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Illiberal Trends and Anti-EU Politics in East Central Europe PALGRAVE STUDIES IN EUROPEAN UNION POLITICS SERIES EDITORS: MICHELLE EGAN · NEILL NUGENT · WILLIAM E. PATERSON Illiberal Trends and Anti-EU Politics in East Central Europe Edited by Astrid Lorenz · Lisa H. Anders Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics Series Editors Michelle Egan American University Washington, USA Neill Nugent Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester, UK William E. Paterson Aston University Birmingham, UK Following on the sustained success of the acclaimed European Union Series, which essentially publishes research-based textbooks, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics publishes cutting edge research-driven monographs. The remit of the series is broadly defined, both in terms of subject and academic discipline. All topics of significance concerning the nature and operation of the European Union potentially fall within the scope of the series. The series is multidisciplinary to reflect the growing importance of the EU as a political, economic and social phenomenon. To submit a proposal, please contact Senior Editor Ambra Finotello ambra.fi[email protected]. Editorial Board Laurie Buonanno (SUNY Buffalo State, USA) Kenneth Dyson (Cardiff University, UK) Brigid Laffan (European University Institute, Italy) Claudio Radaelli (University College London, UK) Mark Rhinard (Stockholm University, Sweden) Ariadna Ripoll Servent (University of Bamberg, Germany) Frank Schimmelfennig (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) Claudia Sternberg (University College London, UK) Nathalie Tocci (Istituto Affari Internazionali, Italy) More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14629 Astrid Lorenz · Lisa H. Anders Editors Illiberal Trends and Anti-EU Politics in East Central Europe Editors Astrid Lorenz Lisa H. Anders Institute of Political Science Institute of Political Science Leipzig University Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany Leipzig, Germany ISSN 2662-5873 ISSN 2662-5881 (electronic) Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics ISBN 978-3-030-54673-1 ISBN 978-3-030-54674-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54674-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © Magic Lens/Shutterstock This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorse- ment of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. v Contents 1 Examining Illiberal Trends and Anti-EU Politics in East Central Europe from a Domestic Perspective: State of Research and Outline of the Book 1 Lisa H. Anders and Astrid Lorenz Part I Societal Roots of the Illiberal Trends and Anti-EU Politics 2 Illiberal and Anti-EU Politics in the Name of the People? Euroscepticism in East Central Europe 2004–2019 in Comparative Perspective 29 Lars Vogel 3 The Varying Challenge of Islamophobia for the EU: On Anti-Muslim Resentments and Its Dividend for Right-Wing Populists and Eurosceptics—Central and Eastern Europe in a Comparative Perspective 57 Gert Pickel and Cemal Öztürk vii viii CONTENTS 4 Is There an East–West Divide over European Solidarity? Comparing European Citizens’ Attitudes Towards Cross-Border Solidarity 2016 81 Florian K. Kley and Holger Lengfeld Part II Rhetoric and Practice of Illiberal and Anti-EU Politics 5 Differential Illiberalism: Classifying Illiberal Trends in Central European Party Politics 111 Vratislav Havlík and Vít Hloušek 6 Party Rhetoric and Action Compared: Examining Politicisation and Compliance in the Field of Asylum and Migration Policy in the Czech Republic and Hungary 137 Paula Beger 7 Pro-Europeans and ‘Euro-Realists’: The Party-Voters Linkage and Parties’ Political Agendas in Poland, 2004–2019 157 Michał Dulak 8 Same Same, but Different: Domestic Conditions of Illiberal Backlash Against Universal Rights in the Czech Republic and Slovakia 179 Petra Guasti Part III EU Reactions to Illiberal and Anti-EU Politics 9 Talking Past Each Other: On Common Misperceptions in the Rule of Law Debate 209 Attila Vincze CONTENTS ix 10 Does It Help to Call a Spade a Spade? Examining the Legal Bases and Effects of Rule of Law-Related Infringement Procedures Against Hungary 235 Lisa H. Anders and Sonja Priebus 11 Safeguarding Democracy and the Rule of Law by Civil Society Actors? The Case of Poland 263 Claudia-Y. Matthes Part IV Theoretical Reflections and Conclusions 12 Contesting the EU, Contesting Democracy and Rule of Law in Europe. Conceptual Suggestions for Future Research 285 Luca Tomini and Seda Gürkan 13 Towards a Political Theory of Democratic Backsliding? Generalising the East Central European Experience 301 Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski 14 Illiberal Trends and Anti-EU Politics in East Central Europe: Major Findings and Avenues for Future Research 323 Astrid Lorenz and Lisa H. Anders Index 349 List of Contributors Lisa H. Anders Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Paula Beger Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Michał Dulak Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland Petra Guasti Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Seda Gürkan Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Vratislav Havlík Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Vít Hloušek Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Ireneusz Paweł Karolewski Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Florian K. Kley Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Holger Lengfeld Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Astrid Lorenz Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Claudia-Y. Matthes Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Cemal Öztürk University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany Gert Pickel Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Sonja Priebus Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany xi xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Luca Tomini Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Attila Vincze Andrássy University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary Lars Vogel Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany Abbreviations ALDE Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ANO (2011) Akce nespokojených obˇcan˚u, Action of Dissatisfied Citizens CBOS Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej, Polish social research center CEE Central and Eastern Europe CEU Central European University CFR Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union CSSDˇ Ceskᡠstrana sociálnˇe demokratická, Czech Social Democratic Party ECB European Central Bank ECE East Central Europe, East Central European ECtHR European Court of Human Rights EFSF European Financial Stability Facility EMU European Monetary Union EP European Parliament ESM European Stability Mechanism ESS European Social Survey Fidesz Federation of Young Democrats—Hungarian Civic Alliance HFHR Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights HUF Hungarian Forint ILGA International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Associ- ation IMF International Monetary Fund KDNP Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt, Christian Democratic People’s Party xiii xiv ABBREVIATIONS KOD Komitet Obrony Democracij, Committee for the Defence of Democracy KOS Komitet Obrony Sprawiedliwo´sci,Justice Defense Committee LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender MC Monetary Council MEP Member of the European Parliament MSZP Hungarian Socialist Party MT Media Council NB National Bank NCJ National Council of the Judiciary NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NJC National Judicial Council NMHH National Media and Infocommunications Authority NUTS Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics ODS Civic Democratic Party OL’aNO Obyˇcajní ˇludia a nezávislé osobnosti, Party of the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in
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