Mustafa III Koca

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Mustafa III Koca Mustafa III Koca Bandiera dell'Impero Ottomano Mustafa III fu il primo Sultano dell'Impero Ottomano a tentare di riformare lo stato; la pressione russa e una scarsa salute lo portò presto alla sconfitta, ma se le cose andassero diversamente? 1760 L'Anno Rosso; Quest'anno è ricordato per il violento annientamento del Corpo dei Giannizzeri, e per l'emissione del Firnam (Editto) di Supremazia, con il quale l'Imperatore Mustafa III pone tutte le cariche religiose dell'islam sotto la propria autorità diretta; Per l'annientamento dei Giannizzeri Mustafa si serve di una serie di espedienti che portano all'esilio, all'incarcerazione e alla morte tutti i leader più importanti del corpo, mentre il resto è assorbito nel nuovo esercito; Con i Giannizzeri fuori gioco, e gli Imam sotto il controllo della Corona, Mustafa inizia il rinnovamento dell'esercito sul modello Prussiano;Inizia inoltre la creazione di una moderna flotta. 1763 Riforma amministrativa, vengono aboliti i balzelli arbitrari, e ai governatori delle province è fatto divieto di eseguire condanne a morte senza autorizzazione di una Corte Imperiale. Inoltre tutti i sudditi dell'Impero, a prescindere dalla razza e dalla religione devono pagare le stesse tasse, servire sotto le armi e possono rivestire cariche pubbliche; Vengono nominati governatori popolari nelle province più problematiche, come la Grecia. 1765 Firmato uno storico trattato di amicizia con Venezia , che nasconde un trattato di mutua difesa; La Sublime Porta fa intendere d'essere disposta a cedere Creta in cambio dell'aiuto della Flotta della Serenissima contro la Russia. 1768-1774 Guerra Turco-Russa Forte dell'appoggio Navale di Venezia, e di un esercito modernizzato e ben armato, l'Impero Ottomano sconfigge i Russi, annette la Crimea, e conquista Ragusa, che insieme a Creta sono ceduti ai Veneziani. Conseguentemente, I ribelli polacchi riescono a deporre il Poniatowsky, e pongono sul Trono Augusto III Czartorisky. 1768 Massacro di Balta ad opera dei Cosacchi; Mustafa III dichiara guerra alla Russia. 1774 Battaglia di Kozludzha i Russi sono definitivamente battuti dai Turchi. Trattato di Küçük Kaynarca che pone fine alla Guerra. La Porta si accontenta di incamerare la Crimea, ma impone ai Russi una pericolosa clausola, quella con cui il Sultano diventa Protettore dei sudditi Musulmani dello Zar. 1775 Trattato d'amicizia fra la Polonia e l'Impero Ottomano in funzione anti-russa. Il Trattato tiene alla larga anche le altre due aquile nere (Prussia e Austria). La Polonia inizia a modernizzare il proprio esercito; in cambio di una serie di garanzie economiche, i nobili Polacchi rinunciano al Liberum Veto (ad eccezione di questioni militari e sulle condanne a morte e le espropriazioni) 1779 Abolita la consuetudine di imprigionare nell'Harem i Fratelli minori del Sultano; Il Firman del 21 Ottobre del 1779 abolisce il seniorismo e stabilisce la Primogenitura Agnatica Maschile. Erede al trono diventa il Principe Selim, che, per la prima volta da secoli, viene attualmente preparato per la successione. 1780 Nasce la Prima Università moderna della storia Ottomana, ad Istanbul. 1783 Trattato d'amicizia Turco-Svedese. 1787-1792 Guerra contro le Aquile. L'Impero Ottomano, con l'aiuto di Venezia, della Polonia e della Svezia, Sconfigge la Russia e l'Austria, recuperando parte dell'Ungheria, e stabilendo un protettorato sulla Georgia. La Svezia riconquista la Carelia e l'Ingria, la Polonia ricoinquista parte della Lituania. 1793 Muore Mustafa III Koca, il Grande, gli succede il figlio Selim III. Invasa dai Francesi nonostante la Neutralità, il governo di Venezia si ritira a Creta, sotto protezione Ottomana. 1794 Selim III prosegue l'opera dela padre, e continua l'opera di consolidamento dell'Impero. Selim III ordina l'apertura di scuole pubbliche, per diffondere l'insegnamento della lingua Turca, contemporaneamente, però, l'impero Ottomano è la prima nazione moderna a riconoscere il Bilinguismo al proprio interno.. 1795 I Mamelucchi d'Egitto e di Siria fanno la fine dei Giannizzeri. La Moldavia e la Valacchia diventano vere e proprie province, ma sono governate da governatori autoctoni. Con un Firman del 15 d'Aprile il Sultano ufficializza i “Diritti fondamentali dei Sudditi Ottomani”, a lui ispirati da una corrispondenza con l'ambasciatore della porta in Francia, che sono; il diritto ad un giusto processo(ovvero un processo determinato dalle leggi), il diritto ad un equa tassazione, il diritto di fare domanda nei pubblici uffici, il diritto di servire nell'esercito, il diritto di praticare la propria fede, il diritto all'istruzione e il diritto di Petizione. Lo stesso anno, esce il Codice di Selim III, un corpus giuridico per la prima volta svincolato dalla Sharia. 1796 Riforma del Divan-ı Humayun, le cui funzioni sono per la prima volta regolate da leggi, e al cui vertice, dopo il Sultano, siede il Gran Vizier, che assume de jure e de facto le funzioni di un vero primo ministro. Inoltre è convocata per la prima volta una assemblea generale di tutti i i potentati delle Province, esponenti dell'alta aristocrazia di tutte le etnie e le religioni dell'Impero. Trattasi del Meclis-i Âyân, l'assemblea dei Notabili, che assume il compito di consigliare e assistere il Sultano, soprattutto per risolverei problemi del proprio territorio di riferimento. Inoltre quest'assemblea ha il diritto di esprimere un parere sul Gran Vizier. Primo Gran Vizier sottoposto al parere informativo del Meclis-i Âyân è Kethüda Hasan Pasha , Generale vittorioso della Guerra contro le Aquile, quando riceve la nomina è stato appena malato, quindi è soprannominato Cenaze, Cadavere, perché è molto pallido. 1797 Preoccupato per l'espansione Francese nel mediterraneo, Selim III sigla il trattato di Candia con l'Inghilterra. 1798-1801 I Guerra Turco-Francese, l'Invasione Francese dell'Egitto è respinta dagli Ottomani guidati dal Generale Muhammad Ali. 1801-1818 Guerra dei Luoghi Santi, detta anche guerra Ottomano-Saudita, combattuta per il possesso dell'Heijaz e delle città sante dell'Islam fra gli Ottomani e i Sauditi. Le guerre ad Occidente e a Nord-Est resero difficoltoso per gli Ottomani combattere i sauditi, ma nel 1818, con la presa di Riyadh e la distruzione del Wahabismo (Addirittura, pastori Siriani Cristiani furono incoraggiati ad occupare quelle Oasi, per assicurarsi che il Wahabismo non rinascesse) 1804-1813 Guerra Russo Persiana, i Russi giungono molto più in profondità della nostra Timeline, e costringono lo Shah a lasciare Teheran. 1807-1809 Guerra dell'Empia Alleanza; L'alleanza Franco-Turca infligge gravissime sconfitte sia via Mare che via Terra agli anglo-russi; Conquista dei Carpazi orientali. 1807 L'Impero Ottomano si allea con quello Francese, e dichiara guerra all'Impero Russo e al Regno Unito; 1809 Pace di Costantinopoli, termina la Guerra dell'Empia Alleanza. 1810 Muore il Gran Vizier Filo-Francese Cenaze Hasan Pasha, il successore, l'egiziano Umar Makram Pasha, è filo-britannico, e il suo comportamento provoca l'invasione Francese nella Penisola Balcanica. 1810-1812 II Guerra Turco-Francese. Napoleone, pur impegnato in Spagna, fa invadere la penisola Balcanica; in questa timeline, il governo della Porta è apprezzato, non ci sono insurrezioni; Nonostante le brillanti vittorie, I Napoleonici subiscono una dura guerriglia e la grave sconfitta di Nauplia che li obbligano a tornare in Francia; L'Impero Ottomano ne approfitta per riprendersi alcuni territori persi a fine '600 con L'Austria, e mai riacquistati. 1812 Disastrosa campagna di Napoleone in Russia. (In questa timeline lo Zar non si sogna nemmeno di attaccare la Porta, ne uno dei suoi alleati (Polonia e Svezia). 1814 Battaglia delle Nazioni a Lipsia, a cui partecipano anche gli Ottomani, fine del Regno di Napoleone che è esiliato nell'Isola d'Elba.Restaurati sui troni i legittimi sovrani. 1815 Cento Giorni di Restaurazione Napoleonica Congresso di Vienna. L'Impero Ottomano ottiene la conferma delle annessioni, con l'appoggio dell'Inghilterra, nonostante i mugugni di Austria e Russia; Metternich deve anche mandar giù il ripristino della Repubblica di Venezia, che da Creta ritorna ad occupare i suoi vecchi territori, e che gode dell'appoggio di Inglesi e Ottomani. Ottiene comunque Bergamo e Brescia. 1816 Per premiare la lealtà dei sudditi Serbi, Croati, Bulgari, Greci e Albanesi della Porta durante l'Invasione Napoleonica, vengono loro concesse limitate autonomie; Assemblee locali vengono affidate a notabili e borghesi locali, e governatori locali vengono nominati; La borghesia Slava, Bulgara e Greca, grazie al ritrovato slancio dei Mercanti Veneziani, che hanno fatto del legame commerciale con la Porta il proprio motore di sviluppo, diventano molto attive. 1816-1846 Conquista Russa della Cina. Con la via degli Stretti bloccata, San Pietroburgo intensifica la sua attività di espansione in Cina. 1817 Il modello Balcanico è esteso al resto dell'impero; Una saggia politica fiscale, scolastica e militare (le guarnigioni delle varie province sono sempre miste e i comandanti sono nominati da una commissione governativa) garantisce il mantenimento della fedeltà dei vari popoli alla corona; si comincia a parlare di un'identità Ottomana. 1818 Muore Selim III Majesteleri, ovvero Augusto, titolo degli antichi imperatori romani attribuitigli dalla Bulè, l'assemblea dei notabili Greca(in Greco Sebastos). Gli succede il figlio Mustafa IV. In onore di Selim III viene costruito il porto fortificato di Majesteleribul (H.L. Sebastopoli). Conquista del Negeb, regione desertica dell'Arabia. 1822 Firma del Trattato di Majesteleribul che pone fine alla Guerra del Mar Nero. Muore Umar Makram, il grande generale albanese Muhammad Ali Pasha è nominato Gran Vizier, per la prima volta su proposta del Meclis-i Âyân, che risulta diviso in due fazioni: Una Federalista, riformista e favorevole alla modernizzazione e all'industrializzazione, filo- britannica. Questa è maggioritaria nelle province Europee e in Egitto, le più popolose, e sostiene Muhammad Ali. L'altra Centralista, conservatrice tradizionalista e isolazionista, ma fautrice di un maggiore politica sociale in ossequio ai precetti religiosi, popolare nelle province Asiatiche e Africane, Egitto escluso.
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