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Migration of Freshwater Fishes

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Migration of Freshwater Fishes Migration of Freshwater Fishes Martyn C. Lucas Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK [email protected] Etienne Baras Department of Ethology and Animal Psychology, University of Liège, Belgium [email protected] with contributions from Timothy J. Thom Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK Annie Duncan Royal Holloway Institute of Environmental Research, University of London, UK and Ondrej Slavík T.G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic Migration of Freshwater Fishes Migration of Freshwater Fishes Martyn C. Lucas Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK [email protected] Etienne Baras Department of Ethology and Animal Psychology, University of Liège, Belgium [email protected] with contributions from Timothy J. Thom Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK Annie Duncan Royal Holloway Institute of Environmental Research, University of London, UK and Ondrej Slavík T.G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic © 2001 by DISTRIBUTORS Blackwell Science Ltd Marston Book Services Ltd Editorial Offi ces: PO Box 269 Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL Abingdon 25 John Street, London WC1N 2BS Oxon OX14 4YN 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ (Orders: Tel: 01235 465500 350 Main Street, Malden Fax: 01865 465555) MA 02148 5018, USA 54 University Street, Carlton USA and Canada Victoria 3053, Australia Iowa State University Press 10, rue Casimir Delavigne A Blackwell Science Company 75006 Paris, France 2121 S. State Avenue Ames, Iowa 50014-8300 Other Editorial Offi ces: (Orders: Tel: 800-862-6657 Fax: 515-292-3348 Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH Web www.isupress.com Kurfürstendamm 57 email: [email protected] 10707 Berlin, Germany Australia Blackwell Science KK Blackwell Science Pty Ltd MG Kodenmacho Building 54 University Street 7–10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi Carlton, Victoria 3053 Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan (Orders: Tel: 03 9347 0300 Fax: 03 9347 5001) Iowa State University Press A Blackwell Science Company A catalogue record for this title 2121 S. State Avenue is available from the British Library Ames, Iowa 50014–8300, USA ISBN 0-632-05754-8 The right of the Author to be identifi ed as the Author of this Work has been asserted in Library of Congress accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Cataloging-in-Publication Data Patents Act 1988. is available All rights reserved. No part of this publication For further information on may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, Blackwell Science, visit our website: or transmitted, in any form or by any means, www.blackwell-science.com electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2001 Set in 10/13 pt Times by Sparks Computer Solutions Ltd, Oxford http://www.sparks.co.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall The Blackwell Science logo is a trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, registered at the United Kingdom Trade Marks Registry This book is dedicated to Annie Duncan, whose wide-ranging knowledge of freshwater ecol- ogy in both temperate and tropical climates added much to the development of this book. Annie was closely involved in our original review work of fi sh migration, but early in the writing of this book she suffered a severe stroke and subsequently died. Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Migration and Spatial Behaviour 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fish migration – from phenomenology to functional biology 4 1.2.1 Environment-related criteria and defi nitions 5 1.2.2 Diadromy and types of diadromous migrations 6 1.2.3 Superimposed migratory patterns: added complexity or just simple adaptive responses? 8 1.2.4 From adaptation to the migration continuum concept: do scale and salinity matter when defi ning migration? 9 1.2.5 From the restricted movement paradigm towards a general defi nition of migration 12 2 The Stimulus and Capacity for Migration 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Stimuli for migration 15 2.2.1 Internal factors 16 2.2.2 External factors 25 2.3 The capacity for migration 38 2.3.1 Overview of muscle structure and function 39 2.3.2 Swimming performance: how fast can a fi sh swim? 40 2.3.3 Relationships between swimming speed and endurance 41 2.3.4 A metabolic approach to swimming costs 43 2.3.5 How far can a fi sh migrate? 45 2.3.6 Constraints on early and late migrants 47 2.3.7 Implications of migration costs on size at fi rst sexual maturity: when time matters 49 2.3.8 A tentative synthesis and conclusion 50 2.4 Piloting, orientation and navigation 52 2.4.1 Landmarks and surface topography 55 2.4.2 Celestial cues 55 viii Contents 2.4.3 Currents 57 2.4.4 Electric and magnetic fi elds 58 2.4.5 Olfaction and gustation 58 2.4.6 Other cues 59 2.4.7 Homing, memory and imprinting 61 3 Types of Migration 66 3.1 Introduction 66 3.2 Migrations at the seasonal and ontogenetic scale 67 3.2.1 Feeding migrations 67 3.2.2 Refuge-seeking migrations 75 3.2.3 Spawning migrations 81 3.2.4 Post-displacement movements, recolonisation and exploratory migration 84 3.3 Diel horizontal and vertical migrations 87 4 Effects of Climate on Patterns of Migratory Behaviour 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Arctic and subarctic regions 94 4.3 Temperate regions 99 4.4 Tropical regions 107 4.4.1 Introduction 107 4.4.2 Setting the scene: what makes tropical freshwater systems similar or different to those of temperate areas ? 108 4.4.3 Infl uences of predation pressure on fi sh migrations 112 4.4.4 Infl uence of dissolved oxygen on fi sh migrations 115 4.4.5 Other environmental factors shaping habitat use and seasonal migrations 120 4.4.6 Life history, breeding systems and migration patterns of tropical fi sh 121 4.4.7 Conclusion 135 5 Taxonomic Analysis of Migration in Freshwater Fishes 137 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Lampreys (Petromyzontidae) 139 5.3 Sharks and rays (Elasmobranchii) 142 5.4 Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) 142 5.5 Paddlefi shes (Polyodontidae) 148 5.6 Gars (Lepisosteidae) and bowfi ns (Amiidae) 149 5.7 Bonytongues, mooneyes, featherfi n knifefi shes, elephant fi shes (Osteoglossiformes) 149 5.8 Tenpounders and tarpons (Elopiformes) 151 5.9 Freshwater eels (Anguillidae) 151 5.10 Anchovies, shads, herrings and menhaden (Clupeiformes) 155 5.11 Milkfi sh (Chanidae) 159 Contents ix 5.12 Carps and minnows (Cyprinidae) 159 5.13 Suckers (Catostomidae) 169 5.14 Loaches (Cobitidae) and river loaches (Balitoridae) 171 5.15 Characins (Characiformes) 172 5.16 Catfi shes (Siluriformes) 180 5.17 Knifefi shes (Gymnotiformes) 183 5.18 Pikes and mudminnows (Esociformes) 184 5.19 Smelts (Osmeridae) 186 5.20 Noodlefi shes (Salangidae and Sundsalangidae) 187 5.21 Southern smelts and southern graylings (Retropinnidae) 187 5.22 Galaxiids, southern whitebaits and peladillos (Galaxiidae) 189 5.23 Salmons, trouts, chars, graylings and whitefi shes (Salmonidae) 190 5.24 Trout-perches (Percopsidae) and pirate perch (Aphredoderidae) 198 5.25 Cods (Gadidae) 198 5.26 Mullets (Mugilidae) 200 5.27 Silversides and their relatives (Atheriniformes) 202 5.28 Needlefi shes, half-beaks and medakas (Beloniformes) 203 5.29 Killifi shes, livebearers, pupfi shes and their relatives (Cyprinodontiformes) 204 5.30 Sticklebacks and their relatives (Gasterosteiformes) 204 5.31 Scorpionfi shes (Scorpaenidae and Tetrarogidae) 206 5.32 Sculpins (Cottidae) 206 5.33 Snooks (Centropomidae) 208 5.34 Temperate basses (Moronidae) 209 5.35 Temperate perches (Percichthyidae) 213 5.36 Sunfi shes (Centrarchidae) 214 5.37 Perches (Percidae) 216 5.38 Snappers (Lutjanidae) 221 5.39 Drums (Sciaenidae) 221 5.40 Tigerperches (Terapontidae) 222 5.41 Aholeholes (Kuhliidae) 222 5.42 Cichlids (Cichlidae) 222 5.43 Southern rock cods (Bovichthyidae) and sandperches (Pinguipedidae) 224 5.44 Fresh and brackish water dwelling gobioid fi shes (Eleotridae, Rhyacichthyidae, Odontobutidae and Gobiidae) 224 5.45 Fresh and brackish water dwelling fl atfi shes (Pleuronectidae, Soleidae, Achiridae, Paralichthyidae and Cynoglossidae) 227 6 Methods for Studying the Spatial Behaviour of Fish in Fresh and Brackish Water 230 6.1 Introduction 230 6.2 Capture-independent methods 234 6.2.1 Visual observation 234 6.2.2 Resistivity fi sh counters and detection of bioelectric outputs 235 6.2.3 Hydroacoustics 236 x Contents 6.3 Capture dependent methods 244 6.3.1 Variations in density and catch per unit effort 244 6.3.2 Marks and tags 247 6.3.3 Types of marks and tags 247 6.3.4 Electronic tags – telemetry 256 6.3.5 Passive electronic tags 256 6.3.6 Signal propagation and detection of battery-powered transmitters 260 6.3.7 Transmitter positioning 261 6.3.8 Telemetry of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters 261 6.3.9 Attachment methods 263 6.3.10 Limitations of telemetry systems 266 6.3.11 Archival tags 267 6.4 Choice of methods in fi sh migration studies 268 6.4.1 Functional delimitation of fi sheries districts 269 6.4.2 Lateral and longitudinal migrations of large catfi shes in a South American assemblage 269 6.4.3 Fidelity of fi sh to spawning grounds 270 7 Applied Aspects of Freshwater Fish Migration 271 7.1 A broad view of the impact of man’s activities on freshwater fi sh migration 271 7.2 Impact of man’s activities on the diversity of fi sh assemblages in different geographic regions, focusing on damming 273 7.2.1 Eurasia 273 7.2.2 North America 275 7.2.3 Australasia and Oceania 277 7.2.4 Tropical South America, Africa and Asia 278 7.3 Other impacts on fi sh migration resulting from man’s activities 282 7.3.1 Entrainment and impingement
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