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Nuclear Matrix Metalloproteinases: Functions Resemble the Evolution from the Intracellular to the Extracellular Compartment

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Nuclear Matrix Metalloproteinases: Functions Resemble the Evolution from the Intracellular to the Extracellular Compartment OPEN Citation: Cell Death Discovery (2017) 3, 17036; doi:10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.36 Official journal of the Cell Death Differentiation Association www.nature.com/cddiscovery REVIEW Nuclear matrix metalloproteinases: functions resemble the evolution from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment Yingqiu Xie1,2,5, Aidana Mustafa1,5, Adina Yerzhan1,5, Dalmira Merzhakupova1, Perizat Yerlan1, Askarbek N Orakov1, Xiao Wang3, Yi Huang4 and Lixia Miao2 Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is defined as an endopeptidase in the extracellular matrix (ECM), which plays essential roles in physiological processes such as organogenesis, wound healing, angiogenesis, apoptosis and motility. MMPs are produced and assembled in the cytoplasm as proenzymes with a cytoplasmic domain and require extracellular activation. MMPs can degrade receptors, extracellular matrix proteins, PARPs and release apoptotic substances. MMPs have been found in the cytosol, organelles and extracellular compartments and recently many types of MMPs have been found in the nucleus. However, the mechanisms and roles of MMPs inside the cell nucleus are still poorly understood. Here we summarized the nuclear localization mechanisms of MMPs and their functions in the nucleus such as apoptosis, tissue remodeling upon injury and cancer progression. Most importantly, we found that nuclear MMPs have evolved to translocate to membrane and target ECM possibly through evolution of nuclear localization signal (NLS), natural selection and anti-apoptotic survival. Thus, the knowledge about the evolution and regulation of nuclear MMPs appears to be essential in understanding a variety of cellular processes along with the development of MMP-targeted therapeutic drugs against the progression of certain diseases. Cell Death Discovery (2017) 3, 17036; doi:10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.36; published online 14 August 2017 KEY FACTS MMP-10, MMP-13 and MMP-14. MMPs play essential roles in ● Nuclear MMPs are found in disease cases. physiological processes such as organogenesis, tissue wound ● Nuclear localization signal is identified in MMP. healing, involution of uterus, angiogenesis, apoptosis, ovulation, ● Some membrane-bound MMPs contain nuclear localization signal. cell proliferation and motility.2 MMPs are also involved in some ● Nuclear localization signal is conserved among MMPs, and is abnormal processes including childhood infections, cardiovascu- comparable to transmembrane domain for conservation among lar, immune disorders and tumor formation.3 In principle, MMPs membrane-bound MMPs in different animals. are essential in intracellular as well as extracellular matrix 4 ● Nuclear localization of MMP induces cell death. remodeling. Some types of MMPs degrade extracellular proteins and extracellular matrix. For example, MMP-3 and MMP-10 can break down fibronectin, proteoglycans and laminin while MMP-8, OPEN QUESTIONS MMP-13 and MMP-1 degrade collagen types I, II and III.5 ● Why is nuclear localization signal conserved among MMPs, and MMP family proteins can be divided into five major comparable to transmembrane domain for conservation among groups based on their structural differences: (1) matrilysins; membrane-bound MMPs in different animals? (2) collagenases; (3) gelatinases; (4) transmembrane and GPI- ● Does it mean that nuclear localization of MMP has an old origin linked MT-MMPs; (5) vitronectin-like and other MMPs.1 Accord- and extracellular localization by transmembrane trafficking is ing to Figure 1, all MMP family members contain a pre-domain later event during evolution? sequence that is cleaved while entering endoplasmic reticulum; ● Why does nuclear localization of MMP induce cell death? a pro-domain sequence, which maintains a protein in inactive ● Does it suggest that trafficking from nucleus to membrane is state and needs to be cleaved for activation, and the active site 2+ 1,2 through Darwin’s natural selection based on cell survival? that is bound to Zn . Between the pro-domain and the active site there is furin recognition motif, which allows the furin-like proteinases to cleave the pro-domain and activate the INTRODUCTION zymogen.1,2 Many types of MMPs, like MMP-2 and MMP-3 have Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are related to zinc-dependent also been found in the nucleus of the cell.4,6 There is strong endopeptidases of Metzicin family.1 MMP family has various types evidence that MMPs contain nuclear localization signaling of proteins such as MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, sequence (NLS) that allows MMPs to enter the nucleus and 1Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan; 2College of Basic Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; 3Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan 250014, China and 4Department of Urology, Shenzhen University Luohu Hospital, Shenzhen Following Precision Medical Research Institute, Luohu Hospital Group, Shenzhen 51800, China. Correspondence: Y Xie ([email protected]); L Miao ([email protected]) 5These authors contributed equally to this work. Received 23 March 2017; accepted 30 April 2017; Edited by R Aqeilan Nuclear matrix metalloproteinases Y Xie et al 2 Pre Pro Catalylic Hr Hpx Matrilysins (MMP-7, MMP-26) NLS Collagenases and stomelysins Pre Pro Catalylic Hr Hpx (MMP-1, -8, -13, -18) NLS Fn Gelatinases (MMP-2, 9) T MT-MMPs (MMP-14, 15, 16, 24) FU M G MT-MMPs GPI anchored (MMP-17, 25) FU PI Ig- Other MMPs (MMP-23) FU like Vitronectin–like (MMP-21) FU Vn Figure 1. The domain structures of MMP family proteins. All MMPs contain three main domains: pre-domain (Pre), pro-domain (Pro) and the active site or catalytic domain (Cat). Furin recognition motif (Fu) is found between the pro-domain and the active site. Many MMPs possess hemopexin-like (Hpx) region, which is attached to the catalytic domain by a hinge region (Hr). Gelatinases contain gelatin-binding repeats similar to the motif found in fibronectin (Fn) in their catalytic domain. In addition, transmembrane MT-MMPs contain transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic (Cy) domains while GPI-linked MT-MMPs contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) portion. MMP-21 contains vitronectin- like domain (Vn) in the catalytic site and MMP-23 contains a unique immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) domain. regulate certain nuclear events.1,6 NLS sequence is mostly found MMPs usually localize to the extracellular compartment to in the catalytic domain and leads to nuclear translocation of cleave the extracellular matrix. However, recent studies suggest these proteins.6 The simplest structure described above is that MMPs also localize to the nucleus to play distinct roles.1 The possessed by matrilysins, more precisely MMP-7 and MMP-26.1 present review will summarize the recent progress in studies on On the other hand, collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, nuclear MMPs activation or inhibition via cellular signaling MMP-18) contain hemopexin-like domain that is connected to pathways and biological functions. the active site by hinge region.1 This domain, which resembles the portion that is made up of four repeated sequences similar to hemopexin and binds to inhibitors of MMPs, is also present in MECHANISMS OF NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION OF MMPS gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), MT-MMPs (MMP-17, MMP-25, Among MMP subtypes, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9 and MMP-13 MMP-14, MMP-15, MMP-16, MMP-24), vitronectin-like (MMP-21) have been found inside the nucleus of a variety of cell types of – and other MMPs (MMP-23).7 9 Transmembrane MT-MMPs such the heart, brain, breast and epithelium.1 It has been shown that as MMP-14, MMP-15, MMP-16, MMP-24 also contain a trans- upon activation, some types of nuclear MMPs are translocated membrane domain bound to a cytoplasmic domain, whereas into the nucleus due to the presence of NLS on carboxyl GPI-linked MT-MMPs contain glycosylphosphatidylinositol por- terminus of pro-MMPs.2 NLS is a peptide sequence that allows tion, a glycolipid that allows a protein to attach to the plasma the active transport of a protein to the nucleus of cells.11 The 3 membrane. MMP-21 contains a vitronectin-like region, a composition of the nuclear matrix is similar to the extracellular glycoprotein which is the homolog of vitronectin that con- matrix, though they maintain various cellular functions such as 3 tributes to cell adhesion and migration. In the catalytic domain, the degradation of nuclear proteins.12 Therefore, many MMPs in MMP-23 contains a Ig-like portion bound to hemopexin the nucleus can participate in various nuclear events such as the 2 domain. degradation of nuclear proteins and the regulation of It has been shown that MMPs can be regulated at different transcription. levels: transcription, activation of zymogen and inhibition of We previously compared the putative NLS of different types of 7,8 activated forms. In fact, all MMPs are secreted as inactivated MMPs and found that various members of MMP family have enzymes, more precisely in the latent form (zymogens). The conserved NLS.13 Particularly, most of them appeared to have in activation of MMPs occurs via proteolytic cleavage of their pro- common amino acids of lysine (K), tryptophan (W) and KW 3 7,8 domains, by the dissociation of zinc ion from cysteine residue. sequences. Furthermore, the comparison of NLS of MMP-7 protein It has been demonstrated that MMPs can be inactivated by tissue in different species established the old evolutionary origin of 9 inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs). The unequal rate of the NLS of MMP-7, which indicates the evolvement of this sequence expression of MMPs and TIMPs can contribute to tumor cell through evolution.13 Other studies showed that deletion of invasion, rheumatoid arthritis, fibrosis and endometriosis.9 Arg110-Lys111 and their substitution with Asn and Gln (R110N/ It was demonstrated that MMPs act as regulatory proteins that K111Q) in NLS of MMP-3 lead to a significant decrease in nuclear cleave and activate several intracellular peptides, such as growth localization of MMP-3.6 Thus NLS-mediated nuclear localization is factors and cytokines.2 The activation of matrix proteinases causes one of the mechanisms of nuclear translocation of MMPs.
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