DOCSLIB.ORG

On the Calle Del Olvido: Memory and Forgetting in Post-Peace Public Discourse in Guatemala and El Salvador

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ON THE CALLE DEL OLVIDO: MEMORY AND FORGETTING IN POST-PEACE PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN GUATEMALA AND EL SALVADOR A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon BY RACHEL HATCHER © Rachel Hatcher, August 2015. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the department Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copy or publication use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any use which may be made of any material in my thesis. i ABSTRACT For many years, El Salvador and Guatemala were submerged in brutal and bloody conflicts that cost the lives of tens of thousands. United Nations-brokered Peace Accords officially brought the years of violence to an end in 1992 and 1996, respectively. As the two countries slowly emerged from their respective Cold War-inspired internal conflicts, the question of what place the past would have in the present came to the fore. This dissertation explores the way past violence is talked about in the public sphere. It analyzes post-Peace Accords public discourse in both countries, with a particular focus on the issues of memory, forgetting, truth, reconciliation, and related terms. It examines the different tasks memory and truth were assigned in the Peace Accords, especially in relation to the truth/truth-like commissions created out of those accords, and in the years since, and looks at the language those who reject memory and truth use to oppose them. This dissertation argues that a common discursive framework exists in Guatemala that dictates that all sectors must insist on the importance of remembering the violence to prevent repetition. This is the human rights community's discourse, but it is one which even conservatives who wish for forgetting must repeat. Conservatives can only promote forgetting within the limits of this discursive framework, and they do so by talking about amnesty, perdón (pardon/forgiveness), and reconciliation. The situation in El Salvador is different. There is no common discursive framework that demands memory to prevent repetition and promote reconciliation. Rather than this, conservatives openly insist on amnesty and amnesia, while the human rights community insists on truth and memory. The discursive battle between forgetting and truth is El Salvador's discursive framework. Yet talking about memory, truth, reconciliation, and related topics leaves space to promote different truths, memories, or narratives of the past. This, indeed, is precisely what happens in both countries as different sectors actively promote their own truth, memory, or narrative, especially at moments of rupture or when their truth or discourse is challenged, as in 2012 when Salvadoran president Mauricio Funes asked for perdón for the El Mozote massacre and during Guatemala's 2013 genocide trial. Running throughout the discussion about discourse and discursive frameworks is a critique of the insistence on the existence of one truth, memory, or narrative of the past. This is the foundation on which truth and truth-like commissions are built. Yet rather than focusing on ii the truth of the past, this dissertation argues that the process of openly talking about the past and sharing truths and experiences will do more to contribute to reconciliation and non-repetition than insisting that there is and can only be one truth and that everyone must embrace it. iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Writing is a solitary endeavor; nevertheless, this could not have been written without many, many other people. So thank you to those other people. A todas y todos en El Salvador y Guatemala que me ofrecieron su tiempo, gracias por compartir su conocimiento, sus tristezas y sus opiniones. Dr Jim Handy, for your endless support and comments on rambling and overly long emails and drafts. Drs Simonne Horwitz, Mark Meyers, Matthew Neufeld, and Kalowatie Deonondan, for asking difficult questions. Dr Diane Nelson, for your thoughtful and thought-provoking comments, and for traveling all the way to Saskatoon to share them. Emily and Kelsey, for our early morning talks about genocide. Enrique, for our occasional coffee outings and conversations. Manolo, for your friendship, enthusiasm, and encouragement. Ferrán, gracies per deixar-me ser la fulla i a cops el riu. Patrick, Erin, Kelly, Carla, Michael, and Marie-Christine, for our short, medium, and long talks about nothing, something, and everything in between. Cedric, for everything, most of all for letting me become a doctor first. Francisco, pour les 25 000 kilomètres que tu as parcourus. My family, for never letting me be homeless. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TRANSLATIONS AND ACRONYMS vi INTRODUCTION: ON THE CALLE DEL OLVIDO 1 CHAPTER ONE: THEORY 42 CHAPTER TWO: GUATEMALA: SCHIZOPHRENIC MEMORY 75 CHAPTER THREE: GUATEMALA: NUNCA MÁS 101 CHAPTER FOUR: EL SALVADOR: VERDAD OR OLVIDO 130 CHAPTER FIVE: EL SALVADOR: MEMORY/HISTORICAL MEMORY/TRUTH/HISTORY 157 CHAPTER SIX: EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA: CONTESTED DISCOURSE 186 CHAPTER SEVEN: EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA: THE TWO BURIALS OF EL SALVADOR'S DEAD, AND UNBURYING GUATEMALA'S 218 CONCLUSION: THE POWER OF DISCOURSE 241 NOTE ON SOURCES 246 BIBLIOGRAPHY 247 v TRANSLATIONS AND ACRONYMS Acción Católica Catholic Action ACI Alianza contra la Impunidad (Alliance against Impunity) AHPN Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional (Historic Archive of the National Police) ARENA Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (Nationalist Republican Alliance) ARPAS Asociación de Radios y Programas Participatios de El Salvador (Association of Radio and Participatory Programs of El Salvador ASC Asamblea de la Sociedad Civil (Civil Society Assembly) AVANCSO Asociación para el Avance de las Ciencias Sociales en Guatemala (Association for the Advance of the Social Sciences in Guatemala) Avemilgua Asociación de Veteranos Militares de Guatemala (Association of Military Veterans of Guatemala) BIRI Batallón de Infantería de Reacción Inmediata (Immediate Reaction Infantry Battalion) CACIF Comité Coordinador de Asociaciones Agrícolas, Comerciales, Industriales y Financieras (Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations) CAFCA Centro de Análisis Forense y Ciencias Aplicadas (Center for Forensic Analysis and Applied Sciences) CALDH Centro para la Acción Legal en Derechos Humanos (Center for Legal Action in Human Rights) CC Corte de Constitucionalidad (Constitutional Court) CDHES Comisión de Derechos Humanos de El Salvador (Human Rights Commission of El Salvador) CDHG Comisión de Derechos Humanos de Guatemala (Human Rights Commission of Guatemala) CEBs Comunidades Eclesiales de Base (Christian Base Communities) CEDIM Centro de Documentación e Investigación Maya (Center for Maya Documentation and Investigation) CEG Conferencia Episcopal de Guatemala (Bishop's Conference of Guatemala) vi CEH Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (Historical Clarification Commission) CEPAZ Asociación Centro de Paz (Center of Peace Association) CESPAD Centro de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho (Center of Studies for the Application of Law) CGP Cámara Guatemalteca de Periodismo (Guatemalan Chamber of Journalism) CGTC Central General de Trabajadores de Guatemala (General Confederation of Workers of Guatemala) CICIACS Comisión de Investigación de Cuerpos Ilegales y Aparatos Clandestinos de Seguridad (Commission for the Investigation of Clandestine Groups and Illegal Armed Organizations) CICIG Comisión Internacional Contra la Impunidad en Guatemala (International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala) CIDH Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Inter-American Human Rights Court) CIIDH Centro Internacional para Investigaciones en Derechos Humanos (International Center for Human Rights Research) CIPED Asociación Intersectorial para el Desarrollo Económico y el Progreso Social (Intersectoral Association for Economic Development and Social Progress) CNEM Consejo Nacional de Educación Maya (National Council on Mayan Education) Coena Consejo Ejecutivo Nacional (National Executive Council) Co-Madres Comité de Madres y Familiares de Detenidos-Desaparecidos y Asesinados Políticos de El Salvador "Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero" (Committee of Mothers and Relatives of the Detained-Disappeared and Political Victims "Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero") CODEFAM Comité de Familiares de Victimas de Violaciones a los Derechos Humanos "Marianella García Villas" (Committee of Relatives of Victims of Human Rights Violations "Marianella García Villas") COMAFAC Comite de Madres y Familiares Cristianos de Presos, Desaparecidos, y Asesinados (Christian Committee of Mother and Relatives of Prisoners, the Disappeared, and Assassinated) vii Comisión de la Verdad para El Salvador (Truth Commission for El Salvador)
Recommended publications
  • 89 Jesuit Killings in Salvador Revived in Spain

    89 Jesuit Killings in Salvador Revived in Spain

    http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/14/world/americas/14salvador.html?_r=1&sq=jesuit&st=cse&oref=slogin&scp=1&p agewanted=print Case of ’89 Jesuit Killings in Salvador Revived in Spain By VICTORIA BRUNETT, Nov. 14, 2008 MADRID — Nearly 20 years after the Salvadoran Army killed six Jesuit priests in one of the most notorious events of El Salvador’s civil war, a criminal complaint filed in the Spanish High Court has revived hopes that those behind the massacre could face trial. Human rights lawyers filed a complaint on Thursday against the Salvadoran president at the time, Alfredo Cristiani Burkard, and 14 former members of the Salvadoran military, as well as two female employees, for their roles in the killings of the priests and in the official cover-up that followed. International outrage over the murders proved to be pivotal in sapping American support for United States military assistance to the Salvadoran Army. “We hope this case helps to reawaken the memory and the conscience of El Salvador’s people,” said Almudena Bernabeu, a lawyer for the San Francisco-based Center for Justice and Accountability, a human rights law center, which filed the case along with the Spanish Association for Human Rights. The Spanish High Court must decide whether to press charges against the men and seek their extradition to Spain, Ms. Bernabeu said. The crusading Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón made legal history in 1998 when he secured the arrest in Britain of the Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet using a Spanish legal principle that crimes against humanity can be prosecuted anywhere.
  • Chronology of El Salvador's Civil War Pate

    Chronology of El Salvador's Civil War Pate

    --r r-------- was a dominant strategy. (Olsen's account of "privileged groups" or indi­ viduals in whose interest it was to provide the public good unilaterally recognizes this possibility.) Second, forsome, the evaluationof the benefits and costs depended on the numbers of others who were expected to partici­ Chronology of El Salvador's Civil War pate. Asmore collaborated so that action was collective and efficacious(and therefore both pleasurable and less risky), campesinos faced a coordination (assurance) game because the benefitsclearly justifiedongoing mobilization as long as sufficientlymany others did the same (but not otherwise). 1932 La Matanza: Tens of thousands of mostly indigenous people killed in aftermathof uprising. 1960s ORDEN set up in countryside. 1970 FPL is founded. 1970s Liberation theology practiced in some areas of the countryside. 1972 Christian Democrat Jose Napoleon Duarte wins presidential election, military intervenes, claims victory, and exiles Duarte. ERP is founded. 1975 A student march protesting the Miss Universe pageant is machine-gunned by security forces; at least 15 killed. Founding of the BPR. 1976 President Molina announces agrarian reform; subsequently defeated. 1979 May: Security forceskill 2 3 on steps of San Salvador cathedral. October: Coup by junior officers. 1980 January: Civilian members leave government as state violence against civilians continues; Christian DemocraticParty and mil­ itary join forces to formnew government. January 22: 20 killed and 200 wounded in largest demonstration in Salvadoran history. March: Agrarian reform (Phase I) carried out. March 24: Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero assassinated. March 30: Government forces fire on Romero's funeral march, 35 killed. May: At least 3 00 campesino refugeesfleeing the Salvadoran army are killed by the Salvadoran and Honduran armies at the Sumpol River.
  • El Salvador's 2019 Elections

    El Salvador's 2019 Elections

    CRS INSIGHT El Salvador's 2019 Elections February 6, 2019 (IN11034) | Related Author Clare Ribando Seelke | Clare Ribando Seelke, Specialist in Latin American Affairs ([email protected], 7-5229) On February 3, 2019, Nayib Bukele, a 37-year-old former mayor of San Salvador and candidate of the Grand Alliance of National Unity (GANA) party, won El Salvador's presidential election. Bukele garnered 53% of the vote, well ahead of Carlos Calleja, a business executive running for a conservative National Republican Alliance (ARENA)-led coalition, with 31.8%, and Hugo Mártinez, a former foreign minister of the leftist Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN), with 14.4%. Bukele's first-round victory occurred amid relatively low voter turnout (44.7%) during a peaceful electoral process observed by the Organization of American States and others. Bukele is set to succeed Salvador Sánchez Cerén (FMLN) as president on June 1, 2019, and serve a single, five-year term. Bukele's election ends 10 years of FMLN government. Who Is Nayib Bukele? Nayib Bukele served as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán (2012-2015) and San Salvador (2015-2018) for the FMLN. Prior to entering politics, Bukele worked in family businesses started by his late father, a prominent Salvadoran of Palestinian descent who backed the FMLN financially beginning in the early 1990s. Throughout his political career, Bukele has used social media to connect directly with voters, a new phenomenon in Salvadoran politics. As mayor, he revitalized the historic center of San Salvador and engaged at-risk youth in violence-prevention programs. In 2017, the FMLN expelled him for criticizing the party's leadership.
  • LA CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA DEMOCRACIA: Guatemala, 2008 © Vanderbilt University 2008

    LA CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA DEMOCRACIA: Guatemala, 2008 © Vanderbilt University 2008

    Guatemala Versión # 18Qrev IRB Approval: #071086 LA CULTURA POLÍTICA DE LA DEMOCRACIA: Guatemala, 2008 © Vanderbilt University 2008. Derechos reservados. All rights reserved. País: 1. México 2. Guatemala 3. El Salvador 4. Honduras 5. Nicaragua 6. Costa Rica 7. Panamá 8. Colombia 9. Ecuador 10. Bolivia 11. Perú 12. Paraguay 13. Chile 14. Uruguay 15. Brasil. 16. Venezuela PAIS 17. Argentina 21. República Dominicana 22. Haití 23. Jamaica 24.Guyana 25. Trinidad 40. Estados Unidos 2 41. Canadá IDNUM. Número de cuestionario [asignado en la oficina]__________________ IDNUM ESTRATOPRI: (201). Zona metropolitana (202). Suroccidente (203) Noroccidente (204) Suroriente (205) Nororiente ESTRATOPRI 2 UPM (Unidad primaria de Muestro).______________________ UPM Departamento :_________________________________________ PROV 2 Municipio___________________________________________________________ MUNICIPIO 2 Lugar poblado _________________________________________ GUADISTRITO SEGMENTO CENSAL_______________________________________________ GUASEGMENTO Sector___________________________________________________________ GUASEC CLUSTER. (Unidad Final de Muestreo) (Punto muestral) CLUSTER [Máximo de 8 entrevistas urbanas, 12 rurales] UR (1) Urbano (2) Rural [Usar definición censal del país] UR Tamaño del lugar: (1) Capital nacional (área metropolitana) (2) Ciudad grande TAMANO (3) Ciudad mediana (4) Ciudad pequeña (5) Área rural Idioma del cuestionario: (1) Español (2) Mam (3) K´iche´ (4) Kaqchikel IDIOMAQ (5) Q´eqchi´ (6) Achí (7) Ixil Hora de inicio: _____:_____
  • Misc Thesisdb Bythesissuperv

    Misc Thesisdb Bythesissuperv

    Honors Theses 2006 to August 2020 These records are for reference only and should not be used for an official record or count by major or thesis advisor. Contact the Honors office for official records. Honors Year of Student Student's Honors Major Thesis Title (with link to Digital Commons where available) Thesis Supervisor Thesis Supervisor's Department Graduation Accounting for Intangible Assets: Analysis of Policy Changes and Current Matthew Cesca 2010 Accounting Biggs,Stanley Accounting Reporting Breaking the Barrier- An Examination into the Current State of Professional Rebecca Curtis 2014 Accounting Biggs,Stanley Accounting Skepticism Implementation of IFRS Worldwide: Lessons Learned and Strategies for Helen Gunn 2011 Accounting Biggs,Stanley Accounting Success Jonathan Lukianuk 2012 Accounting The Impact of Disallowing the LIFO Inventory Method Biggs,Stanley Accounting Charles Price 2019 Accounting The Impact of Blockchain Technology on the Audit Process Brown,Stephen Accounting Rebecca Harms 2013 Accounting An Examination of Rollforward Differences in Tax Reserves Dunbar,Amy Accounting An Examination of Microsoft and Hewlett Packard Tax Avoidance Strategies Anne Jensen 2013 Accounting Dunbar,Amy Accounting and Related Financial Statement Disclosures Measuring Tax Aggressiveness after FIN 48: The Effect of Multinational Status, Audrey Manning 2012 Accounting Dunbar,Amy Accounting Multinational Size, and Disclosures Chelsey Nalaboff 2015 Accounting Tax Inversions: Comparing Corporate Characteristics of Inverted Firms Dunbar,Amy Accounting Jeffrey Peterson 2018 Accounting The Tax Implications of Owning a Professional Sports Franchise Dunbar,Amy Accounting Brittany Rogan 2015 Accounting A Creative Fix: The Persistent Inversion Problem Dunbar,Amy Accounting Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act: The Most Revolutionary Piece of Tax Szwakob Alexander 2015D Accounting Dunbar,Amy Accounting Legislation Since the Introduction of the Income Tax Prasant Venimadhavan 2011 Accounting A Proposal Against Book-Tax Conformity in the U.S.
  • Revista De Estudios Sociales, 73 | 01 Julio 2020, «Violencia En América Latina Hoy» [En Línea], Publicado El 19 Junio 2020, Consultado El 04 Mayo 2021

    Revista De Estudios Sociales, 73 | 01 Julio 2020, «Violencia En América Latina Hoy» [En Línea], Publicado El 19 Junio 2020, Consultado El 04 Mayo 2021

    Revista de Estudios Sociales 73 | 01 julio 2020 Violencia en América Latina hoy Edición electrónica URL: https://journals.openedition.org/revestudsoc/47847 ISSN: 1900-5180 Editor Universidad de los Andes Edición impresa Fecha de publicación: 1 julio 2020 ISSN: 0123-885X Referencia electrónica Revista de Estudios Sociales, 73 | 01 julio 2020, «Violencia en América Latina hoy» [En línea], Publicado el 19 junio 2020, consultado el 04 mayo 2021. URL: https://journals.openedition.org/revestudsoc/ 47847 Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 4 mayo 2021. Los contenidos de la Revista de Estudios Sociales están editados bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. 1 ÍNDICE Dossier Violencia en América Latina hoy: manifestaciones e impactos Angelika Rettberg Untangling Violent Legacies: Contemporary Organized Violence in Latin America and the Narrative of the “Failed Transition” Victoria M. S. Santos Glass Half Full? The Peril and Potential of Highly Organized Violence Adrian Bergmann Jóvenes mexicanos: violencias estructurales y criminalización Maritza Urteaga Castro-Pozo y Hugo César Moreno Hernández Letalidade policial e respaldo institucional: perfil e processamento dos casos de “resistência seguida de morte” na cidade de São Paulo Rafael Godoi, Carolina Christoph Grillo, Juliana Tonche, Fábio Mallart, Bruna Ramachiotti y Paula Pagliari de Braud “Si realmente ustedes quieren pegarle, no nos llamen, llámenos después que le pegaron y váyanse”. Justicia por mano propia en Ciudad de México Elisa Godínez Pérez El cuerpo de los condenados. Cárcel y violencia en América Latina Libardo José Ariza y Fernando León Tamayo Arboleda La política de seguridad en El Salvador: la construcción del enemigo y sus efectos en la violencia y el orden social Viviana García Pinzón y Erika J.
  • ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN NÚMERO 12 ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN NÚMERO 12 Anuario De Investigación

    ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN NÚMERO 12 ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN NÚMERO 12 Anuario De Investigación

    ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN NÚMERO 12 ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN NÚMERO 12 Anuario de investigación Escuela de Comunicación Mónica Herrera ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN NÚMERO 12 CRÉDITOS CONSEJO DE DIRECTORES Dirección General: Teresa Palacios de Chávez Dirección Académica: Federico Harrison Dirección Administrativa Financiera: Hermann W. Bruch CONSEJO EDITORIAL Director académico: Federico Harrison Coordinador de investigación institucional: Willian Carballo Coordinadora de proyección social: Larisa Hernández Coordinadora de Syncros, Laboratorio de Diseño Estratégico: Ana Urquilla Docente a tiempo completo: German Rosa Dirección y coordinación de publicación: Willian Carballo Contacto: [email protected] Corrección y revisión de estilo: Manuel Fernando Velasco Diseño de portada: Jorge Orantes Diagramación: Jorge Orantes Plataformas: Adobe InDesign, Adobe Photoshop y Adobe Illustrator Tipografía: Avenir Next ISSN: 1999-4044 El contenido de los artículos es de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores. Queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la producción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía (fotocopia) y el tratamiento informático. Hecho el depósito que manda la ley. 2018, Escuela de Comunicación Mónica Herrera. Av. Manuel Gallardo #3-3, Santa Tecla, La Libertad, El Salvador. monicaherrera.edu.sv ANUARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN NÚMERO 12 INVESTIGACIÓN Según los estatutos de la institución, la investigación se orientará a crear, recrear y transferir conocimientos y tecnologías que contribuyan a solucionar problemas de la realidad. Se sustenta en la obtención sistemática de nuevos conocimientos, producción de nuevas tecnologías y sistemas y en la comprobación, demostración y adaptación de lo ya existente, por medio de procesos racionales y métodos rigurosos.
  • Participación Política De La Juventud NIMD Guatemala

    Participación Política De La Juventud NIMD Guatemala

    Ciudad de Guatemala, Octubre 2019. JÓVENES INTERCAMBIAN EXPERIENCIAS DE PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA EN RECIENTES ELECCIONES 2019 Por: Nadia Waleska Rivera/Oficial de Comunicación ara generar cambios positivos en la sociedad se necesita el involucramiento y participa- ción de todos los sectores, desde el Instituto Holandés para la Democracia Multiparti- daria se promueven espacios de diálogo e intercambio de sectores que históricamente han sido excluidos de la vida política de Guatemala; la juventud es uno de ellos, actual- Pmente el NIMD brinda formación y capacitación a jóvenes vinculados con partidos políticos. La participación política de la juventud en Guatemala, es un tema estigmatizado por la misma sociedad, donde los jóvenes no tienen muchas posibilidades de postularse y optar a un cargo público, debido a la poca oportunidad de participación y empoderamiento de este sector. Guatemala es un país donde se fomenta el adultocentrismo “relación social asimétrica entre las personas adultas, que ostentan el poder y son el modelo de referencia para la visión del mun- do, y otras personas, generalmente la niñez, adolescencia y juventud”; aunado a este problema también está la estructura social y política excluyente, patriarcal y machista que no permite una verdadera participación de la juventud principalmente mujeres y pueblos indígenas del área rural. Desde el 2015 el NIMD desarrolla jornadas de participación política con jóvenes a través de las Escuelas de Formación para la Democracia, donde los jóvenes aspirantes a políticos adquieren destrezas
  • Media Captured

    Media Captured

    Media Captured: Elites’ Cohesion and Media Networks in Costa Rica and El Salvador A Dissertation submitted Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) to the Department of Political and Social Sciences of Freie Universität Berlin By Francisco Robles-Rivera Berlin 2018 Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Marianne Braig Examiner: Prof. Dr. Benedicte Bull Second examiner: Prof. Dr. Julián Cárdenas Date of Defense: January 7th, 2019 Para mis abuelos Irma y Orlando. 1 Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................................................ I ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ II ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .............................................................................................................................III ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................................... IV AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 OBJECTIVES AND PROPOSITIONS ............................................................................................... 4 1.2 THE
  • Melendez Thesis FINAL

    Melendez Thesis FINAL

    Toward a Theory of Conservative Party Cohesion and Schism: El Salvador’s Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) in Comparative Perspective, 1980-2009 Presented to the Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree with honors of Bachelor of Arts Harvard College March 2015 “Un intelectual debe ocuparse de cosas que lo conmueven moralmente. Cuando escribo es porque estoy enojado o preocupado por algo, no porque pienso que debo llenar tal o cual agujero en la literatura. Escribo sobre las cosas que me preocupan cuando me afeito. Y muchas veces me corto.” - Guillermo O’Donnell1 “Si quieren ganar, pues aprendan a ser amigos.” -ARENA Founder Roberto D’Aubuisson, c. 19872 1 “An intellectual must occupy himself with the things that move him morally. When I write it is because I am angry or worried about something, not because I think that I should fill a hole in the literature. I write about the things that bother when I shave in the morning. And many times I cut myself.” Quoted in Spanish in interview by Cecilia Sosa, September 14, 2003. Translation my own. 2 “If you want to win, then learn how to be friends.” Quoted in Spanish by an ARENA Co-Founder, interview by the author, San Salvador, June 23, 2014. Translation my own. !i Table of Contents List of Figures iii Important Acronyms iv Introduction 1 1 Theoretical Perspectives on Conservative Party Cohesion and Schism 18 1.1 Theoretical Framework………………………………………… 19 1.2 Existing Explanations………………………………………….. 31 1.3 Power-Sharing Institutions: Explaining Cohesion…..………… 47 1.4 Power-Sharing Institutions: Explaining Schisms……………….
  • On the Calle Del Olvido: Memory and Forgetting in Post-Peace Public Discourse in Guatemala and El Salvador

    On the Calle Del Olvido: Memory and Forgetting in Post-Peace Public Discourse in Guatemala and El Salvador

    ON THE CALLE DEL OLVIDO: MEMORY AND FORGETTING IN POST-PEACE PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN GUATEMALA AND EL SALVADOR A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon BY RACHEL HATCHER © Rachel Hatcher, August 2015. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the department Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copy or publication use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any use which may be made of any material in my thesis. i ABSTRACT For many years, El Salvador and Guatemala were submerged in brutal and bloody conflicts that cost the lives of tens of thousands. United Nations-brokered Peace Accords officially brought the years of violence to an end in 1992 and 1996, respectively. As the two countries slowly emerged from their respective Cold War-inspired internal conflicts, the question of what place the past would have in the present came to the fore.
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Outsider Politics: Radicalism

    UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Outsider Politics: Radicalism

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Outsider politics : Radicalism as a Political Strategy in Western Europe and Latin America A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science by Verónica Hoyo Committee in charge: Professor William Chandler, Chair Professor Matthew Shugart, Co-Chair Professor Akos Rona-Tas Professor Sebastian Saiegh Professor Kaare Strom 2010 Copyright Verónica Hoyo, 2010 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Verónica Hoyo is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION A mis padres, Irma y Gonzalo, y a mi hermana Irma. Gracias por ser fuente constante de amor, inspiración y apoyo incondicional. Esto nunca hubiera sido posible sin ustedes. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page.............................................................................................................. iii Dedication..................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents.......................................................................................................... v List of Abbreviations...................................................................................................... vi List of Tables................................................................................................................... xii List of Graphs................................................................................................................