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Political Culture of Democracy in Guatemala and the Americas, 2012: Towards Equality of Opportunity TENTH STUDY of DEMOCRATIC CULTURE of GUATEMALANS

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Political Culture of Democracy in Guatemala and the Americas, 2012: Towards Equality of Opportunity TENTH STUDY of DEMOCRATIC CULTURE of GUATEMALANS Political Culture of Democracy in Guatemala and the Americas, 2012: Towards Equality of Opportunity TENTH STUDY OF DEMOCRATIC CULTURE OF GUATEMALANS Dinorah Azpuru, Ph.D. Author Wichita State University With: Juan Pablo Pira Sample Design and Coordinator of Field Work ASIES Mitchell A. Seligson, Ph.D. Scientific Coordinator and Editor of the Series Vanderbilt University This study was conducted with support from the Program in Democracy and Governance of the United States Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the point of view of the United States Agency for International Development. December, 2012 Index Index Tables .......................................................................................................................................... vii Figures ......................................................................................................................................... vii Preface ........................................................................................................................................ xiii Prologue: Background to the Study ........................................................................................... xv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... xxv Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. xxix Understanding Figures in this Study ...................................................................................... xliii Part I: Equality of Opportunity and Democracy in the Americas ............................................ 1 Chapter One: Equality of Economic and Social Opportunities in the Americas .................... 3 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3 II. Background: Equality of Social and Economic Opportunities in the Americas .......................................................................................................... 5 III. Equality of Social and Economic Opportunities in Guatemala: A Perspective from the AmericasBarometer ..................................................... 12 Public Opinion on Racial and Gender Inequality ................................... 25 IV. Public Opinion towards Common Public Policy Proposals .......................... 29 Conditional Cash Transfer and Public Assistance Programs ................. 31 Affirmative Action .................................................................................... 35 V. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 36 Special Report Box 1: Educational Achievement and Skin Color ....................... 39 Special Report Box 2: Economic Crisis, Skin Color, and Household Wealth ..... 40 Special Report Box 3: Support for Interethnic Marriage .................................... 41 Chapter Two: Equality of Political Participation in the Americas ......................................... 43 I. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 43 II. Participation in the Americas in 2012 ............................................................ 46 Turnout .................................................................................................... 46 Beyond Turnout ....................................................................................... 49 III. Public Opinion on Opportunities and Discriminatory Attitudes ................... 58 Public Opinion towards Women’s Leadership ........................................ 59 Public Opinion towards the Participation of Marginalized Racial/Ethnic Groups .............................................................................. 61 Public Opinion towards the Political Participation of Homosexuals ..... 62 Page | iii Political Culture of Democracy in Guatemala, 2012 Public Opinion towards Political Participation of the Disabled ............ 64 IV. Public Opinion towards Common Public Policy Proposals .......................... 65 Gender Quotas ......................................................................................... 66 Compulsory Voting .................................................................................. 67 Reduction in Economic and Social Inequality ......................................... 68 V. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 68 Special Report Box 4: Political Participation and Gender ................................. 71 Special Report Box 5: Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Participation ..... 72 Special Box Report 6: Compulsory Voting and Inequality in Political Participation .................................................................................................. 73 Chapter Three: The Effect of Unequal Opportunities and Discrimination on Political Legitimacy and Engagement ........................................................................... 75 I. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 75 II. Inequality, Efficacy and Perception of Representation .................................. 77 III. System Support and Engagement with Democracy ....................................... 83 IV. Participation in Protests ................................................................................ 86 V. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 89 Special Report Box 7: Political Knowledge and the Urban-Rural Divide .......... 91 Special Report Box 8: Discrimination and System Support ................................ 92 Special Report Box 9: Support for Democracy and Electoral Information ........ 93 Part II: Governance, Political Engagement and Civil Society in the Americas ..................... 95 Chapter Four: Corruption, Crime and Democracy ................................................................. 97 I. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 97 II. Corruption ....................................................................................................... 99 Perception of Corruption ....................................................................... 101 Corruption Victimization ....................................................................... 102 Who is Likely to be a Victim of Corruption? ......................................... 104 III. Perception of Insecurity and Crime Victimization ...................................... 106 IV. Crime Victimization ..................................................................................... 109 Who is Likely to be a Victim of Crime? ................................................. 114 V. The Impact of Crime, Insecurity and Corruption on Support for the Political System ........................................................................................... 115 VI. Support for the Rule of Law and the Impact of Crime and Insecurity ......... 119 VII. An Approximation at the Municipal Level .................................................. 122 VIII. Conclusions ............................................................................................... 127 Chapter Five: Political Legitimacy and Tolerance ................................................................. 129 Page | iv Index I. Introduction .................................................................................................... 129 II. Support for the Political System .................................................................... 132 III. Political Tolerance ...................................................................................... 135 IV. Democratic Stability .................................................................................... 140 V. Legitimacy of Other Democratic Institutions ................................................ 144 VI. Support for Democracy ................................................................................ 148 VII. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 150 Chapter Six: Local Government .............................................................................................. 153 I. Introduction .................................................................................................... 153 II. Participation at the Local Level .................................................................... 155 Local Meeting Attendance ..................................................................... 156 Requests Presented to Local Governments ............................................ 158 III. Satisfaction and Trust in Local Government ............................................... 164 Satisfaction with Local Services ............................................................ 165 Trust in Local Government .................................................................... 168 IV. Impact of Satisfaction with Local Government Services on System Support ......................................................................................................... 169 V. Conclusions ..................................................................................................
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