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4Thought for S lidarity Contents 1 — Introductions 4 1.1 — About the Authors ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 — The Publication Chapters in Brief .......................................................................................... 6 1.3 — Questions in Boxes .................................................................................................................... 7 2 — Approach to the 4Thought Project 8 2.1 — The Context of 4Thought for Solidarity ................................................................................ 9 3 — Path to the Solidarity Model 11 3.1 — First Research Phase ............................................................................................................... 12 3.2 — Second Research Phase ...................................................................................................... 13 3.3 — The New Model of Solidarity .............................................................................................. 13 3.4 — Using the Solidarity Models ................................................................................................. 16 4 — Development and Current Need for Solidarity 19 4.1 — What Does the Word Solidarity Mean? ............................................................................. 20 4.2 — Historical Development of Solidarity ................................................................................. 26 4.3 — What Solidarity Should Definitely Not Be (according to 4Thought research) ........ 28 4.4 — Some Anachronistic Aspects of Solidarity? ..................................................................... 29 4.5 — Current Need for Solidarity ................................................................................................. 33 5 — From the Local to the International Levels 37 5.1 — Solidarity Acting at Different Levels ................................................................................... 38 5.2 — Importance of Community/Local Level ............................................................................. 39 5.3 — Civil Society Organisations Cross Traditional Boundaries ........................................... 41 5.4 — International Solidarity .......................................................................................................... 44 6 — European Solidarity or Solidarity in Europe 46 6.1 — Political Developments of European Solidarity ............................................................... 47 6.2 — European Solidarity or Solidarity in Europe? .................................................................. 53 7 — Findings from the 4Thought Project 56 7.1 — Human Rights ........................................................................................................................... 58 7.2 — Empathy .................................................................................................................................... 64 7.3 — Active Citizenship .................................................................................................................... 68 7.4 — Inclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 73 4Thought for S lidarity 2 8 — 4Thoughts That Came Up From the Process 79 8.1 — Motivation: Altruism, Reciprocity, Reward, Sacrifice ...................................................... 80 8.2 — Group Boundedness ............................................................................................................. 89 8.3 — Limits to Solidarity in Europe .............................................................................................. 92 8.4 — Solidarity and (International) Youth Work ........................................................................ 98 8.5 — A New Chance for Community Impact ........................................................................... 101 8.6 — Employability and Solidarity ............................................................................................. 104 8.7 — Sustainability and Solidarity for the Future ................................................................... 107 8.8 — Combined 4 Sectors of Practice, Policy, Research and Young People .................... 111 9 — Solidarity Corps Considerations 116 9.1 — Understanding the Future of Solidarity .......................................................................... 117 9.2 — Using the European Context Wisely ............................................................................... 124 9.3 — ‘Organised’ and State Solidarity ........................................................................................ 126 9.4 — Reaching Out to Young People With Fewer Opportunities ....................................... 127 9.5 — Solidarity in Jobs and Traineeships .................................................................................. 132 9.6 — Lifelong Solidarity ................................................................................................................. 134 Final Consideration - Solidarity as a Gift ..................................................................................... 135 10 — Summary 136 11 — Appendices 142 A — Results of the 4Thought Project 143 Concentric Circles Model of Solidarity ........................................................................................ 144 Outcomes of the Interviews/Surveys .......................................................................................... 149 B — Bibliography 160 Editorial 166 4Thought for S lidarity 3 1 — Introductions 4Thought for S lidarity Welcome to the Report: ‘4Thought for Solidarity: Careful consideration of what is needed for the future’. Its says Report, but ‘4Thought’ has also been called a research, a study, a thinking exercise, a thought-provoking resource… and many other names, both by the authors and the Resource Centre - as well as various other audiences that have had a chance to glimpse its content during its development. ‘4Thought’ was chosen as a title related to the concept of forethought (thinking in advance, before any concrete (policy) decisions were made) and also for the 4 perspectives included. However, as Shakes- peare said: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”, it is hoped this is also true for 4Thought. On the following pages, you will find a contribution towards the common narrative on the concept of solidarity from the perspective of research, practice, policy and young people. It responds to the identified diversity of thoughts and approaches to solidarity in Europe, leading towards a common ground that aims to unite different people and communities around the same vision for solidarity. “Dialogue is the core of solidarity. It’s also concretely about this 4Thought project: gathering different ideas, finding common ground, connecting humanity and dialogue. […] This project is really good because it’s focused on a common idea, it works as an operational concept. From there on, it will be easier to refer to something, to have a frame for the 4 sectors, to see the synergies and work together. This is a first step.” Alexandra Severino, Researcher; interview Building on the common ground, 4Thought attempts to identify possible ways forward for different sta- keholders in the field of Solidarity and the European Solidarity Corps. 4Thought is hoping to initiate a valuable strategic impetus to the future political impact of the European Solidarity Corps, but also provide practical guidance for implementing solidarity actions in different, mostly youth work contexts. If you are curious about solidarity and its implementation through the European Solidarity Corps, you could be reading the right document. It is hoped that this resource will stimulate your thinking about solidarity, it’s relevance in Europe and in the international youth work field and also clarify your role when it comes to solidarity and its application in practice. It could also motivate you to engage more in acting in solidarity and promoting it through your work and professional engagement! 4Thought for S lidarity 5 1.1 — About the Authors 4Thought has two authors, both of whom share solid experience of the four angles of policy, practice, needs of young people and the interpretation of research. They share a passion for international youth work and learning mobility and between them have decades of experience in these specific fields. They also bring their own history and bias towards solidarity, which comes from their context, experience, values and worldviews. Hence, besides working with the data they received through the 4Thought pro- cess, they have also involved their expertise in making the conclusions. Susie Nicodemi worked for the UK National Agency of the Youth in Action Programme, and for the SALTO Cultural Diversity Resource Centre, before moving on to other programmes and projects in Europe and the wider world with the British Council. In her free time, Susie has been fighting against Brexit and is passionate about Europe and about Solidarity (in a geeky way). She is involved in various projects in the role of expert, trainer, rapporteur, author… and tries to balance working in international projects with local action in the community where she lives. Snežana Bačlija Knoch was born in socialist Yugoslavia and now lives in Serbia with her family. She works fully freelance as
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