DOCSLIB.ORG

OTHER VIRUS DISEASES the Occurrence of Satsuma Dwarf Virus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
OTHER VIRUS DISEASES the Occurrence of Satsuma Dwarf Virus OTHER VIRUS DISEASES The Occurrence of Satsuma Dwarf Virus in China Zhou Changyong, Zhao Xueyuan, Jiang Yuanhui and He Xinhua ABSTRACT. From 1985 to 1991,84 samples from satsuma mandarins, mandarin hybrids and navel oranges, imported from Japan in recent years, were collected from eight provinces, and indexed for satsuma dwarf virus (SDV) by using the indicator plants, White sesame, Blackeye cowpea and Satisfac- tion kidney bean, and by ELISA. Miyamoto satsuma samples collected trom Huangyan, Zhejiang Province and from Fengjie, Sichuan Province were infected with SDV, while all the others were SDV-free. Nine cultivars of extreme early satsuma, especially those collected from Huangyan and Huaning, Yunnan Province, were infected with citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV). Other than satsuma, 25 important citrus cultivars collected from the National Citrus Genetic Resources Collection at Chong- qing were found to be SDV-free by ELISA. The results suggest that the occurrence of SDV in China is limited to a few cultivars in a few locations. Satsuma dwarf is an economically Hashimoto, Ichifumi, Imada, Inaba, important virus disease in Japan. The Ishitsuka, Kitaguchi, Mitake, typical symptom, the so-called "boat- Miyamoto, Oomura, Ooura, Tanimoto, shaped leaf," appears on the spring Takabayashi, Toku mori, Ueno, flush. Since the first record in 1950 (5), Wakiyama and Yamakawa No. 3), it has become widespread in almost all early satsuma (Kamei, Matsuyama, the citrus areas of Japan (3). SDV has Miyagawa, Okitsu and Tachima), mid- also been reported from Turkey (1)and dle satsuma (Aoe, Dobashibeni, Korea (4). Satsuma mandarin was im- Hayashi, Kunou, Morita, Mukaiyama, ported into China from Japan, and in Nankan No. 4, Nankan No. 20, Owari, recent years, some cultivars of ex- Seto, Suruga, Tomono and Yonezawa), treme early satsuma have also been in- late satsuma (Aoshima, Ikeda and troduced. In many satsuma plantings Ishikama), navel orange (Shirayanagi in China, boat-shaped leaves have been and Suzuki) and mandarin hybrid found. In order to determine whether (Amanatsu, Hassaku and Miyauchi SDV is present in China or not, samples iyokan). were collected from eight provinces In the autumn of 1991, an additional and indexed by using herbaceous indi- 25 important citrus cultivars were cator plants, and ELISA from 1985 to collected from the National Citrus 1991. Additional indexing was done to Genetic Resources Collection at Chong- determine if citrus tatterleaf (CTLV) qing for ELISA indexing for SDV, in- was present in these samples. cluding sweet orange (Anliucheng, Xinhuicheng, Jingcheng, Edangan No. MATERIALS AND METHODS 8, Taoyecheng, Bintangcheng, Xuegan, Robertson navel, Washington navel, From 1985to 1991,84samples were Valencia, Hamlin, Tarocco blood, Ruby collected from eight provinces, namely blood and Washington Sanguine),man- Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, darins (Dahongpao, Ponkan, Jiaogan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan Provinces Nanfengrniju, Shiju, Manju, Zaoju, and Shanghai Municipality. Forty-four Fuju, Bendizao and Nianju) and cultivars originally introduced from Eureka lemon. Japan were involved, including ex- Ordinary sap-inoculation tech- treme early satsuma (Guchi No. 4, niques (1 g young leaf tissue in 5 ml Twelfth ZOCV Conference 0.05M K2HP0, solution) was used for leaves. Symptoms on Blackeye cowpea indexing SDV on the herbaceous indi- and Satisfaction kidney bean were local cators, White sesame, Blackeye lesions on the inoculated leaves, and cowpea and Satisfaction kidney bean. mottling, vein-clearing and local le- Five to 20 seedlings of each indicator sions on the upper leaves, and necrotic were used for indexing each sample, streaks on the petioles and stems. Con- and observed for symptoms, and every trol seedlings produced negative re- sample has been identified at least sults in each test. The indexing results twice. The positive control seedlings of the different samples were as fol- were sap-inoculated with SDV from an lows: SDV-infected plant, and negative con- (a) Miyamoto satsuma collected trol seedlings were rubbed with the sap from Huangyan, Zhejiang Pro- of the young shoots of a healthy sat- vince and from Fengjie, Sic- suma seedling. Test plants were held huan Province, which were im- in the laboratory at 20-24 C for about ported from Japan in early 20 days. 1980s,reacted positively on the The double-antibody sandwich three indicators. ELISA technique (2) was used for SDV (b) Nine cultivars of extreme early indexing, and the absorbance values satsuma, including Wakiyama, were measured at 410nm in a DG-3022 Ichifumi, Hashimoto, Ishit- ELISA Reader. The SDV-antiserum suka, Takabayashi, Toku mori, and alkaline phosphatase-linked anti- Oomura, Kitaguchi, and Inaba body used were made in October 1990 collected from Huangyan, by Plant Protection Assoc. Res. Inst. Zhejiang, Wakiyama and of Japan and kindly supplied by Dr. A. Ichifumi from Huaning, Yun- Sasaki from Hirosima Fruit Tree Exp. nan and Wakiyama and Toku Sta., Japan. Each sample was tested mori collected from Chongq- by ELISA at least twice. Positive and ing, produced positive reac- negative control extracts were pre- tions on Satisfaction kidney pared by grinding young shoots of bean and Blackeye cowpea, but SDV-infected satsuma and of healthy no reaction on White sesame. satsuma, respectively. These results indicate that During the indexing, some samples these extreme early satsumas were found to react positively on Satis- are infected by other viruses, faction kidney bean and Blackeye but not by SDV. cowpea, but did not react on White Detection of SDV by ELISA. In sesame or in ELISA tests. In order to 1990-1991, 109 samples collected from determine the cause, indexing for eight provinces were indexed for SDV CTLV was done on Rusk citrange, in by ELISA. Both Miyamoto satsumas the spring and autumn of 1991. Each collected from Huangyan and Fengjie sample mentioned above was grafted were infected with SDV, but all the onto four Rusk citrange plants. others were free of the virus. Indicator indexing of CTLV. Typ- RESULTS ical symptoms of CTLV on Rusk cit- range were observed in the autumn of Indexing for SDV by herbaceous 1991 and the spring of 1992. All of the indicators. In general, symptoms ap- extreme early satsuma samples, which peared 1-2 weeks after inoculation. caused positive reactions on cowpea Positive control seedlings of the three and kidney bean but negative reactions indicators produced positive results in on sesame, wereinfectedwith CTLV. all tests. Symptoms on White sesame were local lesions on inoculated leaves DISCUSSION followed by systemic infection; the sys- temically infected leaves showed vein In this study, two samples of necrosis and mottled, malformed Miyamoto satsuma imported from Other Vims Diseases 351 Japan in the early 1980s were found to Typical symptoms of satsuma be infected with SDV, while 76 other dwarf, such as the boat-shaped leaf, satsuma samples collected in eight pro- have been found in many satsuma pro- vinces were SDV-free. Mandarin hyb- ducing areas. Most samples tested rids (Hassaku, Miyauchi iyokan and were collected from the trees which Amanatsu), and navel oranges showed the boat-shaped leaf (Shirayanagi and Suzuki) imported symptoms. However, the ELISA and from Japan were also found to be SDV- indicator tests indicate that SDV is not free. Other than satsuma, mandarin present. The boat-shaped leaf is there- hybrids and navel oranges introduced fore caused by factors other than SDV from Japan, 25 important citrus cul- infection. Zhou et al. (6) have shown tivars collected in Chongqing, were previously that this boat-shaped leaf also found to be SDV-free. The results symptom is graft-transmissible. The suggest that the history of SDV occur- diagnosis of satsuma dwarf in the field rence in China is recent, and its distri- should therefore be confirmed using bution is limited in a few cultivars and the sesame test andlor by ELISA. in a few locations. LITERATURE CITED 1. Azeri, T. 1973. First report of satsuma dwarf virus disease on satsuma mandarins in Turkey. Plant Dis. Rep. 57: 149-153. 2. Clark, M. F., and A. M. Adams 1977. Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of ~lantviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 34: 475-483. 3. Imada, J. 1981. Satsuma dwarf, p. 38-40. In: Citrus Diseases in Japan. T. Miyakawa and A. Yamaguchi (ed.). Japan Plant Protection Assoc. Press, Tokyo. 4. Moon, D. Y.- 1986. Viral diseases of horticultural subtrodcal and troaical cram in Korea. a. 12-18. In: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the ~sianand pacific ~e*on(~ai~ei,-~aiwan). 5. Yamada, S., and K. Sawamura 1950. Satsuma dwarf. Proc. Congr. Hort. Soc. Japan, p. 36-37. (Abstr.) 6. Zhou, C. Y., X. Y. Zhao, Y. H. Jiang and X. H. He 1990. The preliminary studies on the cause of boat- or spoon-shaped leaf of satsuma mandarin. Chinese Citrus No. 4: 12-14. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hooked on Tonics Summer’S Most Iconic Stirred Cocktail, the G&T, Is Ready for a Shake-Up
    BOUNTY | GOOD SPIRITS Hooked on Tonics Summer’s most iconic stirred cocktail, the G&T, is ready for a shake-up BY CHRIS HUGHES RECIPES BY EMILY NABORS HALL PHOTOGRAPH BY GREG DUPREE THE MEDITERRANEAN G&T THE ROSE G&T THE HERBAL G&T THE ENGLISHMAN’S G&T Stir together 1/2 cup Mediterranean tonic Muddle 6 Tbsp. (3 oz.) gin and 1 fresh THE FLORAL G&T Combine 6 Tbsp. (3 oz.) gin, 2 cucumber (such as Fever-Tree), 6 Tbsp. (3 oz.) gin, strawberry in a small measuring cup, Stir together 1/2 cup agave tonic water THE BITTERSWEET G&T slices, 3 black peppercorns, and 1 whole 1 Tbsp. (1/2 oz.) white port, and 2 dashes and strain into a tall glass. Top with (such as Q Tonic), 6 Tbsp. (3 oz.) gin, Stir together 1/2 cup elderflower tonic star anise pod in a tall glass, and stir of orange bitters in a tall glass. Firmly 1/2 cup grapefruit tonic water (such as 1 Tbsp. (1/2 oz.) Aperol, 1 Tbsp. (1/2 oz.) water, 6 Tbsp. (3 oz.) gin, 2 Tbsp. (1 oz.) Stir together 1/2 cup Indian tonic water vigorously to infuse flavors, about 30 hit 1 mint sprig against the palm of your Fentimans) and 2 Tbsp. (1 oz.) Lillet Pimm’s, and 2 dashes of lime bitters Suze herbal liqueur, and 1/2 Tbsp. lemon (such as Fever-Tree), 6 Tbsp. (3 oz.) gin, seconds. Fill glass with ice, and top with hand to release oils, and swirl in Blanc.
    [Show full text]
  • Product Codes for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
    S/N HS Code Product Code Product Code Description Unit 1 07019010 HVR0POC POTATO, CHIPPING POTATO TNE 2 07019090 HVR0PO POTATO (OTHER THAN SWEET POTATO) TNE 3 07020000 HVF0TT TOMATO TNE 4 07020000 HVF0TTC TOMATO, CHERRY TOMATO TNE 5 07020000 HVF0TTH TOMATO, HONEY TOMATO TNE 6 07031019 HVB0ON ONION, OTHER THAN SPRING ONION TNE 7 07031019 HVB0ONF ONION FLOWERS TNE 8 07031019 HVB0SC SCALLION TNE 9 07031019 HVB0SO SPRING ONION TNE 10 07031029 HVB0SA SHALLOT TNE 11 07032090 HVB0GL GARLIC TNE 12 07032090 HVB0GLF GARLIC FLOWERS TNE 13 07039090 HVB0CV CHIVE / CHIVE STALK (KOO CHYE/ KOO CHYE HUAY) TNE 14 07039090 HVB0CVY CHIVE YELLOW (JIU HUANG) TNE 15 07039090 HVB0LK LEEK/ LEEK STALK (INCL GARLIC SPROUT) TNE 16 07041010 HVC0CF CAULIFLOWER TNE 17 07041020 HVC0BR BROCCOLI TNE 18 07041020 HVC0CA CALABRESE STICCOLI (CALABRESE TENDERGREEN) TNE 19 07042000 HVC0BP BRUSSEL SPROUT TNE 20 07049010 HVC0CB CABBAGE, ROUND (DRUMHEAD) CABBAGE TNE 21 07049020 HVL0LM CHINESE MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA) TNE 22 07049020 HVL0WA WASABINA (BRASSICA JUNCEA) TNE 23 07049090 HVC0CBC CABBAGE, LONG CABBAGE (WONGBAK) TNE 24 07049090 HVC0CBR CABBAGE, RED CABBAGE TNE 25 07049090 HVC0KH KOHLRABI TNE 26 07049090 HVL0KL KALE (SPECIFIC TYPES TO BE DECLARED IN PRODUCT TNE DESCRIPTION) 27 07049090 HVL0KLET KALETTES TNE 28 07049090 HVC0BRP SPROUTING BROCCOLI TNE 29 07051100 HVL0LTG LETTUCE GARDEN (CHINESE LETTUCE) TNE 30 07051100 HVL0LTH LETTUCE HEAD (ICEBERG LETTUCE/ENGLISH LETTUCE) TNE 31 07051900 HVL0LTA LETTUCE ASPARAGUS (WO JU) TNE 32 07051900 HVL0LTB LETTUCE BUTTERHEAD TNE 33
    [Show full text]
  • Artisan Award Winners 2021 Bronze
    ARTISAN AWARD WINNERS 2021 BRONZE The French Summer Marmalade A&E Gourmet The Fruit Caviar Marmalade A&E Gourmet The Victory Marmalade A&E Gourmet Spiced Orange Marmalade Administra S.R.O Lemon Marmalade Administra S.R.O Spiced Grapefruit Marmalade Administra S.R.O ARTISAN AWARD WINNERS 2021 BRONZE Cedrate Fruit Marmalade Administra S.R.O Cedrate Fruit Marmalade with Raspberry Administra S.R.O Seville Marmalade with Hendrick's Gin Administra S.R.O Three Citrus Marmalade Administra S.R.O Two Fruit Marmalade Administra S.R.O Calamondin Lilikoi Marmalade Akaka Falls Farm ARTISAN AWARD WINNERS 2021 BRONZE Orange Pomegranate Marmalade Akaka Falls Farm Orange Passion Hawaiian Pepper Smoked Pineapple Akaka Falls Farm Orange Passion Hawaiian Pepper Marmalade Akaka Falls Farm Tahitian Lime Hawaiian Pepper Marmalade Akaka Falls Farm Meyer Lemon Cardamom Cinnamon Marmalade Akaka Falls Farm Lemon Marmalade Aplicocco Toyama Jam Factory ARTISAN AWARD WINNERS 2021 BRONZE Seville Orange Marmalade - thick cut Atrium Co., Ltd Seville Orange Marmalade Barkby Bakehouse Pink Grapefruit and York Gin Marmalade Bessie's Yorkshire Preserves Blood Orange & Vanilla Bittersweet Quince & Sweet Orange Marmalade Bittersweet Four Fruit Marmalade Bittersweet ARTISAN AWARD WINNERS 2021 BRONZE Orange, Lemon & Ginger Marmalade Black Cat Preserves Sunrise Marmalade with Pink Grapefruit & Lemon Black Mountains Preserves Meyer Lemon Marmalade Blake Hill Preserves Fremont Marmalade Bonjour Taipei Kumquat with Cardamom Boulangerie Nuit et Jour Kumamo to Amanatsu Boulangerie
    [Show full text]
  • FEMA GRAS Assessment of Natural Flavor Complexes Citrus-Derived
    Food and Chemical Toxicology 124 (2019) 192–218 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food and Chemical Toxicology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Citrus-derived T flavoring ingredients Samuel M. Cohena, Gerhard Eisenbrandb, Shoji Fukushimac, Nigel J. Gooderhamd, F. Peter Guengeriche, Stephen S. Hechtf, Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjensg, Maria Bastakih, ∗ Jeanne M. Davidsenh, Christie L. Harmanh, Margaret McGowenh, Sean V. Taylori, a Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198- 3135, USA b Food Chemistry & Toxicology, Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany c Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan d Dept. of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom e Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA f Masonic Cancer Center, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA g Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands h Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street, NW Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA i Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, NW Suite 700, Washington, DC,20036,USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation Citrus of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavoring ingredients. This publication isthe Natural flavor complex first in a series and summarizes the evaluation of54 Citrus-derived NFCs using the procedure outlined in Smith Botanical et al.
    [Show full text]
  • 0 Golden Hour
    GOLDEN HOUR - In the hour after sunrise or the hour before sunset. In light diffused, the party in apricot hues, refused, to end. 0 CONTENTS The Japanese Garden ............................................................................................................ 2 Gin Selection ......................................................................................................................... 8 Gin Serves .......................................................................................................................... 14 Beers .................................................................................................................................... 15 Champagne and Wine Selection .............................................................................. 16 Champagne ........................................................................................................................ 17 Champagne Rosé ............................................................................................................ 19 Vodka ................................................................................................................................... 21 Teqiula ................................................................................................................................. 22 Mezcal .................................................................................................................................. 23 Pisco ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Holdings of the University of California Citrus Variety Collection 41
    Holdings of the University of California Citrus Variety Collection Category Other identifiers CRC VI PI numbera Accession name or descriptionb numberc numberd Sourcee Datef 1. Citron and hybrid 0138-A Indian citron (ops) 539413 India 1912 0138-B Indian citron (ops) 539414 India 1912 0294 Ponderosa “lemon” (probable Citron ´ lemon hybrid) 409 539491 Fawcett’s #127, Florida collection 1914 0648 Orange-citron-hybrid 539238 Mr. Flippen, between Fullerton and Placentia CA 1915 0661 Indian sour citron (ops) (Zamburi) 31981 USDA, Chico Garden 1915 1795 Corsican citron 539415 W.T. Swingle, USDA 1924 2456 Citron or citron hybrid 539416 From CPB 1930 (Came in as Djerok which is Dutch word for “citrus” 2847 Yemen citron 105957 Bureau of Plant Introduction 3055 Bengal citron (ops) (citron hybrid?) 539417 Ed Pollock, NSW, Australia 1954 3174 Unnamed citron 230626 H. Chapot, Rabat, Morocco 1955 3190 Dabbe (ops) 539418 H. Chapot, Rabat, Morocco 1959 3241 Citrus megaloxycarpa (ops) (Bor-tenga) (hybrid) 539446 Fruit Research Station, Burnihat Assam, India 1957 3487 Kulu “lemon” (ops) 539207 A.G. Norman, Botanical Garden, Ann Arbor MI 1963 3518 Citron of Commerce (ops) 539419 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3519 Citron of Commerce (ops) 539420 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3520 Corsican citron (ops) 539421 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3521 Corsican citron (ops) 539422 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3522 Diamante citron (ops) 539423 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3523 Diamante citron (ops) 539424 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio
    [Show full text]
  • Slight Rebounds in Japanese Citrus Consumption May Lead to New Opportunities for U.S
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 12/16/2011 GAIN Report Number: JA1049 Japan Citrus Annual Slight rebounds in Japanese citrus consumption may lead to new opportunities for U.S. Citrus Approved By: Jennifer Clever Prepared By: Kenzo Ito, Jennifer Clever Report Highlights: In MY2010/11, U.S. mandarin exports to Japan soared. Turkey and Mexico join the ranks of grapefruit suppliers to the Japanese market. Japanese consumption of oranges shows signs of recovery encouraging greater imports. Japanese lemon imports rebound and Japanese imports of orange juice rise. MHLW approves the use of fludioxonil as a post-harvest fungicide. Commodities: Citrus, Other, Fresh Tangerines/Mandarins PS&D table: Tangerines/Mandarins, Fresh 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 Japan Market Year Begin: Oct Market Year Begin: Oct Market Year Begin: Oct 2009 2010 2011 USDA New USDA New USDA Official New Post Official Post Official Post Area Planted 55,090 55,390 53,560 54,120 53,000 Area Harvested 52,170 52,470 50,640 51,300 50,180 Bearing Trees 31,300 31,480 30,380 30,780 30,110 Non-Bearing Trees 5,260 5,260 5,260 5,080 5,080 Total No. Of Trees 36,560 36,740 35,640 35,860 35,190 Production 1,088 1,116 968 882 1,017 Imports 11 11 22 21 19 Total Supply 1,099 1,127 990 903 1,036 Exports 3 3 2 2 2 Fresh Dom.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S1. Materials of FPE for Animal and Human
    Table S1. Materials of FPE for animal and human. Material Animal Human Material Animal Human Sugar Vegetables and wild herbs Muscovado sugar + + Eggplant + + Oligosaccharide + Japanese mustard spinach + + Fruits Celery + + Plum + + Asian Pear + + Strawberry + + Bell pepper + + Apple + + Bitter melon + + Grape + + Bok choy + + Tangerine + + Cabbage + + Peach + + Indian lotus + + Yuzu citrus fruit + + Broccoli + + Persimmon + + Ginger + + Kiwifruit + + Asparagus + + Kumquat + + Parsley + + Blueberry + + Pumpkin + + Raspberry + + Japanese radish + + Blackberry + + Spinach + + Iyokan citrus fruit + + Carrot + + Fig + + Tomato + + Lemon + + Cucumber + + Crismon glory vine + Japanese mugwort + Chinese quince + Mallotus + Silverberry + Bamboo grass + Buerger raspberry + Field horsetail + Red bayberry + Loquat leaf + Prune + Japanese hornwort parsely + Chocolate vine + Japanese ginger + Broadleaf plaintain + Turmeric + Seaweed Vitamin-na + Wakame seaweed + + burdock root + Sea kelp root + Water dropwort + Bladder wrack + Barley grass + Japanese seaweed + Kale + Sea kelp + Perilla + Pulse and cereals Ginseng + Brown rice + + Jute mallow + Soybean + Mushrooms Corn + Shiitake mushroom + + Rice bran + Wood ear mushroom + + Cacao beans + Hen of the woods mushroom + Lingzhi mushroom + Table S2. Composition of experimental diet (%). Compound Negative group Positive group FPE group Casein 20.0 20.0 19.7 Cornstarch 39.7 39.7 39.7 a-Cornstarch 13.2 13.2 13.2 Sucrose 10.0 10.0 5.5 Corn oil 7.0 7.0 7.0 Cellulose 5.0 5.0 4.8 Mineral mixture AIN-93G 3.5 3.5 3.5 Vitamin mixture AIN-93 1.0 1.0 1.0 L-Cystine 0.3 0.3 0.3 Choline bitartrate 0.3 0.3 0.3 FPE 0.0 0.0 5.0 Table S3. Nutritional compound and amino acid content in FPE produced from 40 kinds of extracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Tangerine Dreams Squeezed Into Whisky Or Steeped in a Bath— Japanese Citrus Works Its Magic on Adam H
    ESSAY Tangerine Dreams Squeezed into whisky or steeped in a bath— Japanese citrus works its magic on Adam H. Graham. ILLUSTRATED BY WASINEE CHANTAKORN ANY FOOD TRAVELER worth their salt accepts past stretches of sun-kissed orange groves that certain items never taste as good at home punctuated by views of the tranquil azure as they do at their source. I’ve sampled zesty ocean, and roadside stands selling boxes full olive oils in Italy, sipped tasty zin in Oz, and of the orange balls for ¥100. These ponkan, devoured strange fruit in Colombia... and also known as Chinese honey oranges, are every one, after being wrapped, packed and harvested on Yakushima in December. While hauled home, lost a little bit of magic if not a I sat slouched in the boxy car, queasy from my whole lot of flavor. This rule is also true of stomach bug, my guide, eager to redeem the Japanese citrus fruits, which, according to experience, asked if I wanted to taste a freshly Japan’s unique Tanaka classification system, plucked ponkan. “It will help your stomach,” exist in 162 varietals, each as subtle and she said. I was skeptical, but acquiesced. nuanced as you’d expect of something that’s She stopped the car and plucked an been crossbred in the country for 2,000 years. armful from a tree and offered me pick of the My first brush with Japanese citrus was litter. The peel fell away and the flesh inside in December 2012 on a crazy one-night trip was sweet, juicy and especially fragrant, to the island of Yakushima to celebrate my somewhere on the citrus scale between 40th birthday.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Citrus Fruits
    Common Taxonomic SNo Notes name(s) name/constituents Yellowish-orange in colour, about the size of grapefruit and oblate in shape. 1 Amanatsu Citrus natsudaidai The fruit contains 12 segments and about 30 seeds. Balady citron 2 Palestinian Citrus medica Grown in Israel and used for Jewish ritual purposes. citron Bergamot 3 Citrus bergamia orange Bitter orange Seville orange Sour orange 4 Bigarade Citrus × aurantium orange Marmalade orange 5 Blood orange Citrus × sinensis Buddha's hand Citrus medica var. 6 Bushukan sarcodactylis Fingered citron Calamondin × Citrofortunella 7 Calamansi mitis Citrus reticulata × 8 Cam sành maxima 9 Citron Citrus medica Citrus subg. Papeda indicates the subgenus Papeda of the genus Citrus, with citrus species native to Asia.The papeda group includes some of the most Citrus subg. tropical, and also some of the most frost-tolerant citrus plants. They are 10 Papeda cultivated far less often than other citrus, though they will all hybridize with other citrus. This group contains about 15 species. 11 Clementine Citrus reticulata Corsican 12 citron Found in lowland subtropical rainforest and dry rainforest areas of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Early settlers consumed the 13 Desert Lime Citrus glauca fruit and retained the trees when clearing for agriculture. Commercial uses include boutique marmalade and restaurant dishes, and is exported for such. 14 Etrog Citrus medica The finger lime has been recently popularised as a gourmet bushfood. 15 Finger lime Citrus australasica Finger lime is thought to
    [Show full text]
  • Healthy Foods Full of Fruits and Vegetables Is Another Hiroshima Vegetables Principle Vegetables of Principle Fruits of Hiroshima Specialty
    Global Hiroshima specialties [Fruits and vegetables] Made in HIROSHIMA (unit/t) (unit/t) What are ? Production volume of Production volume of Healthy foods full of fruits and vegetables is another Hiroshima vegetables principle vegetables of principle fruits of Hiroshima specialty. Hiroshima is a producer of good-luck foods such as wakegi (Welsh onion) and Hiroshima Prefecture Hiroshima Prefecture kuwai (Chinese Arrowhead) used in traditional festival cuisines, and is also one of Wakegi No. 1 No. 1 (Welsh onion) 1,428 in Japan Lemon 4,291 in Japan the top domestic producers of autumn-sowed potatoes. Large-sized asparagus and What is ? Kuwai No. 2 No. 1 Hiroshima fruit bell peppers are shipped as Hiroshima specialties, and also actively cultivated is (Chinese Arrowhead) 207 in Japan Navel orange 3,227 in Japan No. 6 No. 2 Citrus fruits cultivated in the island areas of Seto Inland Hiroshima-na, a leafy Konnyaku potato 425 in Japan Hassaku orange 7,051 in Japan vegetable used for No. 7 No. 3 Sea is famous all over Japan, boasting an impressive Snow peas 729 in Japan Dekopon orange 3,926 in Japan production volume. On the other hand, cold-area crops Hiroshima-na pickles, and No. 4 such as apples can be cultivated in the mountain areas. a new type of cabbage that Tomato 8,160 Kiyomi orange 1,078 in Japan No. 6 Hiroshima has the perfect environment for a wide is great for okoyomiyaki. Spring onion 5,900 Fig 676 in Japan variety of fruits. Hiroshima possesses outstanding Wakegi of Hiroshima is popular No.
    [Show full text]
  • Home Site Map Privacy Policy Contact Ehime Mikan Harehime
    ●English ●中文（繁体語） ●日本語 Home Varieties of Citrus eat the whole fruit seedless easy to peel with hands with inner thin skin Ehime Mikan Harehime Dekopon Iyokan Ponkan Setoka Haruka Kiyomi Kara Kawachi-Bankan Beni-Madonna Kanpei Home │ Site map │ Privacy policy │ Contact Copyright © Ehime “Ai-Food” promotion Organaization All Rights Reserved. ●English ●中文（繁体語） ●日本語 Home Varieties of Citrus Ehime Mikan Easy to peel, Eat the whole fruit The reason of its high popularity is its easiness to eat. As easy to peel by When Japanese hear the word "Mandarin orange (mikan)", "Ehime" springs hand (so-called zipper skin) and seedless, you could eat a whole segment to their minds. Ehime is known as the Citrus Kingdom, and "Ehime Mikan" is even with inner skin. There is a good way to differentiate a delicious Mikan one of the best citrus fruits of Ehime. Raised by full of sunlight and the sea from others. Choose "Ehime Mikan" with more flatted head, smaller stem wind, "Ehime Mikan" has a fabulous taste with well-balanced sweetness and and deeper color. tartness. Everyone loves this cultivar. Note "Ehime Mikan" was widely cultivated around 1900, and its cultivation has been operated up to date. During this time, our predecessors have developed the technology of growing better mandarins. As result, Ehime boasts the top-class quality and high production of mandarins in Japan. *Reference from JA Standard 1・・・more than 5.0cm less than 6.1cm 2・・・more than6.1cm less than 7.3cm 3・・・more than 7.3cm less than 8.8cm 4・・・more than 8.8cm less than 10.2cm 5・・・more than 10.2cm less than 11.6cm Home │ Site map │ Privacy policy │ Contact Copyright © Ehime “Ai-Food” promotion Organaization All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]