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Handbook on New Technologies and New Services Has Been Prepared Taking Into Account These Two Statements of the Valletta Conference Held in 1998

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Handbook on New Technologies and New Services Has Been Prepared Taking Into Account These Two Statements of the Valletta Conference Held in 1998 *19165* Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2001 ISBN 92-61-09291-8 q-16-2-fasc_2.indd 1 11.05.2001, 14:50 THE STUDY GROUPS OF THE ITU-D The ITU-D Study Groups were set up in accordance with Resolution 2 of World Telecommunication Development Conference (WTDC) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1994. For the period 1998-2002, Study Group 1 is entrusted with the study of eleven Questions in the field of telecommunication development strategies and policies. Study Group 2 is entrusted with the study of seven Questions in the field of development and management of telecommunication services and networks. For this period, in order to respond as quickly as possible to the concerns of developing countries, instead of being approved during the WTDC, the output of each Question is published as and when it is ready. For further information Please contact: Ms. Fidélia AKPO Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) ITU Place des Nations CH-1211 GENEVA 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 5439 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 E-mail: [email protected] Placing orders for ITU publications Please note that orders cannot be taken over the telephone. They should be sent by fax or e-mail. ITU Sales Service Place des Nations CH-1211 GENEVA 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 6141 English Telephone: +41 22 730 6142 French Telephone: +41 22 730 6143 Spanish Fax: +41 22 730 5194 Telex: 421 000 uit ch Telegram: ITU GENEVE E-mail: [email protected] The Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications ITU 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without written permission from ITU. Report on Question 16/2 iii FASCICLE 2 Digital networks and services TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 – Introduction...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General.................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Towards a new communications architecture......................................................... 5 1.3 Future communications architecture....................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Content and User Applications................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Communications Control and Applications.............................................. 7 1.3.3 Connectivity.............................................................................................. 7 1.4 Structure of Fascicle 2............................................................................................. 7 1.5 List of abbreviations................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 2 – Digital networks and services.......................................................................... 11 2.1 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) ........................................................ 11 2.1.1 Access Networks ...................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Local Exchange Level .............................................................................. 12 2.1.3 Toll Exchange Level................................................................................. 12 2.1.4 Signalling.................................................................................................. 13 2.2 Integrated services digital network (ISDN) ............................................................ 14 2.2.1 ISDN Market Situation............................................................................. 16 2.2.2 ISDN Services .......................................................................................... 16 2.2.3 ISDN Reference Configuration ................................................................ 16 2.2.4 ISDN Interfaces ........................................................................................ 18 2.2.4.1 S0-Interface............................................................................... 18 2.2.4.2 S2M-Interface............................................................................. 19 2.2.5 ISDN Signalling Protocols ....................................................................... 20 2.2.5.1 Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 1 (DSS1)................ 20 2.2.5.2 Signalling System No. 7........................................................... 21 2.3 Intelligent networks................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 Intelligent Network concepts and requirements ....................................... 21 2.3.2 Considerations on the introduction of IN services in the network............ 24 2.3.3 IN functions and capability sets................................................................ 25 2.3.4 Reference Points and Interfaces................................................................ 28 2.3.5 IN Conceptual Model – Global Functional Plane..................................... 29 2.3.6 Future role of the IN ................................................................................. 29 2.4 Packet switched network......................................................................................... 31 2.4.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 31 2.4.2 X.25 Basic Structure................................................................................. 31 2.4.3 Packet Transmission Principles ................................................................ 32 2.4.4 X.25 Layers............................................................................................... 34 2.5 Frame relay ............................................................................................................. 36 2.5.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 36 2.5.2 Definition.................................................................................................. 37 2.5.3 General description................................................................................... 37 2.5.4 Applications.............................................................................................. 38 2.5.5 Frame format ............................................................................................ 38 iv Report on Question 16/2 Page 2.5.6 Operations of the data link layer with Frame Relay ................................. 39 2.5.6.1 Operation on one link ............................................................... 39 2.5.6.2 Operation on more than one link.............................................. 40 2.5.7 Bandwidth on demand .............................................................................. 40 2.5.8 Traffic shedding........................................................................................ 40 2.5.9 Congestion notification............................................................................. 40 2.6 ATM-based networks.............................................................................................. 40 2.6.1 ATM network elements ............................................................................ 40 2.6.2 ATM network operation ........................................................................... 43 2.6.3 ATM routing............................................................................................. 47 2.6.4 LAN emulation ......................................................................................... 50 2.6.5 ATM Network examples........................................................................... 51 2.6.5.1 ATM traffic characteristics....................................................... 53 2.6.5.2 Neural Network Control at the ATM Node.............................. 53 2.7 Interworking between networks .............................................................................. 56 2.7.1 General...................................................................................................... 56 2.7.2 Principles for interworking involving transmission capabilities only....... 57 2.7.2.1 Composition and decomposition of subnetworks..................... 57 2.7.2.2 Principles for interworking between subnetworks ................... 57 2.7.3 Categories of interworking ....................................................................... 58 2.7.3.1 Interworking by call control mapping ...................................... 58 2.7.3.2 Interworking by port access...................................................... 58 2.7.4 Relationships with respect to management............................................... 58 2.7.5 Example of Interworking Cases................................................................ 58 2.7.5.1 ISDN – ISDN Interworking...................................................... 58 2.7.5.2 ISDN – Packet Network Interworking ..................................... 61 2.7.5.2.1 X.31 Minimum Integration Scenario (X.31 CASE A)................................................................ 61 2.7.5.2.2 X.31 Maximum Integration Scenario (X.31 CASE B)................................................................ 62 2.7.5.3 European Maximum Integration Scenario................................ 62 2.7.6 Interworking related Recommendations ................................................... 64 2.8 Types of
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