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Паразитофауна Limnocottus Griseus (Cottoidei: Abyssocottidae) Из

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Паразитофауна Limnocottus Griseus (Cottoidei: Abyssocottidae) Из ПАРАЗИТОЛОГИЯ, 33, 2, 1999 КРАТКИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ УДК 576.895 : 597.585. J4 ПАРАЗИТОФАУНА LIMNOCOTTUS GRISEUS (COTTOIDEI : ABYSSOCOTTIDAE) ИЗ ОЗЕРА БАЙКАЛ © О. Т. Русинек Впервые приводятся данные о паразитофауне Limnocottus griseus — темной широколоб- ки — одного из 29 коттоидных эндемиков оз. Байкал. Паразитофауна представлена 7 видами, из которых 5 — эндемики (Trichodina baicalensis, Myxobolus talievi, Myxidium perniciosum, Dactylogyrus colonus, Codonobdella truncata) и 2 вида широко распространенные в Палеарктике (Metechinorhynchus salmonis, Crepidostomum farionis). Приводятся данные о зараженности L. griseus из разных районов Байкала. Limnocottus griseus — темная широколобка (с и н.: Abyssocottus godlewskii griseus) принадлежит к исключительно эндемичному семейству байкальских подкаменщико- вых рыб, обитающих на глубинах 160—180 и до 700 м, и относится к довольно малочисленным рыбам (Талиев, 1955; Сиделева, 1982). До настоящего времени в литературе отсутствовали сведения о паразитофауне этого вида. Целью данной работы было изучение паразитофауны L. griseus из разных районов Байкала. Материалы и методы исследований. Материалы по паразитофауне L. griseus собраны в ходе комплексной экспедиции Лимнологического института СО РАН, проведенной в сентябре—октябре 1997 г. на озере Байкал. Рыбы были отловлены глубоководным тралом в трех районах: Бугульдейка, Акаде- мический хребет, Бухта Фролиха (глубина тралений 360—430 м) (см. рисунок). Методом полного паразитологического вскрытия было обследовано 70 экз. рыб. Сбор и обработка материалов проводились по общепринятым методикам (Быховс- кая-Павловская, 1985; Гусев, 1983). Результаты и обсуждение. У Limnocottus griseus было отмечено 7 видов паразитов, 5 из которых являются эндемиками и 2 вида имеют палеарктическое распространение (см. таблицу). Ниже мы приводим сведения о систематике, локализации, хозяевах и местах обнаружения отмеченных у L. griseus паразитов. Тип CILIOPHORA Doflein, 1901 Класс PERITRICHA STEIN, 1859 Сем. Trichodinidae Claus, 1874 Вид Trichodina baicalensis Dogiel, 1957, stat. n. Впервые отмечен Догелем и Боголеповой (1957). Места обнаружения: открытый Байкал. Локализация: жабры. Хозяева: большеголовая широколобка (Batrachocottus baicalensis) (Определи- тель...., 1984). 144 Районы отбора проб. 1 — Бугульдейка; 2 — Академический хребет; 3 — Фролиха. Regions of material collections. Тип CNIDOSPORIDIA Класс MYXOSPORIDIA Butschli, 1881 Сем. Myxidiidae Thelohan, 1892 Вид Myxidium perniciosum Dogiel, 1957 Впервые отмечен Догелем и Боголеповой (1957), по нашему мнению, является достаточно многочисленным видом. Места обнаружения: открытый Байкал, соры, заливы. Локализация: желчный пузырь, плазмодии в виде пластинок («блинчиков»), уложенных друг на друга, количество плазмодиев в одном желчном пузыре может достигать 5—8. Хозяева: ранее Заикой (1965) отмечен у 14 видов коттоидных рыб, семейств Cottidae, Abyssocottidae, Comephoridae: песчаная широколобка (Cottus kessleri), ушканская широколобка (Batrachocottus uschcani), жирная широколобка (Batracho- cottus nikolskii), пестрокрылая широколобка (Batrachocottus multiradiatus), желто- крылая и длиннокрылая широколобки (Cottocomephorus grewingki, С. inermis), крас- ная широколобка (Procottus jeittelesi), шершавая широколобка (Asprocottus herzens- teini), горбатая широколобка (Limnocottus megalops), крапчатая широколобка (L. god- lewskii), узкая широколобка (L. pallidus), плоская широколобка (L. bergianus), боль- шая и малая голомянки (Comephorus baicalensisa, С. dybowskii). Этот вид относится к миксоспоридиям с медленно опускающимися спорами (Заика, 1964; Шульман, 1966). Сем. Myxobolidae Thelohan, 1892 Вид Myxobolus talievi Dogiel, 1957 Впервые указан Догелем и Боголеповой (1957), является достаточно многочислен- ным видом. Места обнаружения: открытый Байкал. Локализация: глаза, мозг. Хозяева: ранее Заикой (1965) отмечался у 8 видов коттоидных рыб: каменная ши- роколобка (Paracottus kneri), песчаная широколобка (Cottus kessleri), большеголовая ши- роколобка (Batrachocottus baicalensis), ушканская широколобка (Batrachocottus uschca- ni), жирная широколобка (Bratrachocottus nikolskii), горбатая широколобка (Limnocottus megalops), узкая широколобка (L. pallidus), плоская широколобка (L. bergianus), Вид относится к миксоспоридиям с быстро опускающимися спорами (Заика, 1964; Шульман, 1966). Тип PLATHELMINTHES Класс MONOGENEA (Van Beneden, 1858) Сем. Dactylogyridae Bychowsky, 1933 Вид Dactylogyrus colonus Bogolepova, 1950 Впервые отмечен Боголеповой (1950) и является довольно многочисленным видом. 4 Паразитология, № 2, 1999 г. 145 Состав паразитофауны и показатели зараженности различных популяций Limnocottus griseus оз. Байкал (сентябрь—октябрь 1997 г.) Parasite fauna and indices of infection in different populations of Limnocottus griseus from the Baikal Lake Академический хребет, Фролнха, Бугульдейка, Вид паразитов глубина 400 м глубина 430 м глубина 360 и (26 экз.) (23 экз.) (21 экз.) Trichodina baicalensis (Э) 3.84 4.34 0 Myxobolus talievi (Э) 3.84 0 0 Myxidium perniciosum (Э) 7.69 0 0 Dactylogyrus colonus (Э) 11.53 17.39 19.04 (2.17, 2—24 экз.) (1.74, 2—32 экз.) (0.33, 1—2 экз.) Crepidostomum farionis (П) 11.53 13.04 4.76 (0.384, 3—11 экз.) (0.3, 1—3 экз.) (0.047, 1 экз.) Metechinorhynchus salmonis (П) 3.84 0 4.76 (0.384, 1 экз.) (0.047, 1 экз.) Codonobdella truncata (П) 3.84 0 0 (0.384, 1 экз.) Примечание. Э — эндемик; П — палеарктический вид; указаны процент заражения рыб, в скобках — индекс обилия паразитов и интенсивность инвазии; 0 — паразит не обнаружен. Места обнаружения: открытый Байкал. Локализация: жаберные лепестки. Хозяева: ранее Заикой (1965) отмечен у 4 видов подкаменщиковых рыб: желтокрылая широколобка (Cottocomephorus grewingki), крапчатая широколобка (L. godlewskii), узкая широколобка (L. pallidus), плоская широколобка (L. bergi- anus). Класс DIGENEA Rudolph], 1808 Сем. Bunoderidae Nicoll, 1914 Вид Crepidostomum farionis (Muller, 1780) Впервые для Байкала указан Ляйманом (1933), является довольно многочисленным видом. Места обнаружения: отмечен в сорах, заливах и открытом Байкале. Локализация: средний отдел кишечника. Хозяева: омуль (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius), хариус (Thymallus arc tic us), каменная широколобка (Paracottus kneri), песчаная широколобка (Cottus kessleri), большеголовая широколобка (Batrachocottus baicalensis), желтокрылая широколобка (Cottocomephorus grewingki), малая голомянка (Comephorus dybowskii). Тип ACANTHOCEPHALES Класс ACANTHOCEPHALA Rudolphi, 1808 Сем. Echinorhynchidae Cobbold, 1931 Вид Metechinorhynchus salmonis Mulier, 1780 Впервые указан Догелем и Боголеповой (1957), является многочисленным видом. Места обнаружения: отмечен в сорах, заливах, открытом Байкале. Локализация: различные отделы кишечника. 146 Хозяева: осетр (Acipenser baeri stenorrhynchusl), хариус (Thymallus arcticus), ленок (Brachimistax lenok), налим (Lota lota), каменная широколобка (Paracottus kneri), песчаная широколобка (Cottus kessleri), большеголовая широколобка (Batrac- hocottus baicalensis), крапчатая широколобка (L godlewskii). Тип ANNELIDA Класс HIRUDINEA LAM ARK, 1818 Сем. Piscicolidae Johnston, 1865 Вид Codonobdella truncata Gnibe, 1872 Впервые отмечен Грубе в 1872 г. Места обнаружения: открытый Байкал, глубины от 10 до 1000 м (сублито- раль—абиссаль), встречается довольно часто. Локализация: поверхность тела. Хозяева: гаммариды, короткоголовая широколобка (Cottinella boulengeri (Эп- штейн, 1961). Глубоководные условия обитания темной широколобки повлияли на формирова- ние не богатой в видовом отношении, но весьма специфической паразитофауны. Анализ полученных данных позволил установить, что 5 из отмеченных видов паразитов имеют простой жизненный цикл (без промежуточных хозяев) и 2 — сложный (с промежуточными хозяевами), заканчивающийся в L. griseus. Первые пять являются эндемиками Байкала. Интересно, что у L griseus не отмечены цестоды и нематоды, что связано прежде всего с глубоководными условиями обитания темной широколобки. Высокий уровень зараженности L. griseus трематодой С. farionis, жизненный цикл которой проходит через двустворчатых моллюсков родов Pisidium и Sphaerium, может свидетельствовать о том, что в определенные моменты жизни бычки мигрируют в более мелкие районы Байкала. Известно, что моллюски отсутствуют в глубоководной зоне озера (Черепанов, 1970; Тахтеев и др., 1993). Наибольшая глубина обитания только некоторых видов родов Sphaerium, Euglesa и Conventus достигает 60 м (Слугина, 1997). Достаточно высокий общий уровень зараженности (2.85 %) миксоспоридиями с медленно опускающимися спорами (М. perniciosum) по сравнению с быстро о пуска- ющимися (1.4 %) (А/. talievi) говорит о том, что L. griseus вполне может брать пищу не только со дна, но и из толщи воды. Об этом также может свидетельствовать факт зараженности рыб С. farionis, свободно плавающие церкарии которого вполне могут заглатываться бычками. Наличие в паразитофауне L. griseus скребней говорит о том, что бычки этого вида используют в пищу гаммарид. Анализ паразитофауны темной широколобки из разных районов выявил, что наиболее богатая в видовом отношении паразитофауна отмечена в районе Академи- ческого хребта. Здесь встречено 7 видов паразитов. В районах Фролихи и Бугульдей- ки отмечено по 3 вида. Общими для всех точек были 2 вида паразитов — Dactylo- gyrus colonus и Crepidostomum farionis. Следует подчеркнуть, что приведенные материалы по паразитофауне L. griseus еще далеки от полноты, поскольку охватывают только один сезон года (осень), что вполне может сказываться на качестве и количестве паразитофауны. Автор выражает сердечную
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