay. 3. Describe a beta particle, including its range and copy the panel showing Tritium decay. 4. Describe a gamma ray, including its range. Fission: spontaneous decay and nuclear bombardment 1. Describe the differences between the two methods of decay and copy the equation on page 10. Nuclear fission and E = mc2 1. Explain what is meant by the terms ‘mass difference’ and ‘chain reaction’. 2. Copy the example showing the energy released during a fission reaction. 3. Briefly describe controlled fission in a nuclear reactor. Nuclear fusion: energy of the future? 1. Explain why nuclear fusion might be a preferred source of energy in the future. 2. Describe some of the difficulties associated with maintaining a controlled fusion reaction. -
Arxiv:1901.01410V3 [Astro-Ph.HE] 1 Feb 2021 Mental Information Is Available, and One Has to Rely Strongly on Theoretical Predictions for Nuclear Properties
Origin of the heaviest elements: The rapid neutron-capture process John J. Cowan∗ HLD Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 440 W. Brooks St., Norman, OK 73019, USA Christopher Snedeny Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, 2515 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712-1205, USA James E. Lawlerz Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1390, USA Ani Aprahamianx and Michael Wiescher{ Department of Physics and Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA Karlheinz Langanke∗∗ GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Institut f¨urKernphysik (Theoriezentrum), Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universit¨atDarmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 2, 64298 Darmstadt, Germany Gabriel Mart´ınez-Pinedoyy GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany; Institut f¨urKernphysik (Theoriezentrum), Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universit¨atDarmstadt, Schlossgartenstraße 2, 64298 Darmstadt, Germany; and Helmholtz Forschungsakademie Hessen f¨urFAIR, GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Friedrich-Karl Thielemannzz Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland and GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨urSchwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany (Dated: February 2, 2021) The production of about half of the heavy elements found in nature is assigned to a spe- cific astrophysical nucleosynthesis process: the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). Although this idea has been postulated more than six decades ago, the full understand- ing faces two types of uncertainties/open questions: (a) The nucleosynthesis path in the nuclear chart runs close to the neutron-drip line, where presently only limited experi- arXiv:1901.01410v3 [astro-ph.HE] 1 Feb 2021 mental information is available, and one has to rely strongly on theoretical predictions for nuclear properties.